Real Enemy Research Articles

Lights and Shadows of Long COVID: Are Latent Infections the Real Hidden Enemy?

Long COVID-19 (LC) is a poorly understood, multifactorial condition that persists for at least three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the wide range of associated symptoms—including fatigue, brain fog, and respiratory issues—remain unclear. However, emerging evidence suggests that the reactivation of latent viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and varicella-zoster virus, may significantly contribute to the complexity of LC. These latent viruses can be reactivated by SARS-CoV-2, contributing to a chronic inflammatory state that prolongs symptomatology. This review confirms the potential involvement of latent viral infections in LC and examines whether these infections play an independent role or act synergistically with other factors. In addition, recent studies have highlighted viral persistence and immune dysregulation as key elements in LC. Our findings suggest that preventative strategies, including vaccination and antiviral treatments during the acute phase of COVID-19, show potential in reducing LC risk by preventing viral reactivation. However, tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting these latent infections are urgently needed. Identifying biomarkers of viral reactivation, particularly for high-risk populations, could be considered another effective strategy to mitigate LC severity. Further research is crucial to better understand the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and latent infections, and to improve the prevention and treatment of LC.

Subtalar joint pronation: Who is the real enemy, presence or severity: A cross-sectional study?

The study aims to compare static and dynamic postural stability, navicular drop, dorsiflexion range of motion, and jumping performance of individuals with neutral, prone, and hyperprone foot postures. Forty-eight participants between the ages of 18 and 40, were categorized into neutral (n=16), prone (n=16), and hyperprone (n=16) according to foot posture index (FPI). Static and dynamic postural control evaluations (with the Biodex Balance System SD), navicular drop test (NDT) weight-bearing lunge test, countermovement jump test without arm swing, and drop vertical jump tests have been completed. In the results, the average age of participants in the NG, PG, and HPG are 22.31 ± 2.75, 23.87± 3.72, and 22.37 ± 1.28 years and BMI are 22.6 ± 3, 23.4 ± 3.8, and 21.4 ± 2.24 (kg/m²), respectively. The demographic data of the participants showed a homogeneous distribution. There were no significant differences in none of the outcomes except the NDT. Navicular drop amount is positively correlated by the subtalar joint pronation. An increase in subtalar joint pronation does not have a significant effect on static and dynamic stability, jump performance, or dorsiflexion range of motion in healthy individuals.

Why Petty IT Tyrants Are the Real Enemy of Cybersecurity, Productivity, and Innovation

Why Petty IT Tyrants Are the Real Enemy of Cybersecurity, Productivity, and Innovation

Who is the real enemy?

Who is the real enemy?

Асоціативно-смислове поле слова-стимулу росія під час російсько-української війни

The article traces the peculiarities of the images of the linguistic picture of the world and the value orientations of Ukrainian society. The purpose of the study is to analyze the associative field of the word-stimulus russia in the conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian war, based on the directed associative experiment method. Achieving the specified goal involves the following tasks: to identify associations for the designation of the stimulus word russia that were used by the survey participants; determine the structure of the associative-semantic field of the russia stimulus word; outline the main thematic groups of the stimulus word russia; to determine quantitative indicators of reactions within the associative field. As a result of the survey conducted among the students of the Lviv Polytechnic National University, 685 word-reactions to the russia stimulus word were found and the frequency of the associates use in the core (49%), near (30%) and distant periphery (21%) was determined. The core of the associative field contains the most relevant and stereotyped concepts of the mental lexicon: enemy 78, aggressor 54, swamp 51, bottom 32, rasha (rashka) 18, murderer 16, occupier 14, parasha (parashka) 13, invader 12, moskoviia 12, evil 11, mordor 11, hatred 11. Most of the detected associates have negative meaning, which is the evidence of the disdainful attitude of the informants towards the aggressor country. We can consider only the reactions country, brothers, neighbor, silence to be neutral in meaning. Among the associates, a significant number of expressively marked names was recorded, which indicates the dominance of the emotional level of images of consciousness over the mental one, as well as the maintenance of a certain balance between the objective (logical-conceptual) and subjective (value-motivational) images of consciousness of the speakers. The presence of a significant amount of invective vocabulary among the associates is caused, in our opinion, firstly, by the opportunity to freely express themselves because the questionnaire was anonymous, and, secondly, by negative feelings caused by the word-stimulus. The experimental material confirmed that the generalized perception of Russia after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine shifted from neutral to threatening, and the specific perception made it possible to perceive russia as a real enemy participating in hostilities against our country.

Agama Islam dan Komunikasi Efektif Dalam Konteks Organisasi

To anticipate market needs for new goods, effective communication is essential. Organizational communication in Islamic education also helps improve school performance. In an Islamic perspective, effective communication is when a message conveyed by a communicator is well received by the communicant. A good leader can make the company a calm and peaceful place. When one party in the organization feels disadvantaged, conflict can arise. This can happen because of differences in opinion, values, and character. In the Qur'an, humans are described as receiving a lesson directly from God, having a real enemy, Satan, and being able to carry a mandate. Leadership that is knowledgeable, strong, trustworthy and devout is very important. The results of this research indicate that effective communication plays an important role in organizations, Islamic education, and leadership. This research also provides an in-depth understanding of how effective communication relates to Islamic religion and organizations. It is hoped that the results of this research can help and improve the quality significantly, to increase the effectiveness of Islamic education and organizations.

Conflict Landscapes of the Great War: The Spatial and Ecological Dimension of Military History

The spatial and environmental dimension of WWI has recently taken the central place in academic debates on the military history of the “short twentieth century”. At present, the large-scale conflict of humanity and nature under totalized warfare is recognized as no less significant to the existential experience of combatants and civilians than actual battles. Functioning as a demiurge, the Great War created and re-molded landscapes, accelerated development trends shaped during the industrial era, triggered the construction and demolition of infrastructure, and determined the resource policy, economic practices, and language constructs of national communities during subsequent historical periods. Textual and visual narratives of the war feature the following three dimensions of the environment: a subject and adversary (sometimes even more dangerous than the real enemy); an object of destruction, invasion, and ordering; and an anthropological construct defining behavioral strategies and the memorial culture relating to the conflict. Modern researchers share a unanimous opinion that the pivotal role of the clash between humanity and the environment during WWI for subsequent historical development is paradoxically at odds with the degree to which the clash has been studied. This may be linked with the fact that the multidimensionality of militarized landscapes would require a research methodology incorporating elements of military history, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, geology (landscape studies), and cultural geography. Such a creative symbiosis has become possible only recently, owing to the adoption of the interdisciplinary approach by military historians. The gradual uptake of innovative study techniques has resulted in the uneven development of the spatial and environmental history of the First World War as a research field: at present, the best-studied locations are confined to the western front and, partly, the colonial periphery. This publication presents a review of the recent conceptual publications by authors developing this research avenue and seeks to identify the heuristic potential of the concepts “Anthropocene”, “belligerent landscapes”, “landscape biographies”, and “layered landscapes”, including their applicability to the history of the Eastern Front of the First World War.

Poland and the Holocaust in the Polish-American Press, 1926–1945

Poland and the Holocaust in the Polish-American Press, 1926–1945

Habermas and Capitalism: an historic overview

The article reconstructs Habermas’ view of capitalism from the 1970s to his most recent writings. It takes its starting point from Wolfgang Streeck’s claim that Habermas has failed to acknowledge that the real enemy of democracy is not bureaucracy but capitalism and that, therefore, he underestimates the role of capitalism in shaping the global order. It first returns to the diagnoses of late capitalism that Habermas developed in the 1970s and early 1980s and then moves on to some of his later writings. This will reveal that there was indeed a shift of emphasis from a critique of capitalism to a critique of technocracy, but not because of Habermas’ unawareness of the role of capitalism in shaping reality. Rather, he has come to objectify capitalism while looking for legal and political tools for reining it in instead of looking for possible alternatives to it.

Presentism and the Study of Late Antiquity

Presentism and the Study of Late Antiquity

The Effect of Cost Determination in the Provision of Halal Certificates on Traded Products in Makassar City

In terms of food or goods and their use, Islam commands its followers to eat and use good, holy, and clean ingredients. Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala says which means: "O mankind, eat what is lawful and good from what is on earth, and do not follow the steps of the devil, because indeed the devil is a real enemy for you." (Q.S. Al-Baqarah, 2:168). In other words, the concept of perfect and recommended food is “halal and good food.” Since the Covid-19 pandemic has spread throughout Indonesia, many have turned into traders to provide for themselves and their families due to mass layoffs. However, if you want to sell, you need to pay attention to the composition that will be used, because in Article 4 of Law Number 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee, which states "products that enter, circulate, and trade in Indonesian territory must be certified halal" and this article came into effect on October 17, 2019. However, there are still many MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) who do not have a halal certificate due to cost constraints. etc. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and find answers related to the effect of determining costs and procedures for obtaining a halal certificate on the ease of doing business for businessmen in Makassar City. This research is an empirical research, both quantitative data and qualitative data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study indicate that the determination of costs and procedures for obtaining a halal certificate greatly influences the ease of doing business for businessmen in Makassar City, especially MSME. Of the 60 MSME who have filled out this research questionnaire, 38 MSME (63.3%) admitted that determining the costs and procedures for obtaining a halal certificate was burdensome/complicated for MSME and 22 other MSME (36.7%) claimed to make it easier.

“Who is our real enemy?” internalized racism in the Puerto Rican diaspora and the role of political education within community health intervention

RationalePuerto Ricans experience disproportionately high levels of emotional distress and co-occurring adverse health outcomes. Our study sought to elicit Puerto Rican men's perceptions of health disparities while centering dialogue on stressors, coping mechanisms, and general well-being. This paper focuses on one pronounced finding in our study, that of internalized racism and the effect it has on both individual well-being and intra-group cohesion. A significant gap within racial health disparity work is the role of internalized racism and its connection to psychological distress, ruptures in social unity, and resulting ill-health of racial and ethnic populations. Based on this, we probed this particular finding to further understand internalized racism within this Puerto Rican population. MethodsUsing a hybrid thematic analysis approach, this study presents qualitative findings from in-depth interviews with Latino (92.5% Puerto Rican) men living in Springfield, Massachusetts and conducted between October 2019 and January 2020. ResultsOur findings reveal a duality throughout: The acceptance and propagation of negative Latinx stereotypes and consequent intragroup division exists alongside expressions of community pride and desire for Latinx unity. This duality is analyzed by using W.E.B. Du Bois's theory of double consciousness. Double consciousness not only explains the self-disparagement toward oneself and one's own racial and ethnic group, but also elucidates a liberatory pathway toward political consciousness and well-being. The concept of “second sight” within double consciousness is particularly germane, speaking to one's awakening to the learned self-subjugation imposed by White supremacy. ConclusionsInternalized racism contributes to the persistent propagation of disparate health burdens in minoritized communities. Remediation can and should include community-led frameworks for the development of efficacious multilevel health interventions. The Young Lords community health activism provides such a model. These findings provide viable evidence-based examples of how the academy can synergize with community-led efforts to achieve collective agency.

Skin-Aging Pigmentation: Who Is the Real Enemy?

Skin aging is induced and sustained by chronological aging and photoaging. Aging skin pigmentation such as mottled pigmentation (senile lentigo) and melasma are typical signs of photoaging. The skin, like other human organs, undergoes cellular senescence, and senescent cells in the skin increase with age. The crosstalk between melanocytes as pigmentary cells and other adjacent types of aged skin cells such as senescent fibroblasts play a role in skin-aging pigmentation. In this review, we provide an overview of cellular senescence during the skin-aging process. The discussion also includes cellular senescence related to skin-aging pigmentation and the therapeutic potential of regulating the senescence process.

The devil is not as black as he is painted? On the positive relationship between food industry conspiracy beliefs and conscious food choices.

Previous research found that conspiracy beliefs were usually activated when individuals faced different types of psychological threats and that they led mainly to maladaptive individual and societal outcomes. In this research, we assumed that potential harmfulness of conspiracy beliefs may depend on the context, and we focused on the link between food industry conspiracy beliefs and conscious food choices. We hypothesized that food industry conspiracy beliefs may allow for a constructive attempt to protect oneself against real or imagined enemies (i.e., food industry companies) by conscious food choices (e.g., paying attention to how much the food products are processed). We tested this hypothesis among Polish participants (Study 1; N = 608; cross-sectional and Study 2; N = 790; experimental). Study 1 confirmed that context-specific conspiracy beliefs (but not general notions of conspiracy) are associated with adaptive consumer behaviors. Study 2 showed that inducing feelings of threat related to the possibility of purchasing food contaminated by a harmful bacteria (vs. control condition) increased food industry conspiracy beliefs, which were further positively linked to conscious food choices. We discuss the role of threat and conspiracy beliefs in adaptive consumer behaviors related to food choices.

مسرحية "عطيل" لوليام شكسبير: وجهة نفسية اخرى

تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى تسليط الضوء على مسرحية " عطيل" لوليام شكسبير, والتي تعتبر أحدى أهم تراجيدياه. تقسم الدراسة الى فصلين, ألاول عبارة عن مقدمة مقسمة الى ثلاثة فروع تعنى بتحليل القصيدة كصورة تعكس المشاكل النفسية للبطل و مأساة لأنسان يفشل في فهم أهمية ألحب في حياته وكونه غير قادر على تمييز العدو الحقيقي. أما الفصل الثاني فيركز بدوره على موقع المسرحية بين اعمال شكسبير الاخرى من خلال تحليل دور الخصم في الايقاع بالبطل.

Oti axamiyagiri: Assamese nationalistic masculine identity, United Liberation Front of Asom and cyberspace

This paper argues that the emergence of social media as a new public sphere has shaped masculine identity in the cyber platform. Such masculinity in Assamese society (the Assamese-speaking community), based on the images of the ideal Assamese man is linked with a form of Assamese nationalistic masculinity that gathered momentum during the Assam Movement (1979–1985). Politics of identity in Assam is basically trapped in the world of appearances, fighting real and imaginary enemies, and drawing strength from prejudices and misconceptions of groups, about themselves and others. This process of identity creation also shaped the identity of the “ideal” Assamese man in the recent socio-political history of Assam. This article is an attempt to define how masculinity works in the cyber world by focusing attention on Assamese nationalistic masculinity which is based on the image of the “RealAssamese Man.” The “Real Assamese Man,” in turn, draws inspiration from a socio-cultural context which started with the creation of Assamese iconographies of masculinity which were later transformed and appropriated to serve the purpose of identity-politics.

The Utilization of “Jeda Nulis” Youtube Channel as Learning Media of Religious Tolerance for Virtual Communities

Abstract: 
 This research is oriented to analyze the use of Youtube as a learning media of religious tolerance for virtual communities. The focus of the research is on the "jeda nulis" youtube channel with the content "toleran dalam berdakwah, dakwahkan toleransi." This research was conducted based on the reality of the rise of radical Islamic accounts that spread negative content in the form of teachings that are easy to disbelieve and convert to those who have different understandings and traditions. This research is descriptive-qualitative with a literature study approach. To explore the data obtained by watching and analyzing videos on related content. The results of the study found that Youtube can be used as a medium to spread the teachings of religious tolerance. In the youtube content mentioned above, Habib Husein collaborated with Christian and Buddhist religious figures, the three figures succeeded in bringing religious narratives that made virtual communities aware to better understand and apply the teachings of religious tolerance. religion is tolerance, but its people cannot necessarily be tolerant. The three religious leaders agreed that ego, lust, and group fanaticism must be eliminated in humans in order to be tolerant. If someone cannot become a brother in faith, then compete in goodness in the name of humanity. Because the real enemy for someone is itself so that must be clear first. 
 Keywords: Religious Tolerance, Virtual Communities, Youtube.,

Državna politika razdvajanja svećenika Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini na „pozitivne“ i „reakcionarne“ (1945-1963)

The illumination of the state policy of separating „positive“ from „negative“ priests of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the most important issues in the scientific understanding of the position of this religious community during the first decades of existence of AVNOJ Yugoslavia. The post-war government in Bosnia and Herzegovina treated a large number of priests of the Catholic Church as real or potential enemies of the state. In addition to ideological reasons, which were more or less similar in all communist parties, the negative attitude of the CPY towards the Catholic Church was influenced by the fact that some priests supported the Ustasha movement during World War II. The justification for the negative attitude of party structures towards priests was argued most often in the documents of the Commission for Religious Affairs with the following reasons: that most priests supported the occupier and domestic traitors during the war; that they spread hostile propaganda against the national liberation movement; that they actively participated in the fight against the new social order; that they had committed war crimes and persecuted members of other faiths, and that they had been linked to criminal Ustasha emigration abroad. In addition to „negative“ priests, there were „positive“ priests that also acted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as they were reported in the documents of the Commission for Religious Affairs. They did not agree to the policy of confrontation with the state and demanded the establishment of dialogue and co-operation between the Church and the state. Some of the most prominent representatives of this group of priests were: Fr Bono Ostojić, Ph.D. Karlo Karin, Fr Mile Leko, Fr Josip Markušić, Fr Serafin Dodig, Fr Kruno Misilo and others. Holders of „positive tendencies“ among the clergy, according to the Commission for Religious Affairs, understood the importance of establishing communication and contacts with state authorities and the harmfulness of the negative attitude of the Catholic Church towards the state. Their goal was to change the methods of solving problems between the Church and the state, and to build a path that would suit the interests of the priests of the Catholic Church and the interests of the state community, without interfering with the church's dogmatic canonical principles. The „differentiation“ of priests was treated as a positive result of the work of the new government, because, according to their assessments, in the first post-war years, representatives of religious communities had a hostile attitude towards the newly created socialist Yugoslav state. Therefore, the Commission for Religious Affairs (federal and republican) has continuously pointed out the importance of implementing a policy of „stratification and differentiation“ within religious communities. According to the observations of the Federal Commission for Religious Affairs, the post-war „differentiation“ among the priests happened primarily due to their attitudes regarding the relationship between the state and the Catholic Church. Some considered it desirable and useful to establish communication with the newly created authorities, while others maintained a negative attitude. In addition to these two groups, there was a third group that was undecided. When considering the biographical data of the priests of the Catholic Church proposed for state decorations, it can be stated that the authorities carefully took into account which priests would be on the list of candidates recommended for awards. A positive attitude towards the new socialist social order, active participation in the establishment of the Association of Catholic Priests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, loyalty, patriotism towards socialist Yugoslavia, and contribution to the development of the Association of Catholic Priests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, are some of the most important reasons for choosing candidates for awards. In the article, based on unpublished archival sources, the author contextualises the political circumstances and the circumstances in which the state policy of differentiation of „positive“ from „reactionary“ priests of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina took place, points out the reasons for and bearers of such policy, and analyses its expression and results. Also, the author presents the policy of awarding state recognitions and decorations to individual priests in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Welcome to the Largest Biological War Worldwide: COVID-19

This research is interested in evaluating the COVID-19 as the largest biological war worldwide. We assumed that COVID-19 is a different type of war. This war is between a human being (society) and a mortal virus. Therefore, we evaluate the human and business damage of COVID-19 under the application of the Anti-COVID-19 War Simulator (ACW-Simulator). We will evaluate how COVID-19 affects business behavior from a holistic approach. We are using different players, environments, magnitudes of business damage, the number of human casualties from COVID-19, and the fight of COVID-19 under the vaccination mechanism. In our case, the COVID-19 is an unconventional war without any alert, declaration, or specific or real enemy.

Safety Recommendations for Forensic Laboratory Staff During COVID-19 Pandemic.

In the 21st century, the crime rate and viral infectious diseases are on peak and seems to be the real enemies of humanity. Forensic science and its various branches especially biology have a key role in modern-day justice. Forensic scientists and laboratory staffs are of great significance for elucidating the biological exhibits and generating the biological evidence which are required for criminal justice. Owing to the profession and like other medical health workers, forensic laboratory staffs are also at a greater risk in the era of COVID-19. Therefore, the safety of forensic laboratory staff is of utmost importance during this pandemic. The article emphasizes on the safety guidelines and regulations that need to be adopted by the forensic staff in connection with daily laboratory practices. Thus, the article may offer a reference or help one to implement COVID-19 advisory to forensic scientists and other laboratory staff working in forensic institutions and laboratories during the current pandemic.