Structure Of Real Estate Investment Trusts Research Articles

스폰서 소유권이 리츠의 시장 위험과 유동성 위험에 미치는 영향*

This paper investigates effects of sponsor ownership on the Market Risk (Systematic risk) and the Liquidity Risk using Asian real estate investment trust (REIT) data. Previous literature warns that the sponsored REIT structure may cause the agency problem, and insists that the sponsor ownership management relieves the agency problem. However, our empirical findings show that there is an inverse-U relationship between the sponsor ownership and the two risks (the market risk and the liquidity risk), which indicates that from the risk management perspective, the sponsor ownership management has no effect. This finding can be explained by the fee business model. The sponsor has a motivation for the asset secularization, and an external manager who makes an option contract of performance, acquisition, and divestment fee with REIT has a motivation for the aggressive management style. In particular, the sponsor has the position of both parties in property transactions. In consequence, Asian REITs take a risk of excessive related party transactions. The findings of this study suggest that the REITs’ governance and regulations need to be improved for monitoring of the related party transaction (RPT) and the fee contract, in relation to control structure and in a systematical level.

The past, present and future of the non-traded NAV REIT structure

Purpose Over 15 years ago Goodwin created the first open-ended, non-traded real estate investment trust (REIT) with regular sales and redemptions at net asset value (“NAV REIT”). While NAV REITs are now well established, there is still room for improvement. Design/methodology/approach We traced the evolution of the NAV REIT’s innovative, investor-friendly features – transparent valuation to strike NAV, liquidity via redemption at NAV per share, indefinite life, lower/simpler selling and management fees, share classes with different upfront loads and trailing distribution fees. Findings To improve the liquidity feature of NAV REITs, share classes could be used to lower the drag on performance and match available liquid assets with expected redemption requests. The goal: balance inflows and outflows, optimize portfolio construction, and better safeguard liquidity. Practical implications One need not look far for the dark side of liquidity in open-ended real estate funds. The UK experience with regulated property funds is a painful object lesson. There is a better way: while traditional non-traded REITs were designed and marketed for investment by retail investors, NAV REITs appeal to a diverse range of investors, and share classes could be enhanced to offer both a menu of selling loads and a menu of liquidity and dividend-rate options to produce a smooth curve blending cost and time. Originality/value Innovation in structuring real estate investment vehicles has broadened choices for all and the NAV REIT is flexible, scalable, open-ended and cost-efficient. Fund sponsors, fund managers, financial advisors, investors and even regulators could find food for thought in our analysis.

The Performance of Shariah Real Estate Investment Trust and Conventional Real Estate Investment Trust in Malaysia

This study examines the performances of two Real Estate Investment Trust (REITs) structure in Malaysian capital market by comparing the Dividend Yield (DY), Distribution per Unit (DU), Net asset Value (NAV), and Earning per Unit (EU) of shariah REITSs (iREITs) and conventional REITSs (cREITs) from Malaysia perspective. The secondary data are retrieved from Bloomberg's Database for 13 listed REITs in the Bursa Malaysia main board for a five-year period from 2009 to 2013 with yearly observation. Applying One Way-Anova analysis, an Independent Sample Kruskal-Wallis Test is used to determine any differences in the performance of the two REITs structure. The results provide evidence indicating that the two structures have distinctive and significantly different performances. It also indicates the better performance of iREITs compared to cREITs. The results of this study are useful to provide additional evidence towards the viable of Islamic funds as a significant initiative to broaden and deepen the product base of Islamic capital market in Malaysia.

Strategic Development of REITs in India

In this paper, we discuss managerial challenges and opportunities related to the newly introduced real estate investment trust (REIT) in India. Features of the proposed REIT structure are critiqued in light of the existing body of knowledge about REITs. We revisit the debate surrounding the issue of external versus internal management of REITs. Analysis of salient aspects of Indian real estate companies such as financing, investment, cash flows, and ownership pattern suggest that potential sponsors must go through some fundamental attitudinal changes to successfully adopt the REIT model.

The Role of Debt Covenants in the Investment Grade Bond Market – The REIT Experiment

In general, investment grade bonds do not offer covenant protection. However, in the case of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), investment grade REITs tend to include a covenant package that outlines limits on leverage and requires maintaining certain fixed charges and interest coverage ratios. This unique debt financing structure of REITs offers a natural environment to examine the importance and the need of debt covenants in the investment grade bond market. Our research aims to answer the following questions: 1. How common are debt covenants in the investment grade REIT bond market? 2. Are debt covenants binding in this market? 3. Do debt covenants affect the cost of debt? Our findings indicate that, in the REIT market, debt covenants are indeed common practice among investment grade REITs and, surprisingly, we find higher use of covenants by investment grade REITs compared to non-investment grade REITs. We show that debt covenants are seldom binding in this market, as investment grade REITs choose covenant provisions based on accounting ratios for which they seem to have enough slack. Finally, the cost of debt is lower when these investment grade REIT bonds are issued with covenants.

Evaluating the impact of economic factors on REITs' capital structure around the world

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the determinants of the capital structure of real estate investment trusts (REITs) across the world and explore whether this structure is characterized by any common factors. Design/methodology/approach – Endogenous and exogenous factors that affect the financial management of real estate firms are identified in the analysis. “Regular” (static) panel data regression analysis, as well as dynamic panel data techniques, is applied to a panel of listed real estate firms from 2005 to 2010. Findings – Empirical results showed that factors such as tangibility, size of the company, growth opportunities, assets turnover affect positively the financial leverage of REITs; conversely, other determinants, being debit's cost, GDP, and long-term interest rates, are negatively correlated with the financial gearing of the REITs. Practical implications – This paper identifies factors that determine the capital structure of REITs around the world. Firm executives and policy makers in different countries may wish to adjust their policies (regarding capital structure) according to the empirical findings. Originality/value – This study, using a comprehensive dataset from all over the world, investigates whether there are solid and mutual factors that can characterize the capital structure of REITs.

The Information Content of REIT Credit Rating Actions and Transparency

We examine the short-run and long-run price reaction of equity real estate investment trust (REIT) shares following credit rating actions, testing the transparency of the REIT structure. Generally, the economic effect on the stock price is subdued for both upgrades and downgrades compared to prior literature examining the broader U.S. equity market. An examination of trading volume revealed a significant increase in trading in reaction to downgrade credit rating changes, with a more subdued response to upgrades. The findings support the notion that REITs are more publicly forthcoming about the expectation of positive news in comparison to negative news.

Are REIT IPOs Unique? The Global Evidence

Previous studies of real estate investment trust (REIT) IPOs have focused primarily on REITs listed in the U.S. These studies in general find that, unlike industrial firm IPOs, REIT IPOs in the U.S. exhibit an abnormally low initial-day return and mixed long-run performance. Our study examines this puzzle using a large sample of 370 REIT IPOs from four continents (14 different countries) during the 1996–2010 period. We find that (1) the newly-established REITs in other countries exhibit similar initial-day return pattern as in the U.S., (2) the low initial-day return might be caused by the fund-like structure of REITs and the re-deployable assets (real estate) they hold, (3) the slightly positive initial-day return is offset by the poor performance in the 190 days subsequent to the IPO, and (4) the change in U.S. REIT IPO performance before and after 1990 is likely due to a change in the REIT structure.

The Information Content of REIT Credit Rating Actions and Transparency

We examine the short-run and long-run price reaction of equity real estate investment trust (REIT) shares following credit rating actions, testing the transparency of the REIT structure. Generally, the economic effect on the stock price is subdued for both upgrades and downgrades compared to prior literature examining the broader U.S. equity market. An examination of trading volume revealed a significant increase in trading in reaction to downgrade credit rating changes, with a more subdued response to upgrades. The findings support the notion that REITs are more publicly forthcoming about the expectation of positive news in comparison to negative news.

Empirical examination of REITs in Turkey: an emerging market perspective

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate the risk‐return relationship of REITs listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) in order to assess the risk and to find some empirical results for investors within the framework of modern portfolio theory (MPT) using the standard version of the capital asset‐pricing model (CAPM) and the single index model (SIM) over the period January 2002‐June 2008.Design/methodology/approachTime series, cross‐sectional regression and structural literature review are employed.FindingsResults indicate that linearity assumption for both the CAPM and the SIM are rejected. It should be emphasized that the econometrical specification exposed the weaknesses of t‐test methodology for testing coefficients of regression due to the non‐normality of residuals.Originality/valueUnderstanding of risk and its resultant impact on the returns and evaluation of risk‐return relationship is extremely important for investors. In this regard, real estate investment trusts (REITs) as indirect investment instruments are increasingly becoming an important part of investors' diversified portfolios to lessen the risk. The study is the first attempt to explore the structure of REITs in Turkey as an emerging market.

On the Capital Structure of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

Much of the literature on capital structure excludes Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) due mainly to the unique regulatory environment of these firms. As such, the issue of how REITs choose among different financing options when they raise external capital is largely unexplored. In this paper, we explore two issues on the capital structure of REITs: is there a relationship between market-to-book and leverage ratios, and, is the relationship between market-to-book and leverage ratio temporary or persistent. Our results suggest that REITs with historically high market-to-book ratio tend to have persistently high leverage ratio. In essence, REITs with high growth opportunity and high market valuation raise funds through debt issues. This finding, which is robust to various specifications and econometric tests, is contrary to the financing decisions of non-regulated firms. We attribute it to the special regulatory environment of REITs where, despite no apparent benefits to debt financing, management issues debt.

The Impact of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 on the Pricing Structure of Equity REITs

Tax legislation included in the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 made large-scale investments in equity real estate investment trusts (REITs) more desirable to institutional investors. Other studies have observed an increased level of institutional ownership in REITs during the timeframe following passage of the act. Based on an analysis of equity REITs before and after passage of the Act, the present study finds that its passage coincided with a significant change in the role of unsystematic risk in the pricing of equity REITs.

The REIT Vehicle: Its Value Today and in the Future

The real estate investment trust (REIT) structure has come under increasing scrutiny given the problems the structure poses for firms wishing to retain earnings in depressed real estate equity and debt markets. We estimate the net benefits of the structure to be no more than 2%-5% of industry equity market capitalization, although the benefits are larger for firms with lower payout ratios. In addition, the value of the format doubles as the share of tax exempt/deferred investment in REITs increases to 40%, the fraction obtaining in the broader equity market. Educating this investor clientele on the benefits of the REIT structure is an important goal for REIT management.

Lodging REITs

Originated in 1960 legislation, the real-estate-investment trust (REIT) burst onto the lodging industry in the early 1990s as a means for aggregating capital for aggressive purchases of undervalued hotels. REITs are restricted by Internal Revenue Code (IRC) from actually operating the real estate they own, and the IRC requires them to pay out 95 percent of income. Thus, a REIT must lease its property to managers and, as a result, may experience “revenue leakage,” or the loss of some revenue to the manager. However, an unusual REIT structure, known as the paired-share REIT, allowed certain firms not only to purchase hotels but to stanch some of the cash-flow leakage by controlling an associated operating firm. The REITs' strength, which is their ability to draw tax-favored investments, is also potentially their weakness when capital markets tighten. Publicly traded REITs are expected to continue their growth (to augment earnings), and acquisition is a favored strategy for that growth. A strategy of acquisitions, however, requires continual capital inflows. The future direction of REITs is clouded by the current roiling of financial markets.