Card Reader Research Articles

Finding and Mitigating a Vulnerability of the Color Wheel PIN Protocol

There is an increasing usage in the banking sector of Smartphones enabled with Near Field Communication (NFC), to improve the services offered for the customers. This usage requires a security enhancement of the systems that employ this technology like the Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). One example is the Color Wheel Personal Identification Number (CWPIN) security protocol designed to authenticate users on ATMs using NFC enabled smartphones without typing the PIN code directly. CWPIN has been compared in the literature to several other protocols and was considered easier to use, more cost-effective and more resistant to various attacks on ATMs such as card reader skimming, keylogger injection, shoulder surfing, etc. Nevertheless, we demonstrate in this paper that CWPIN is vulnerable to the multiple video recordings intersection attack. We do so through concrete examples and a thorough analysis that reveals a high theoretical probability of attack success. A malicious party can use one or two hidden cameras to record the ATM and smartphone screens during several authentication sessions, then disclose the user's PIN code by intersecting the information extracted from the video recordings. In a more complex scenario, these video recordings could be obtained by malware injected into the ATM and the user's smartphone to record their screens during CWPIN authentication sessions. Our intersection attack requires a few recordings, usually three or four, to reveal the PIN code and can lead to unauthorized transactions if the user's smartphone is stolen. We also propose a mitigation of the identified attack through several modifications to the CWPIN protocol and discuss its strengths and limitations.

Best of two worlds: Efficient, usable and auditable biometric ABC on the blockchain

In García-Rodríguez et al. 2024, two generic constructions for biometric-based non-transferable Attribute Based Credentials (biometric ABC) are presented, which offer different trade-offs between efficiency and trust assumptions. In this paper, we focus on the second scheme denoted as BioABC-ZK that tries to remove the strong (and unrealistic) trust assumption on the Reader R, and we show that BioABC-ZK has a security flaw for a colluding R and Verifier V. Besides, BioABC-ZK lacks GDPR-compliance, which requires secure processing of biometrics, for instance in form of Fuzzy Extractors, as opposed to (i) storing the reference biometric template aBio in the user’s mobile phone and (ii) processing of biometrics using an external untrusted R, whose foreign manufacturers are unlikely to adjust their products according to GDPR.The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we review efficient biometric ABC schemes to identify the privacy-by-design criteria for them. In view of these principles, we propose a new architecture for biometric ABC of Sarier 2021 by adapting the recently introduced core/helper setting. Briefly, a user in our modified setting is composed of a constrained core device (a SIM card) inside a helper device (a smart phone with dual SIM and face recognition feature), which – as opposed to García-Rodríguez et al. 2024 – does not need to store aBio. This way, the new design provides Identity Privacy without the need for an external R and/or a dedicated hardware per user such as a biometric smart card reader or a tamper proof smart card as in current hardware-bound credential systems. Besides, the new system maintains minimal hardware requirements on the SIM card – only responsible for storing ABC and helper data –, which results in easy adoption and usability without loosing efficiency, if deep face fuzzy vault and our modified ABC scheme are employed together. As a result, a total overhead of 500 ms to a showing of a comparable non-biometric ABC is obtained instead of the 2.1 s in García-Rodríguez et al. 2024 apart from the removal of computationally expensive pairings. Finally, as different from García-Rodríguez et al. 2024, auditing is achieved via Blockchain instead of proving in zero-knowledge the actual biometric matching by the user to reveal malicious behavior of R and V.

Bus Pass Validation System Using RFID

Abstract: This project aims to revolutionize the validation of Student Bus Passes by introducing a card reader system integrated with a centralized database for instant verification. The automation of this process eliminates the inefficiencies associated with manual ticket checking, enhancing overall operationalefficiency. This system provides real-time notifications for valid passes, empowering bus staff to intervene swiftly. With a vision totransform public transportation, the mission is to deploy cutting- edge technology for seamless and reliable commuting experience.

Fingerprint-Enabled ATM Network

Large data collections are stored by people in the modern world utilizing computers. Data may be sent across the globe at a reasonable cost. ATM's have been in use for almost 50 years now since their introduction. Since its introduction, ATM's have made it possible to withdraw money without encountering any problems. In the banking industry, the ability of ATM's to be installed in any location is seen as exceptional since it allows customers the freedom to conduct transactions on their own. While the cash dispenser and visual screen serve as output devices, the card reader and keyboard serve as input devices. Many ATM's can work together on a common level through the host processor, which is owned by the bank. Authenticated Banks provide unique ATM PINS to their customers. The registered phone number is used to send these ATM PINS. if someone saw the PIN notice on the user's phone and knows the card data. They can then access the client's account in full and may be held accountable for any criminal activity that occurs. Criminals have developed a variety of schemes to steal money from ATM’s. Due to strict security measures around the money compartment, they are unable to simply steal cash from an ATM; instead, they swipe the cards of several customers. It is far easier to obtain ATM card data than to breach the ATM's security. The practice of card skimming is one that con artists frequently employ. On the card per user space of ATM’s, card skimmers are implemented. The data is stored in the memory of the card skimmer and is seen by an electrical circuit on a visually appealing portion of the card. After driving the skimmer out of the ATM, the criminals later duplicate this data. Card skimmers are designed to fit perfectly over each user's unique cards, making it easy for clients to become victims of them.

#2519 Technical complications assessment of the novel SILENCIA© APD cycler

Abstract Background and Aims A new gravimetric peritoneal dialysis (PD) cycler, SILENCIA (Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany), has been reported to achieve not only an adequate dialysis dose, but it is proposed also to be easy to use, cost-effective, and silent. In this study, we explored the alarms, cautions and number of terminated treatments due to potential errors and malfunctions of this new cycler. Method Over a period of 6 months, technical related device data was collected remotely, via a cloud-based infrastructure, including a Gateway and a Card Reader. The technical related data was then analyzed and visualized in a Dashboard. In special occasions, e.g., in case of device issues additional further technical data was collected on-site at patients’ home by a Service Technician. Results In total, 1860 technical related device data sets were collected in 3 different countries (Chile, Ecuador, and Turkey) from the treatments of 18 PD patients. 15 out of 32 patients were between 31 and 50 years old, and the mean PD duration was 2.14 years (n = 32). In total 9 alarms (5 per 1000 treatments) occurred, 5 being related to software bugs, 4 undetermined. 99.5% of the treatments were performed without alarms. In average, 5.3 cautions per 1000 treatments were observed, 94.7% due to blocked tubing system. Power failures only occurred in 4% of the treatments, with an average duration of 38.6 minutes. During power failures, the device does not wake up patients, proceeds as the power is back and treatment stays within schedule due to FlexPoint. A detailed list of alarms, cautions and power failures is presented in Table 1. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that SILENCIA supports PD treatment with a low number of alarms and cautions, which may help to achieve a smooth therapy for the patients, especially considering that the treatments are mainly performed during the night.

Development of a Novel 120-Hook Punched Card Reader to Regenerate the Woven Designs

Development of a Novel 120-Hook Punched Card Reader to Regenerate the Woven Designs

Automatic Drug Dispensing Machine for Aayush Medicines

A vital component of society is healthcare, which is being improved by governments employing cutting-edge methods. With the use of an automated drug dispenser machine for Aayush Medicine (ADMAM), patients can fill urgent care and emergency prescriptions after clinic hours, increasing efficiency and cutting down on the amount of time pharmacists must spend working. The card reader, paper outlet, drug outlet, and touch screen are among the mechanical components of the ADMAM, which blends electrical, mechanical, and user interface components with a frame layout. The microprocessor, which connects all electrical parts, harmonically controls the dispensing procedure. With a barcode scanner for drug selection and an RFID card for prescriptions, the ADMAM design prioritizes safety. The ADMAM is simple to use; they only need a card and password to take their prescription. The ADMAM's continued existence is essential for bolstering. Keywords: card reader, drug, Automatic Drug Dispenser Machine for Aayush Medicine.

Impact of Bimodal Voters Accreditation System (BVAS) on Election Integrity in Nasarawa State

The election umpire sought to improve election integrity in Nigeria with the introduction of the bimodal voters' accreditation system replaced the earlier Card Reader, which was only intended to identify and recommend voters on election day. BVAS was designed as a game changer since it could identify, authenticate, and validate prospective voters to ensure free, fair, and credible elections in the country. However, the outcome of elections nationwide and the pending litigations on election fraud and integrity are contemporary discourses among scholars and citizens. Therefore, this study examines the impact of the bimodal voters’ accreditation system on election integrity in Nasarawa State, Nigeria with a specific focus on the 2023 general election. This study adopted a descriptive research design, primary data were collected through a self-structured questionnaire and interview guide to elicit information from the respondents. The study utilised technology theory as the theoretical framework for the study. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select a sample size of ninety (90) respondents for questionnaire administration. The findings of the study revealed that the bimodal voters' accreditation system has eradicated overvoting/double voting, increased public participation in the electoral process, enhanced the public level of trust and confidence in the electoral process and improved electoral transparency and integrity in the study area. The study concluded that though the bimodal accreditation system has helped improve the electoral system, however, there is a need to improve its effectiveness to prevent loopholes. The study recommends among others, the need for the autonomy of electoral umpires to prevent political meddling.

Predicting the effect of connecting the transaction of card readers to the system of the tax affairs organization in increasing the collection of the tax affairs organization of West

Predicting the effect of connecting the transaction of card readers to the system of the tax affairs organization in increasing the collection of the tax affairs organization of West

СЕМИОТИЧЕСКИЕ ИДЕОЛОГИИ ПРАКТИКИ ГАДАНИЯ НА КАРТАХ ТАРО

This paper attempts to describe the main semiotic ideologies (interpretation systems) of the Tarot card reading, to identify what determines the choice of an interpretation system by a practioner. Based on the results of semi-structured interviews and participant observation, the author was able to distinguish two modes of the Tarot card reading: divination based on meanings and divination in the state of Flow. The Tarot card reading in the state of the Flow involves the synthesis of intuition and meanings based on intuition, building a narrative and immersion in a trance state. On the basis of ethnographic material, three main semiotic ideologies of the Tarot card reading were also identified and described: occult (spiritual), esoteric, and psychotherapeutic. They differ on the basis of two criteria: reflection on the nature of the practice (the definition of the Tarot card reading as a magical, religious or psychotherapeutic practice) and reflection on transcendental sources of information (what is perceived as a source of information in the process of divination: deities/spirits, the unconscious, Tarot egregor, information field). The initial hypothesis that the difference between the semiotic ideologies of the Tarot card reading lies in the different level of agency attributed by tarot readers to themselves has not been confirmed. An analysis of the interviews and the results of the experiment showed that most practioners attribute to themselves a high level of agency, that is, they perceive themselves as responsible for the results of their predictions. The choice of a semiotic ideology may depend on the situation of divination: when divining oneself, one is most often guided by psychotherapeutic semiotic ideology, while divining by others – spiritual or esoteric.

Electoral Malpractice and Card Reader System in Nigeria: A Study of the 2019 Presidential Election

The adoption of smart card technology in various parts of Africa has reduced electoral malpractices, resulting in election credibility and acceptability. However, its use in Nigeria’s electoral process is believed to have downsides. The paper investigates how adopting smart card technology reduced electoral malpractices during the 2019 presidential election, making it more transparent, credible, and reliable than the traditional technique. It uncovers the flaws of the technology in Nigeria, including card reader malfunction, delays in accreditation and voting, the inability of the INEC staff to operate the technology efficiently during voting, and election postponement, among others. It is therefore recommended that the INEC improve public awareness of the use of the technology and train its staff.

Application of The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Method to Analyze Customer Acceptance Level of Electronic Parking Payment Systems

This research aims to find out which variables most influence user acceptance of electronic payment systems. Researchers used a quantitative approach in their research. The students who used motorcycles and electronic payment methods made up the study's population. sampling strategy that combines purposive sampling with the non-probability sampling technique. There were one hundred responders in the study's entire sample. Researchers used observation, interviews, surveys, and related literature to gather the information they needed for this investigation. The elements that were demonstrated to have an impact on users' acceptance of electronic payment systems were behavioral intention, use behavior, social influence, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions, according to the research findings. The variable that most influences user acceptance of electronic payment systems is facilitating conditions for use behavior, which shows that users repeatedly use electronic payment systems because the management has adequate facilities and infrastructure and is commonly used in other public parking lots, such as card readers for tapping in and exit parking, as well as staff who help if there are difficulties and sufficient knowledge in using them.

Two-factor authentication time: How time-efficiency and time-satisfaction are associated with perceived security and satisfaction

Usability is a crucial aspect that increases the willingness to adopt more demanding two-factor authentication (2FA) methods. There is little knowledge about the role of efficiency (i.e., task completion time) in the perception of 2FA. This paper aims to understand how objective and subjective efficiency influence the usability and security perception of two token-based authentication methods. We conducted a user study with 337 smartphone users aged 26–81. Participants worked with two token-based authentication methods: a near-field communication (NFC) token and a payment card with a card reader. Path analysis showed that task completion time is predicted by age, gender, and the length of smartphone and e-banking use. Participants who were satisfied with application aesthetics were also satisfied with the time it took them to complete the tasks. For the NFC token, men were more satisfied with their task completion time. In the case of the card reader, participants who were more satisfied with their efficiency were also more satisfied with the method and perceived it as more secure. Our results indicate that satisfaction with the time spent on the authentication task is more important for a positive perception of the authentication methods than the objective completion time. Despite the potential time consumption of the 2FA methods, users might be satisfied with the methods in terms of usability and security, especially for highly valued accounts.

SMART TECHNOLOGY AS A VERITABLE TOOL FOR CREDIBLE ELECTION: A STUDY OF NIGERIA

Election is a key component of democracy. Since Nigeria gained its independence in 1960, the conduct of election in the political history of Nigeria has been marred by fraudulent practices, corruption and violence. In spite of series of electoral reforms, the country has not succeeded in reducing incidences of voter intimidation, ballot box snatching and stuffing, multiple voting, falsifications of results and other associated electoral malpractices. In fact, the country failed to conceive and implement free, fair, transparent and credible electoral process. Admittedly, part of the efforts made towards the conduct of 2015 general elections is the introduction and use of Smart Card Reader (SCR) in the quest to ensure free, fair and credible election. Building on the gains of Smart Card Reader in the 2015 elections, INEC introduced an advance level of smart technology in elections conducted outside the election circle in the year 2021 known as Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS). It is against this background therefore; the paper investigated the impact of smart technology in the electoral process. The study adopted quantitative research method as data were gathered through primary sources. David Easton’s system theory was deployed for analysis. The study found amongst others that the introduction of smart technologies – Smart Card Reader and the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System have reduced incidence of electoral fraud, and enhanced free, fair and credible elections in Nigeria. The study recommends adequate facility, including legal framework for full adoption and operation of smart technology across all the facet of electoral process including voting in Nigeria.

Analisis Sharing Data Wemos D1 R32 Menggunakan Web

The advancement of technology has increased the demand for media file storage. One common storage system used today involves the use of cables or devices that need to be connected to other devices. However, this method is not efficient for simultaneous file sharing, especially when many people want to access the same files. This research utilizes the Naive Bayes algorithm and Quality of Service method for testing and SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) as the serial communication on Wemos D1 R32 with its sensors, in order to address this issue. The research is conducted through stages of literature review, design, testing, implementation, and testing using Wemos D1 R32 as the main platform along with supporting components such as a micro SD card reader module, an LCD OLED display, a micro SD card, and a battery. In the testing phase, conducted three times with each tested file format using the Naive Bayes algorithm in our system, the evaluation results are as follows: Very Good 86.66%, Good 13.33%, Moderate 0%, and Poor 0%.

Detection and Avoidance of Objects Robot with Internet Connectivity and Signal Strength-Based Location Tracking

This paper presents an object detection and avoidance robot with location tracking and internet connectivity capabilities. The robot is equipped with a hardware module that detects the highest frequency rate of radio wave signals and sends the detected signal, then from color sensors to the object avoidance robot to take a decision in search of the best signal strength. The robot moves forward in search of a better signal strength, then stays back if the signal is stronger or retreats if it is weak. When the signal strength is strong at a location, the robot informs the user of its current location and provides internet connectivity through a single-band dongle with a SIM card reader. Additionally, if the user wants the robot to return to the user's location, it backtracks the path with the help of an object detection and avoidance algorithm, whereas the user can track its activity. The proposed system has the potential to improve location tracking by object detection and avoidance in various applications, such as surveillance, search and rescue missions, military operations, and internet tracking connectivity for handicapped people in open spaces or remote areas. The proposed system here is used to track network signals and is predefined with an object detection and avoidance algorithm.

Who touched that? Interconnection of high-touch surfaces drives pathogen spread in public spaces

Abstract Background Surface contamination via hands plays an important role in pathogen spread in public spaces. This study aimed to identify frequently touched surfaces and evaluate the spread of a surrogate virus in a hotel lobby. Methods In a working hotel lobby, observation was performed (30 hours) to identify the surfaces and objects touched. An entry doorknob and first floor elevator button were seeded with a bacteriophage (Phi-X174) tracer; 4 hours later 25 surfaces were swabbed to determine tracer distribution and contamination levels. Results A total of 324 individuals performed 627 touches over 13 different fomites in the hotel lobby. The elevator button and front desk counter were the most frequently touched (32 and 22% of all touches respectively), with 55% of individuals touching the elevator button and 79% touching either the elevator button, the front desk counter, or both. More than half (56%) touched 2 or more surfaces; there were 314 interactions between surfaces. Touches from the elevator button to other surfaces (92 interactions) and from other surfaces to the elevator button (41) made up 42% of all interactions and connected the elevator button to 9 other fomites including doors, countertops, seating, a credit card reader and a hand sanitizer pump. From two seeded sites, the tracer spread to 13 surfaces over 4 hours. The most contaminated surfaces were tables, counter tops and door handles. Other contaminated objects were the luggage cart handle, sanitizer pump, and computer equipment. Conclusions Surfaces in the hotel lobby were frequently touched and highly interconnected, resulting in extensive spread of surface contamination in as little as 4 hours. This study demonstrates the importance of hands in distributing contamination between shared surfaces and highlights the need for hand and surface hygiene interventions to disrupt the journey of the germ in public settings. Key messages • Frequently touched surfaces in public spaces are interconnected. • Interconnection of people via touched surfaces drives the spread of pathogens in a public setting.

An Assessment of the Impact of EFCC in Curbing Vote Buying in Nigeria

This paper is an assessment of the performance of the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) on the fight against vote buying in the Nigerian elections. Vote buying is a major problem in the Nigerian electoral system. The phenomenon reached an epidemic level in 2019 when the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) introduced a level of digitalization of the electoral process through the use of permanent voters' card and card reader machines in the Nigerian electoral system. The introduction of card reader machines and permanent voters’ cards reduced the incidences of electoral infractions like 'results writing' and 'impersonation' because the voters are expected to confirm their identities at the polling booths through the authentication of card reader machines. This technological innovation by INEC made the political class to concentrate more on vote buying. The paper shows that EFCC has not been effective in carrying out its duty as the government agency that has the legal responsibility of curbing vote buying in Nigeria.

SAS-HRM: Secure Authentication System for Human Resource Management

To guarantee data confidentiality and information sensitivity, human resource management requires secure systems. In the field of authorization and dependability in recognizing and identifying persons, facial recognition has grown in importance. In this research, a secure authentication system is proposed based on biometric aspects of the user's face and identifying it using the CNN classification model is provided to give access to human resource management and update data. The system is divided into four major stages: First, set up the system environment, beginning with smart cards, card readers, Arduino, and so on. Second, after undergoing pre-treatment steps, the facial characteristics are extracted using LDA. Third, create a high-accuracy CNN model to recognize and classify the user's face among the system's users. Finally, the user is allowed to enter the system and update his information. When compared to the accuracy of classification using machine learning techniques with a CNN proposed model, the accuracy of the model with LDA was up to 100%. K-NN has 91%, while TD has 94%.

Appraisal of the Electoral Act 2022: A Curse or Blessing to the 2023 General Elections in Nigeria

It is trite law that the ultimate goal of a truly democratic nation is to conduct credible, free and fair elections. It is indeed one of the major challenges of the democratization process in a given nation. However, Nigeria is not known to have conducted elections devoid of rigging, vote buying, a re-run of elections, irregularities, malpractices, declaration of the election as inconclusive, etc. Thus, the issues bordering on reform of the electoral system, including the legal framework of the electoral process that will ensure substantial free and fair elections that meet the minimum standard of acceptable democratic elections, cannot but remain an essential goal of democracy in Nigeria. Under such circumstances, the Nigerian Government enacted Electoral Act 2022, introducing new changes such as using card readers and other technological devices, reducing campaign expenses by the political parties, a timeline for submitting lists of candidates, and criteria for substitution of candidates, amongst others. To this end, this paper, while adopting analytical research methodology, examines the Electoral Act 2022 and its innovations as a curse or blessing towards 2023 general elections in Nigeria. The paper revealed that the Act has regulated some unforeseen circumstances noticed in the previous elections, which necessitate post-election litigations across the country and suggests a way forward towards 2023 general election and beyond to meet the minimum standard of acceptable democratic elections.