Real Crime Scene Research Articles

Analysis of MiR-20b, MIR-197 markers for differentiation between forensic body fluids encountered in sexual assault cases

AbstractIdentifying body fluids can be a critical clue that aids in reconstructing the crime scene. Semen and vaginal fluid identification is crucial, especially in cases of sexual assault. The majority of forensic studies focused on identifying normal body fluids and neglected the expression variation of semen in pathology. To differentiate between vaginal fluids, fertile and infertile semen samples (oligospermia and azoospermia) using miR 20b and miR197. A total of 48 body fluid samples, divided as 16 vaginal fluids, 16 fertile semen, and 16 infertile semen samples (8 with oligospermia and 8 with azoospermia), were collected, and the expression levels of miR-20b and miR-197 were detected by the SYBR Green real-time quantitative PCR technique. Our results showed significant different expression of these miRNAs in normal semen compared to vaginal and infertile semen. Moreover, we designed a model based on Fisher’s discriminant function to forecast the group affiliations of unidentified samples. With three novel equations, we were able to accurately distinguish between semen and vaginal fluid, fertile and infertile semen, and oligospermia and azoospermia semen samples with validation accuracy of 81.3%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. MiR-20b and miR-197 expression levels are efficient and appropriate markers to distinguish semen from vaginal fluid and to differentiate between fertile and infertile semen samples. However, the present study is a preliminary study based on clinical samples, and the potential role of these markers in differentiating real crime scene samples is still unknown, so we recommend further research to investigate these markers expression while using forensic samples.

"Total Human DNA Sampling" – Forensic DNA profiles from large areas

Employed for the first time in 1986, DNA profiling is nowadays established as one of the most widely used forensic techniques worldwide. However, until today, no efficient sampling technique existed to collect DNA from human skin cells from a large area, not to say from the floor of an entire room. This has been extremely unfortunate, as there is enormous forensic potential in these DNA traces from the ground to provide clues as to who has been present at a particular location, i.e. at the crime scene. By desquamation, humans loose several millions of skin cells per day, everywhere they stand, sit or walk; and they can do little about it. We developed a fast and simple method by which we can make use of all those lost skin cells. We use a vacuum cleaner equipped with a specialized filter cartridge to sample the ground. Fragmentation of the filter membrane and subsequent parallel processing of the filter fragments, using a modified Chelex® 100 extraction protocol, significantly reduce the complexity of the dust mixture. In this way, a large number of interpretable major contributor DNA profiles can be generated from individuals who have been present on the sampled surface. Overall, at least 38 % of the generated DNA profiles from all sampled test areas fulfilled the criteria for submission of single major contributor profiles to the Swiss DNA database. As demonstrated through a mock crime scene scenario simulating an indoor stabbing event, the perpetrator's DNA could be found on the floor even after a very short stay in the room of less than one minute. Furthermore, already the first application of the method at a real crime scene led to relevant case information for the police. Given its large investigative potential, we recommend Total Human DNA Sampling as a helpful complemental forensic tool to conventional DNA trace collection in major crimes.

Development of Formulae to Determine Living Stature using Handprint Anthropometry of Tagalog People in the Philippines

Highlights: 1. This is the first-ever anthropological study on Tagalog people in the Philippines that has established formulae for determining stature using handprint length measurements.2. This study has generated formulae that are applicable for personal identification purposes within real crime scenes. Abstract Forensic science plays a crucial role in the pursuit of justice, particularly through the identification of physical evidence found at crime scenes, such as human fingerprints and handprints. This study aimed to develop formulae for determining living stature using the handprint anthropometry of Tagalog people, an indigenous ethnic group in the Philippines. A total of 360 Tagalog volunteers, comprising 180 men and 180 women, were recruited. This study excluded subjects who had finger and hand-related diseases, injuries, or were under the age of 18. The materials used were a stadiometer for height measurement, a digital vernier caliper for handprint measurements, and a handprint kit to collect handprints. Five length measurements were collected for each handprint. The length measurement spanned the distance from the middle wrist crease to the tips of each of the five fingers. The data were analyzed statistically using regression analysis (p<0.05) in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The analysis results produced equations for determining stature using all the length measurements of the handprints. The study involved the calculation of correlation coefficients (r values) and standard deviations using the stature and handprint lengths of individuals of both genders. The results are presented in the form of tables and figures. The study concluded with the development of regression equations that may be utilized for determining stature based on various handprint length measurements of the Tagalog people. This study represents the first-ever anthropological study conducted on the Philippine Tagalog population within the scope of this research subject matter. The formulae can be applied to actual crime scenes for the purpose of personal identification.

Introducing a Rapid DNA Analysis Procedure for Crime Scene Samples Outside of the Laboratory-A Field Experiment.

Technological innovations enable rapid DNA analysis implementation possibilities. Concordantly, rapid DNA devices are being used in practice. However, the effects of implementing rapid DNA technologies in the crime scene investigation procedure have only been evaluated to a limited extent. In this study a field experiment was set up comparing 47 real crime scene cases following a rapid DNA analysis procedure outside of the laboratory (decentral), with 50 cases following the regular DNA analysis procedure at the forensic laboratory. The impact on duration of the investigative process, and on the quality of the analyzed trace results (97 blood and 38 saliva traces) was measured. The results of the study show that the duration of the investigation process has been significantly reduced in cases where the decentral rapid DNA procedure was deployed, compared to cases where the regular procedure was used. Most of the delay in the regular process lies in the procedural steps during the police investigation, not in the DNA analysis, which highlights the importance of an effective work process and having sufficient capacity available. This study also shows that rapid DNA techniques are less sensitive than regular DNA analysis equipment. The device used in this study was only to a limited extent suitable for the analysis of saliva traces secured at the crime scene and can mainly be used for the analysis of visible blood traces with an expected high DNA quantity of a single donor.

Discrimination of smokers and nonsmokers based on the analysis of fingermarks for forensic purposes

For decades, the unique characteristic ridge pattern of a fingerprint (FP) has been used as a mainstay for human individualization. Most recently, vibrational spectroscopic analysis of fingermark (FM) has attracted a substantial amount of attention in providing intelligence on personal traits. Particularly, extracting phenotypical information such as age and sex can be significantly beneficial in criminal investigation. However, chemical profiling of FMs using vibrational spectroscopy has been limited to age and sex determination, while other significant traits can also aid in narrowing down the suspect pool. In the current proof-of-concept study, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform-infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) have been employed for determining smoker from non-smoker donors from their FM residues. Genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to improve the discrimination rate of the developed model by selecting regions that are significant for the distinguish between the two classes. A subject wise leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was initially used to evaluate the performance of the binary PLSDA classifier for each donor. The binary model showed 84% correct classification at spectral level and 92% correct classification at donor level in subject wise LOOCV. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was constructed to establish a threshold for differentiating between the smoker and non-smoker FMs, this resulted in 100% accuracy at a donor level for external validation test. This preliminary study shows a great promise for identifying smoker donors from non-smoker individuals based on chemical analysis of FM residues. After fully developed, we believe the method will offer significant potential for real crime scene investigation due to its simplicity, non-destructive nature and its prospective for in-field analysis.

Technical note: The Next Step – a semi-automatic coding and comparison system for forensic footwear impressions

Footwear impression evidence is a key tool in criminal investigations, connecting suspects to the crime scene; in addition, it may provide valuable forensic intelligence linking different crime scenes in the absence of a suspect. This paper presents the development of a computer database and semi-automatic system for shoeprint comparison. The database is based on structured manual coding of elements by CSI (Crime Scene Investigators). The computer algorithm then compares the pattern information of the query footwear impression to the entire database, returning a list of possible matches ranked by pattern similarity and crime scene geographic proximity. Initial results using a database of 284 footwear impressions from real crime scenes revealed that a "match" (i.e., the same shoe model) was found for 30% of the impressions; in most cases, the "match" ranked within the top five places of the "hit" list generated by the algorithm. Our results confirm that this semi-automatic footwear comparison system is simple, cost-effective and efficient, providing great potential for linking crime scenes.

Soil Colour and Plant-Wax Markers: Application in Forensic Investigations under Urban Subtropical Environments

Most cases involving soil in criminal investigations in Brazil have focused on the chemical and mineralogical analyses of soil fractions without including the organic matter. The organic fraction contains plant-wax markers which may be useful to “fingerprint” forensic soils due to their chemical diversity, relative longevity and resistant nature. The aim of this study was to test the long- (kilometre), medium- (metre) and short- (centimetre) scale variability of plant-wax biomarkers in a forensic context in anthropised urban soils and soils developed under subtropical conditions. Two areas from the Curitiba municipality and two areas from the Colombo municipality, Paraná State, South Brazil, were selected. Soil colour analysis was carried out to obtain reflectance data over the 360–740 nm wavelength range. Furthermore, plant-wax marker compounds (n-alkanes and fatty-alcohols) were assessed by extraction and separation into different classes and an analysis of the compounds by gas chromatography (GC/MS). The compositions of the wax-marker profiles were different in samples collected side-by-side, showing sensitivity to local variations under subtropical conditions and in areas under intense human urban disturbance. Under these conditions, biomarkers may be used in real crime scenes, even on a micrometric scale of variation.

Effects of Layered Clothing on the Post-mortem Decomposition of Rat Carcasses on Grass Bushes and Dead Leaves

A post-mortem decomposition is defined by the evaluation of the physical and chemical changes of a cadaver or a carcass in order to estimate the cause of death and the time of death. The purpose of this study is not to replicate a real crime scene but to enhance knowledge of the effects of clothing in a decomposition process, mainly, the effects of layered cotton clothing on the post-mortem decomposition of adult female rat carcasses. Fifteen rats were divided into three groups: control, one-layered and two-layered clothed. The control subjects were unclothed and used to compare the post-mortem changes with the clothed subjects, one-layered and two-layered rat carcasses. All subjects were placed outdoor, 2.5 meters away from each other on grass bushes and dead leaves. Ambient temperature and humidity were recorded to observe if it associates with the post-mortem changes of the rats. Insect activity on each subject was observed. Post-mortem changes were measured using the Total Body Score system. The results showed that the control group underwent a faster decomposition compared to the clothed groups. The different layers of clothing did not show a vast difference in post-mortem changes. The ambient temperature of 28°C influences the post-mortem decomposition. The decomposition was rapid under the dominance of maggots compared to ants as ant colonies delayed the decomposition process. The study gave the knowledge of the effect of clothing in decomposition of female rats in forensic science.

Gender prediction from fingerprint ridge density among malaysian hokkien population for crime scene application

Biometric technology is widely used for individual identification. Fingerprint is important physical evidence left by the perpetrators as visible and latent impression in the crime scenes. Person identification is the key concern to the forensic investigation. Fingerprint recognition is an accurate biometric system used globally not only in forensic investigation but also in real day-to-day life application. The objective of this present study wasto predict gender from fingerprint ridge density among Malaysian Hokkien population for crime scene application. The study included consented Hokkien people (Male:70, Female:91) living in Malaysia and acquired their fingerprints by inking technique using fingerprint ink, roller and plate following the standard procedure. From each fingerprint, counted the ridges diagonally on squares measuring 5 mm x 5mm area using magnifier from all ten fingers of all subjects. The number of ridges within 25 mm square reflected the ridge density. The data were analysed statistically by SPSS software and presented the findings in the form of tables and figures. Additionally, likelihood test was conducted to show the sexing potential. The result shows that the mean ridge density of male is significantly lower than female in all fingers of all subjects. The ridge density of left-hand fingers and the corresponding right fingers are not same, thus showing the bilateral asymmetry. The likely hood ratio analysis shows that ridge density of 10/25 mm2 is highly suggestive of females (p=1) but no observation was noticed for males. The study concluded that the ridge density study in an indicator for the prediction of gender among Malaysian Hokkien population and may be used during real crime scene investigation.

Detection of Pb, Ba, and Sb in Cadaveric Maggots and Pupae by ICP‐MS*

The concentrations of lead (Pb), barium (Ba), and antimony (Sb), characteristic of GSR, were determined in soil sediments and immature (larvae) of cadaveric flies of the family Calliphoridae, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This research refers to a case study from two real crime scenes in which the corpses were in an advanced state of decomposition. In case 1, the victim had holes similar to gunshot wounds, and in case 2, there was no evidence of perforations in the corpse. Soil sediment collection was performed at three different points of the terrain, at a minimum distance of 10m from the corpse, for cases 1 and 2. In relation to the collection of immatures, larvae were collected in regions of the mouth, nose, and orifices similar to the entry of firearms projectile into the body, for case 1, and collection of larvae and pupae, located on the body and underneath it, for case 2. It was possible to detect and quantify the three elements of interest (Pb, Ba, and Sb) by ICP-MS in both sediment and cadaveric larvae. Concentrations of 4.44, 8.74, and 0.08μg/g were obtained for Pb, Ba, and Sb, respectively, in the soil for case 1. For the case 2, the concentrations in Pb, Ba, and Sb were from 16.34 to 26.02μg/g; from 32.64 to 57.97μg/g and from 0.042 to 0.30μg/g, respectively. In the larvae, Pb, Ba, and Sb were quantified in cases 1 and 2 with a concentration of 6.28 and 1.78μg/g for Pb, 1.49 and 2.94μg/g for Ba, 0.50μg/g and <LD for Sb, respectively. These new results present the detection of characteristic elements of GSR in cadaveric larvae in humans in a real crime scene, besides highlighting the importance of the study of immature flies, using the ICP-MS technique in forensic analysis.

Suspicious death – trace evidence identified the complainant as accused: A real crime scene report

Unnatural death incidents are reported to police wherein the dead body appearance confuses the first officer in the crime scenes. Generally, the forensic medicine experts are not involved in crime scene visit, but waiting for the body at the autopsy room. Anyhow, the forensic crime scene investigators or mobile forensic scientists have an active part in the examination of the crime scene and the body under suspicious condition. Through keen crime scene observation, they may able to link the physical evidence in the scene with the dead body in the suspicious death cases and solve the mystery. In the present suspicious death case study, a woman was found hanged in her residence under suspicious condition. The complainant husband alleged that his wife committed suicide by hanging while he was away from home. The examination of physical evidence and the dead body in the crime scene indicated it as a homicidal hanging rather than suicidal hanging as alleged by husband. This fact was confirmed by the forensic medicine expert in the autopsy examination.

Estimation of The Age of Bloodstains on Soil Matrices By ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Estimating the accurate time of a crime occurred is one of the priceless information in forensics practice and for the investigation purposes. There are profuse of evidence can be found at the crime scene and each of the evidence will give an important information for the investigation purposes. In this study, the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)- Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique combined with advanced chemometrics method was deployed. For the purpose of determining the age of the bloodstain, two storage conditions; indoor and outdoor were set up to simulate real crime scene scenario and bloodstains on soil matrices were exposed and analyzed for selected time intervals for up to 63 days. Six partial least squares regression-discriminant analysis (PLSR-DA) models were constructed-indoor and outdoor models with 1-63 days-exhibited good performance with acceptable values of predictive root mean squared error (7.04-16.0) and r2 values (0.45-0.89), respectively. Using these models, correct classification of the aged bloodstains was calculated up to 70%. In conclusion, the multivariate analysis based on PLS-DA models indicates that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics provides acceptable discrimination for rapid and non-destructive determination the age of bloodstains on soil matrices in particularly for outdoor and very aged bloodstains.

A Novel Two-Step Method for the Detection of Organic Gunshot Residue for Forensic Purposes: Fast Fluorescence Imaging Followed by Raman Microspectroscopic Identification.

Gunshot residue (GSR) is potentially key evidence during a criminal investigation of a shooting accident. Current standardized forensic science methods target the detection of inorganic GSR (IGSR). In this proof-of-concept study, a new two-step method for the detection and identification of organic GSR (OGSR) is proposed. This method utilizes highly sensitive fluorescence hyperspectral imaging of a sample area to detect potential GSR particles, followed by confirmatory identification of the detected particles using Raman microspectroscopy. In this study, two different GSR samples on adhesive tape substrates were created. One sample was made by manually placing a known amount of OGSR particles onto an adhesive tape substrate. The second sample mimicked a real crime scene situation and had an unknown number of GSR particles mounted onto an adhesive tape substrate using a most common tape-lifting procedure for the recovery of GSR from the skin of a suspect and other surfaces. These two samples were subjected to the developed two-step analysis method. It was found that this method was accurately able to detect and identify all OGSR particles. Representative spectra of OGSR particles showed characteristic Raman peaks at 850 cm-1, 1287 cm-1, and 2970 cm-1. This methodology offers a promising means to meet current needs within the framework of GSR analysis by providing a way to accurately detect and identify OGSR.

A novel approach of fluorescent porous graphite carbon nitride based silica gel powder for latent fingerprint detection

Porous graphitic carbon nitride (pg-C3N4) was synthesized from bulk g-C3N4 (Bg-C3N4). First, bulk g-C3N4 was prepared by a thermal method with poly-condensation of melamine as a precursor. The pg-C3N4 was synthesized from Bg-C3N4 under ultrasonic treatment in a sulphuric acid medium. Thereafter, pg-C3N4 was combined with commercial silica gel (Slg) to give a fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder. These prepared materials were characterized by means of distinctive instrumental techniques consisting of UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–visible), fluorescence spectroscopy (FL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and live cell microscopy. The fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder was used as a labeling agent for the development of latent fingerprints (LFP) on different surfaces such as glass slides, aluminum foil, aluminum sheets, aluminum rods, a compact disc (CD), iron discs, coins, a tea cup and spoon. The LFP images were additionally captured through the use of ultraviolet radiation at 365 nm due to the fluorescent nature of the Slg/pg-C3N4 powder. The LFP images have been also investigated using different commercial powders such as ZnSO4, TiO2 and Iodine vapor for comparison with fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder. The Slg/pg-C3N4 powder was used to investigate the LFP images submerged in fresh water. Ultimately, the different fluorescent backgrounds of LFP images had been demonstrated using live cell microscopy with pg-C3N4 and Bg-C3N4. The fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder exhibited potential as a good labeling agent with excessive sensitivity, rapid detection and an eco-friendly nature. This fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder was also used to develop the LFP images under conditions that are likely to simulate real crime scenes to establish whether this material can be used in real forensic investigations.

Establishing state of motion through two-dimensional foot and shoe print analysis: A pilot study

According to the College of Podiatry, footprints rank among the most frequent forms of evidence found at crime scenes, and the recent ascension of forensic podiatry reflects the importance of footwear and barefoot traces in contemporary forensic practice. In this context, this pilot study focused on whether it is possible to distinguish between walking and running states using parameters derived from two-dimensional foot or shoe prints. Eleven subjects moved along four tracks (barefoot walking; barefoot running; footwear walking; footwear running) while having their bare feet or footwear stained with artificial blood and their footstep patterns recorded. Contact stains and associated bloodstain patterns were collected, and body movements were recorded through three-dimensional motion capture. Barefoot walking prints were found to be larger than barefoot static prints (1.789±0.481cm; p<0.001) and barefoot running prints (0.635±0.405cm; p=0.006). No correlation was observed for footwear prints. Running trials were more associated with the presence of both passive and cast off stains than walking trials, and the quantity of additional associated stains surrounding individual foot and shoe prints was also higher in running states. Furthermore, a previously proposed equation predicted speed with a high degree of accuracy (within 6%) and may be used for clinical assessment of walking speed. Contact stains, associated bloodstain patterns and stride length measurements may serve to ascertain state of motion in real crime scene scenarios, and future studies may be capable of designing statistical frameworks which could be used in courts of law.

Species identification of bloodstains by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: the effects of bloodstain age and the deposition environment.

In this study, we investigated the potential of attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometrics for species identification of bloodstains similar to evidence obtained from real crime scenes. Two partial least squares-discriminant analysis classification models (a human-mammal-domestic fowl trilateral model and a species-specific model) were established. The models demonstrated complete separation among the three classes (human, mammal, and domestic fowl) and distinguished six species (human, rat, rabbit, dog, chicken, and duck). Validation was subsequently conducted to evaluate the robustness of these two models, which resulted in 100 and 94.2% accuracy; even human bloodstains placed in an outdoor environment for up to 107days were successfully identified. Additionally, all bloodstains were positively identified as blood using the squared Euclidean cosine method by comparing the spectra with those of non-blood substances that had a similar appearance or easily produced false positives. These results demonstrate that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics can be a powerful tool for species identification of bloodstains.

Implementation of MALDI MS profiling and imaging methods for the analysis of real crime scene fingermarks.

In the study presented here, four examples of crime scene fingermarks analysed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI MSI), in collaboration with the local Police Force, are reported. These marks are associated to high profile crimes such as drug dealing, murder and harassment. Following the application of forensic enhancement techniques by the CSI or the crime lab, one of the marks could be directly analysed on the surface of deposition and the others were analysed as primary lifts. In one case, no physical or molecular information was obtained whereas in two cases both ridge detail (albeit not useful for identification purposes) and molecular information could be retrieved. In one case, the intelligence gathered around the suspect's state of mind is, to date the most accomplished demonstration of the benefits and the operational feasibility MALDI MS based methods. These four casework examples are to be considered a first insight into the limitations, benefits and feasibility of MALDI MS based methods in the field; due to the extreme variability in the state of the mark, comprehensive evaluation of these aspects can only be undertaken upon the analysis of a large number of crime scene marks. However, this work does represent a significant advancement, compared to previous published work, as it demonstrates operational feasibility, with different levels of success, despite uncontrollable, unknown and unaccountable environmental and donor variability.

A manifold ranking based method using hybrid features for crime scene shoeprint retrieval

Shoeprints are frequently acquired at crime scenes and can provide vital clues for investigation. How to retrieve the most similar shoeprints available in the dataset to the highly degraded query crime scene shoeprint is a challenging work. Some existing shoeprint retrieval algorithms cannot work well with highly degraded shoeprint image on a large scale dataset, and the results are not well correlated with the forensic experts. This study proposes a manifold ranking based method using hybrid features of region and appearance to improve the retrieval performance. Manifold ranking method is introduced to narrow the well-known gap between visual features and semantic concepts. We define the ranking cost function from three perspectives: (i) the feature similarity between the query and the dataset images, (ii) the relationship between every two shoeprints in the dataset, (iii) the assigned opinion scores for multiple shoeprints left in one crime scene by the forensic expert. Experiments on the real crime scene datasets show that the cumulative match score of the proposed method is more than 93.5 % on the top 2 % of the dataset composed of 10096 crime scene shoeprints.

Estimation of stature from handprint dimensions – Positional variations in real crime scene situations

Estimation of stature from handprints/palmprints recovered at the crime scene may help in the identification of the criminal/perpetrator. The present communication is an advisory on the recently published studies regarding stature estimation from different dimensions of handprints in various populations. We emphasize that at the crime scenes, the prints of the hands are usually found in a way that the fingers are apart from each other that may or may not be fully stretched or in any other working position of the hand; and rarely similar to the position described in studies as a non-stretched normal position with all the fingers joined with one another except for the thumb. The communication further stresses on the need for further studies on hand prints describing various positional variations pertaining to the practical forensic situations especially when the prints are taken in stretched/flexed/extended positions of the hand.

Estimation of Stature from Footprint Anthropometry Using Regression Analysis : A Study on the Bidayuh Population of East Malaysia

The human foot has been studied for a variety of reasons, i.e., for forensic as well as non-forensic purposes by anatomists, forensic scientists, anthropologists, physicians, podiatrists, and numerous other groups. An aspect of human identification that has received scant attention from forensic anthropologists is the study of human feet and the footprints made by the feet. The present study, conducted during 2013-2014, aimed to derive population specific regression equations to estimate stature from the footprint anthropometry of indigenous adult Bidayuhs in the east of Malaysia. The study sample consisted of 480 bilateral footprints collected using a footprint kit from 240 Bidayuhs (120 males and 120 females), who consented to taking part in the study. Their ages ranged from 18 to 70 years. Stature was measured using a portable body meter device (SECA model 206. The data were analyzed using PASW Statistics version 20. In this investigation, better results were obtained in terms of correlation coefficient (R) between stature and various footprint measurements and regression analysis in estimating the stature. The (R) values showed a positive and statistically significant (p < 0.001) relationship between the two parameters. The correlation coefficients in the pooled sample (0.861–0.882) were comparatively higher than those of an individual male (0.762-0.795) and female (0.722-0.765). This study provided regression equations to estimate stature from footprints in the Bidayuh population. The result showed that the regression equations without sex indicators performed significantly better than models with gender indications. The regression equations derived for a pooled sample can be used to estimate stature, even when the sex of the footprint is unknown, as in real crime scenes.