Reading Difficulties In Children Research Articles

Phonological syllables allow children with developmental dyslexia to access words.

Learning to read is a middle-distance race for children worldwide. Most of them succeed in this acquisition with "normal" difficulties that ensue from the progressive (re)structuring of the phonological and orthographic systems. Evidence accumulated on reading difficulties in children with developmental dyslexia (DYS children, henceforth) shows a pervasive phonological deficit. However, the phonological deficit may not be due to degraded phonological representations but rather due to impaired access to them. This study focused on how and to what extent phonological syllables, which are essential reading units in French, were accessible to DYS children to segment and access words. We tested the assumption that DYS children did not strictly have pervasive degraded phonological representations but also have impaired access to phonological and orthographic representations. We administered a visually adapted word-spotting paradigm, engaging both sublexical processing and lexical access, with French native-speaking DYS children (N = 25; Mage in months = 121.6, SD = 3.0) compared with chronological age-matched peers (N = 25; Mage in months = 121.8, SD = 2.7; CA peers henceforth) and reading level-matched peers (N = 25; Mage in months = 94.0, SD = 4.6; RL peers henceforth). Although DYS children were slower and less accurate than CA and RL peers, we found that they used phonological syllables to access and segment words. However, they exhibit neither the classical inhibitory syllable frequency effect nor the lexical frequency effect, which is generally observed in typically developing children. Surprisingly, DYS children did not show strictly degraded phonological representations because they demonstrated phonological syllable-based segmentation abilities, particularly with high-frequency syllables. Their difficulties are rather interpreted in terms of impaired access to orthographic and phonological representations, which could be a direct effect of difficulties in generalizing and consolidating low-frequency syllables. We discuss these results regarding reading acquisition and the specificities of the French linguistic system.

Development of Media Activity Books to Overcoming Reading Difficulties in Children With Special Needs

This researchers use Activity Book media as a learning medium that can be used to improve reading skills in ABK (Children with Special Needs) students. This research was conducted with the aim of developing Activity Book media for ABK students (Children with Special Needs) who have reading difficulties or are called dyslexics using the Borg and Gall research design which consists of 10 steps which are then simplified into 7 steps namely (1) research and data collection, (2) planning, (3) product development, (4) initial field trials, (5) learning media revision, (6) main product testing, (7) final product. This research was conducted on a grade 4 student who had difficulty reading. This research uses Research and Development approach. The research instrument used media expert validation sheets, material expert validation sheets and principal responses. The results of the media expert validation test get a score of 99 and are in the range of scores X> 96.54 with the category "very good" and the results of the validation of material experts get a score of 38 which is in the range of scores x> 33.54 with the category "very good" good” while the results of the principal's response obtained a score of 70 and were in the range of scores X> 63 in the "very good" category. It can be concluded that the Activity Book media is valid and effective as a tool that makes it easier for students to overcome reading difficulties.

KESULITAN MEMBACA PERMULAAN SISWA KELAS II DI SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 83 PEKANBARU

The purpose of this study was to find out how difficult it was for students to read and how the efforts made by the teacher in overcoming reading difficulties for class II students at Public Elementary School 83 Pekanbaru. Reading difficulty is an unsatisfactory aspect of students' reading ability. Lower graders seem to have a lot of difficulties related to reading skills. The type of research used in this research is to use a case study approach and data collection techniques conducted interviews, observation and documentation. The results of the study showed that there were 4 students who had difficulty reading. The types of difficulties experienced by students were difficulty in spelling, difficulty in pronouncing letters, often forgetting letters, and difficulty distinguishing. Efforts made by the teacher in overcoming reading difficulties for class II students at Public Elementary School 83 Pekanbaru, namely using interesting and effective learning media, providing support and motivation, giving additional hours and lending reading books to students who are not yet fluent in reading. Factors causing children's reading difficulties include a lack of interest in reading, a lack of extra time at school, and a lack of parental guidance at home.

Characterization of reading errors in languages with different orthographic regularity: an Italian–English comparison

The study examined whether a classification of errors based on Hendriks and Kolk’s (1997) proposal would effectively characterize the reading profile of children learning two orthographies varying for regularity, such as Italian and English. The study considered both an age-match and a grade-match comparison. Offline analysis of error production was carried out for two lists of stimuli: List 1 including regular words varying for frequency and matched non-words and List 2 including low-frequency words varying for regularity. In List 1, Italian-reading children made more multiple attempts characterized by a slow and progressive approach to the target (sounding-out behavior) than English-reading children, while the latter made relatively more word substitutions and non-word lexicalizations. As for List 2, Italian-reading children made relatively more multiple attempts and progressive approaches to the target compared to the English-reading children (with more sounding-out behaviors and syllabications), while the opposite occurred for phonological-visual errors, word substitutions, morphological, and semantic errors. Both groups showed a high proportion of phonological-visual and regularization errors (stress assignment in the case of Italian-reading children). Overall, the use of an error coding system specifically tuned to the characteristics of the orthographies investigated allowed a more comprehensive identification of reading difficulties which allowed the different strategies used by children of different languages to emerge more clearly (more reliance on sub-lexical routines in Italian readers and on lexical routines in English readers). These results call for more attention to error patterns in the identification of reading difficulties in children of different languages including those learning a transparent orthography where error analyses have largely been ignored.

Do Spelling and Vocabulary Improve Classification Accuracy of Children's Reading Difficulties Over and Above Word Reading?

AbstractIt is widely recognized that individuals with dyslexia have difficulties with word reading and spelling, and individuals with reading comprehension difficulties have low vocabulary knowledge. However, little is known about the extent to which spelling and vocabulary are informative of reading difficulties. In the present study, we investigated whether information on students' spelling and vocabulary in kindergarten increases the precision of identifying students with reading difficulties, using longitudinal data from kindergarten to Grade 2. The sample was composed of 247 kindergartners (55% boys; 56% White children, 35% African American children, and 5% mixed‐race children; 72% from low SES) who were followed to Grade 2. Spelling improved the accuracy of identifying students who experienced word reading difficulties in kindergarten and Grade 1. In contrast, vocabulary did not improve the accuracy of identifying students with reading difficulties over and above word reading and spelling. These results indicate the importance and utility of including spelling, in addition to word reading, as an integral part of accurately identifying children with reading difficulties as early as kindergarten. In addition, although vocabulary did not contribute additional predictive power, it is likely to exert its influence at a later phase of reading development.

Sustainability of the effect of optical intervention on the reading performance of children with dyslexia.

Dyslexia is a learning disability associated with reading difficulties in children. Due to the potential of poor school outcomes interventions have been employed to help students with dyslexia read. This study was aimed at identifying the sustainability of the effect of combined Visual Tracking Magnifier (VTM) and Ministry of Education (MOE) interventions and MOE intervention alone on the reading performance of school children with dyslexia after discontinuation of intervention. This prospective, interventional study was conducted on primary school children with dyslexia aged 8 - 11 years. The participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic and optometric examinations and were categorized into groups A, B, and C, comprising primary school children at level 1 or 2. Groups A and B received combined VTM and MOE interventions for 12 and 24 weeks, respectively, and group C received MOE intervention alone. The reading performance was assessed at baseline and 12, 24, and 36 weeks post-intervention. Both components of the reading performance improved significantly for school children at both levels in all study groups (all P < 0.05). However, the reading performance improvement was only approximately 28% in group C and 38% - 50% in groups A and B. In group A, students at level 1 showed significantly improved reading speed from baseline to 12 weeks post-VTM intervention and reading rate from baseline to 24 weeks post-VTM intervention (both P < 0.05). Students at level 2 showed significantly improved reading speed and rate from baseline to 12 and 24 weeks post-VTM intervention (all P < 0.05). In group B, students at both levels showed significantly improved reading speed and rate from baseline to 24 and 36 weeks post-VTM intervention (all P < 0.05). Students at level 2 showed significantly improved reading speed 12 weeks after cessation of intervention (at 36 weeks post-VTM intervention) compared to 24 weeks post-VTM intervention (P < 0.05). The improvement remaining stable 12 weeks after discontinuation of intervention indicated a sustained effect. Combined or individual intervention improved the reading performance of school children with dyslexia at levels 1 and 2. However, combined intervention showed a better reading improvement effect. Improvement in the reading performance was maintained after discontinuation of the VTM intervention. Further interventional studies with a longer study period after discontinuation of this optical intervention are required to confirm the long-term sustainability of its positive effects on the reading performance of school children with dyslexia.

Early detection of risk of reading difficulties using a working memory assessment battery

AbstractResearch suggests a role for aspects of the working memory system in reading. While much of the evidence points to a role for working memory capacity and the phonological loop, more recent work indicates a role for the central executive component, although findings remain unclear. There is an identified need for a reliable screening measure for risk of reading difficulties in children who are pre‐readers. Recent research suggests that working memory measures may contribute to such a measure in addition to existing tests of phonological ability, non‐verbal reasoning, motor skills and language. One hundred and two children aged between 56 and 69 months were assessed on measures of reading accuracy, working memory capacity, processing speed and a range of measures designed to assess central executive functioning. Linear regression, discriminant function analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to determine the predictive qualities and factor structure of the working memory assessment battery. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the working memory assessment battery was able to significantly discriminate between children who were at risk and not at risk of reading difficulties (as indicated by an independent measure). Linear regression and Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that the tests were a good predictor of the later outcome, particularly the alliteration fluency and sentence verification tasks. Therefore, the working memory assessment battery promises to be a useful screening measure for potential reading difficulties in educational settings, facilitating early effective intervention.

Формирование навыков чтения у детей с РАС по авторской методике «Мастерская речи»

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Speech deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) can be observed at child&amp;rsquo;s early development in the form of a deficit in understanding addressed speech, abnormal prelinguistic development, and deficits in the communicative sphere. These factors further prevent children with ASD from successful building reading skills. With all the variety of reading difficulties in children with ASD, reading comprehension problems are the most common. At the same time, it has been repeatedly shown that the deficit in reading comprehension is based on the deficit of oral speech, and the volume of the vocabulary and the level of mastering the syntactic norms of the language play a big role. The colleagues of the Federal Resource Center for the Organization of Comprehensive Support to Children with ASD (FRC MSUPE) developed the author&amp;rsquo;s method called &amp;laquo;Speaking Skills&amp;raquo;. It is aimed at developing reading skills in children with ASD. The method is intended for teaching preschoolers and younger schoolchildren in groups. The article describes the method implementation step by step, give the scheme of a typical lesson, as well as the criteria for assessing skills necessary for mastering the reading. We provide examples of original didactic materials that allow the child to &amp;ldquo;read&amp;rdquo; the sentence, knowing the minimum number of letters. It increases the child&amp;rsquo;s interest and motivation for classes. The technique of relying on one letter, which is a lexically significant unit, creates an attitude to reading as a process of extracting meaning, which increases learning effectiveness. It also describes how to adapt the program to the special educational needs of children with ASD: organization of educational environment; adaptation and the way of introducing the materials; coping with leading developmental challenges. The design of the planned pilot study of the effectiveness of the presented methodology is described. Thus, using the method &amp;ldquo;Speaking Skills&amp;rdquo; allow not only to more successfully master reading skills, but also to fill in the deficiencies in the communicative and social sphere.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparison of visual aids for improving reading performance in children with dyslexia

Background: Dyslexia is a key learning disorder associated with reading difficulties in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of simple visual devices in improving the reading performance of children with dyslexia.&#x0D; Methods: A case?control study was conducted by selecting 80 school children with dyslexia, aged 8?11 years, from the Special Dyslexic School Program of the Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia. Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups: the typoscope, magnifier, visual tracking magnifier (VTM), and control groups. Reading performance was measured based on reading speed and reading error rate. The time taken to complete reading of text was measured, and reading errors were recorded. The reading performance of each group was assessed at baseline, week 2, week 6, and week 12.&#x0D; Results: Reading performance was significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) for both Level 1 and Level 2, before and after intervention only in children with dyslexia using magnifiers and VTM. Reading performance for children with dyslexia using a magnifier or a VTM increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) from baseline to week 2, week 6, and week 12. The improvement in reading speed was 2.5 times faster for children in the VTM group than in the other groups.&#x0D; Conclusions: Simple visual aids, such as a VTM and magnifying glass, improved reading performance in children with dyslexia. The VTM intervention yielded the greatest improvement after 12 weeks of intervention. Hence, it is suggested that a VTM be used as part of a rehabilitation program for all children with dyslexia in Malaysia, particularly those in dyslexia programs in schools under the MOE Malaysia. However, future studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm the sustainability of this improved reading performance after discontinuation of the intervention.

Prevalence of Reading Difficulties in 9- to 10-Year Old Children in Sweden Born With Cleft Palate.

To investigate the prevalence of reading difficulties in children born with cleft palate at ages 9 and 10 in Sweden. Using a cross-sectional design, a parental questionnaire assessing dyslexia-like reading difficulties (Short Dyslexia Scale, SDS) was administered together with separate questions regarding background data. Families with a child born with overt cleft palate with or without cleft lip in 4 regions of Sweden. A total of 245 families were approached of which 138 families responded. Data from 136 (56%) were complete with information on cleft type and could be analyzed. Twenty-two percent (95% CI, 15-30) of the whole study group displayed risk for dyslexic reading difficulties on the SDS corresponding to the 7th to 10th percentiles in the population. Children with cleft palate only had a significantly higher prevalence of reading difficulties (37%) compared to children with unilateral cleft palate (19%) and bilateral cleft palate (10%). The frequency of reading difficulties in participants with comorbidity was 32%. Among a subgroup with reported comorbidity in areas of attention, language, and learning problems, there was a 2.5 times higher risk of reading disability compared to participants without this reported comorbidity. The prevalence of reading difficulties in the cleft palate population was higher than in the general population. Results showed that co-occurring difficulties were common in the cleft group and that reading difficulties often appear together with other, co-occurring neurodevelopmental difficulties.

Prevention of reading difficulties in children with and without familial risk: Short- and long-term effects of an early intervention.

In a randomized-controlled trial we tested a computer-assisted intervention for the prevention of reading difficulties, delivered by nonprofessional tutors, running from kindergarten to halfway Grade 2. The full sample included 123 prereaders (M = 5; 6 years; 56 intervention; 67 controls) with low preliteracy skills. Parents were sent a questionnaire to assess family risk (FR) for reading difficulties. There was no intervention effect in the full sample, but, unexpectedly, the effect differed between subsamples that did and did not return the questionnaire. The intervention did not affect reading acquisition in the subsample (N = 49) without FR-data, mostly children from immigrant, non-Dutch speaking, low-socioeconomic status (SES) families, but had large effects in the subsample of Dutch-speaking, middle and high SES-parents with FR-data (N = 74). The latter subsample was followed until Grade 6, 4 years after the intervention, and included 36 intervention children and 38 controls. Long-lasting improvements were found in word-reading fluency, which transferred to reading fluency for pseudowords, English words: and texts, and to spelling. The intervention substantially reduced the need for remedial teaching and grade retention. On all measures, children with FR performed worse than children without FR. The intervention had similar effects on the progress of both groups, but the FR children needed more sessions. This study shows that a 2-year cost-effective early intervention can reduce the incidence of reading difficulties. However, it remains a challenge to make the intervention suited for children in which a lack of preliteracy skills merely seems to reflect a lack of learning opportunities.

Profiling the Word Reading Abilities of School-Age Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Reading difficulties are one of the most significant challenges for children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The aims of this study were to identify and categorize the types of reading impairments experienced by children with NF1 and to establish predictors of poor reading in this population. Children aged 7-12 years with NF1 (n = 60) were compared with typically developing children (n = 36). Poor word readers with NF1 were classified according to impairment type (i.e., phonological, surface, mixed), and their reading subskills were compared. A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to identify predictors of word reading. Compared to controls, children with NF1 demonstrated significantly poorer literacy abilities. Of the 49 children with NF1 classified as poor readers, 20 (41%) were classified with phonological dyslexia, 24 (49%) with mixed dyslexia, and 5 (10%) fell outside classification categories. Children with mixed dyslexia displayed the most severe reading impairments. Stronger working memory, better receptive language, and fewer inattentive behaviors predicted better word reading skills. The majority of children with NF1 experience deficits in key reading skills which are essential for them to become successful readers. Weaknesses in working memory, receptive language, and attention are associated with reading difficulties in children with NF1.

The Importance of Research on Integrating Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) with Evidence-Based Reading Interventions

Educational interventions have been used to remediate reading difficulties in children and adolescents with dyslexia with varying degrees of success, which is problematic due to the prevalence of reading difficulties and the negative outcomes from lack of literacy. Neuroimaging research can support better reading outcomes by exploring changes in brain functioning following interventions. Although reading fluency is a persistent area of difficulty in pediatric population, no neuroimaging studies examined the effectiveness of reading intervention techniques focusing on fluency. More recently, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (NiBS), including transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS), have been shown to increase neuroplasticity of language networks and aid rehabilitation of reading skills. The current review summarizes the recent findings from the neurobiology of reading development, reading intervention, and TDCS studies in children and adolescents with dyslexia. Further research should incorporate an interdisciplinary approach involving the integration of TDCS and reading interventions.

Cognitive, Noncognitive, and Home Environment Correlates of Reading Difficulties in Primary-Grade Students With Language Impairment.

Purpose This article first aimed to examine the cognitive (rapid automatized naming, phonological awareness, working memory, nonverbal cognition, and language) correlates of reading difficulty in children with language impairment (LI). Second, we considered whether noncognitive (effortful control, social competence, and behavior problems) correlates offered any explanatory value above that of cognitive factors. Third, we examined whether home environment (specifically household organization and home learning environment) would offer an additional explanatory value. Method The sample included 165 children in kindergarten and Grade 1 who were receiving intervention for LI in public schools. Standardized measures along with parent interviews/questionnaires were administered at the end of the school year. Results Logistic regression models indicated the noncognitive factors added discriminatory value to that of cognitive factors in predicting reading difficulties, whereas household factors did not. In the final model using all 11 predictors, prediction accuracy was 88.7% for the typical reading group and 54.2% for the reading difficulty group, with an overall accuracy of 76.4%. Only phonological awareness and working memory significantly contributed to predicting reading group membership when measured in kindergarten and Grade 1. Conclusions For this sample of children with LI, the most important predictors of reading were cognitive. The child's behavior and social competence improved prediction to a limited but statistically significant degree, whereas home environment did not. Overall classification was low, as only half of the children with reading difficulties were correctly predicted. Important factors differentiating good and poor emergent readers with LI were not captured in this study. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12462428.

Home and Clinical Literacy Practices for Children With Cleft Lip and Palate.

The purpose of this study was to examine experiences and practices related to supporting literacy development and preventing reading difficulties in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). Via online surveys, 67 respondents including 35 parents/guardians of children with CL/P and 32 speech-language pathologists (SLPs) answered questions about home literacy practices, clinical practices, and perceptions of SLPs' role in literacy. The variability in responses highlights both the positive contributions of parents/guardians and SLPs in supporting literacy development and preventing reading disabilities in children with cleft and the need for increased education and efforts to meet their literacy needs.

Snemmtæk íhlutun í lestrarnámi í 1. bekk

Í greininni er sagt frá rannsókn á áhrifum snemmtækrar íhlutunar í lestrarnámi. Í íhlutuninni var notað stuðningskerfið Leið til læsis en það er ætlað kennurum á yngsta stigi grunnskóla til að finna þau börn sem eiga á hættu að lenda í lestrarerfiðleikum annars vegar og til að skipuleggja íhlutun og meta áhrif af henni hins vegar. Stuðningskerfið Leið til læsis samanstendur af handbók, lesskimunarprófi og eftirfylgdarprófum í lesfimi og sjónrænum orðaforða. Rannsóknin fólst í því að skima fyrir mögulegum lestrarerfiðleikum hjá börnum í 1. bekk í einum grunnskóla og veita þeim viðeigandi íhlutun í hljóðkerfisvitund, stafaþekkingu og málþroska. Rannsóknin náði yfir fyrsta vetur barnanna í grunnskóla. Íhlutunartímabilin voru þrjú og stóðu þau yfir í sex vikur hvert. Áhrif voru metin með eftirfylgdarprófum í lesfimi og sjónrænum orðaforða. Framfarir barna í íhlutunarhópi voru bornar saman við framfarir þeirra barna í árganginum sem ekki voru talin þurfa sérstaka íhlutun samkvæmt niðurstöðum skimunarinnar. Heildarfjöldi barna í rannsókninni var 39. Þar af voru 14 börn í íhlutunarhópi og 25 börn í samanburðarhópi. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar benda til þess að áhrif snemmtækrar íhlutunar með Leið til læsis séu jákvæð á heildina litið. Öll börn í íhlutunarhópi sýndu framfarir. Horft var til kenningar Stanovich um Matteusar-áhrif þar sem segir að börn sem eiga í erfiðleikum í lestrarnámi eigi á hættu að dragast aftur úr þeim börnum sem gengur vel og bilið milli þessara hópa muni því aukast með tímanum. Samkvæmt niðurstöðum rannsóknarinnar jókst bilið ekki á milli hópanna og náði íhlutunarhópur að halda í við framfarir samanburðarhóps.

Investigating Auditory Spectral and Temporal Resolution Deficits in Children with Reading Difficulties.

The types of reading difficulties experienced by children are highly heterogeneous in nature, which makes diagnosis and intervention difficult. Over the past 30 years, there has been much debate over the cause of dyslexia. The two most popular theories for phonological deficits in dyslexia are the rate-processing constraint hypothesis, which relates to short timescale processing, and the temporal sampling framework hypothesis, which relates to longer timescale processing. To investigate the relationship between sublexical (i.e., nonword) reading skills and auditory spectral and temporal resolution patterns in children with reading difficulties using the Phoneme Identification Test (PIT) and the Parsing Syllable Envelopes Test (ParSE). These tests were developed to assess the rate-processing constraint and the temporal sampling framework hypotheses, respectively. We hypothesized that a proportion of children who have sublexical reading difficulties may have an underlying auditory-resolution deficit which may impact their ability to form letter-sound correspondences. We predicted that children's sublexical reading difficulties may not be explained by one theory, but instead that both theories may describe different types of reading difficulties found in different children. We also hypothesized that children with lexical (i.e., irregular word) reading difficulties but intact sublexical reading skills would not show atypical results on PIT or ParSE. Behavioral experimental clinical study with children who have reading difficulties. Sixteen children with nonword, irregular word, or mixed reading difficulties diagnosed by the Castles and Coltheart Test 2. Children completed a test battery consisting of a hearing screen and tests of reading, auditory resolution, phonological awareness, attention, spatial auditory processing, auditory memory, and intelligence. Categorization and correlational analyses were conducted. All four children with a pure sublexical reading deficit also had an auditory-resolution deficit. Four of seven children with a mixed reading deficit had an auditory-resolution deficit. Only one of five children with a lexical reading deficit had an auditory-resolution deficit. Individual children's specific deficits were related to either rate processing (n = 5) or temporal sampling (n = 4), but never both. Children's nonword reading scores were strongly correlated with their performance on the PIT in noise, but not with the PIT in quiet or the ParSE. Children's irregular word scores were not significantly correlated with their performance on the PIT in quiet or in noise, or the ParSE, as hypothesized. Strong correlations were also found between children's nonword scores and their phonological awareness scores. The results of this study suggest that neither the rate-processing hypothesis nor the temporal sampling framework is the single cause of reading difficulties in children. Instead, both of these hypotheses are likely to account for different types of reading deficits found in children. This is an important finding as the specific mechanisms driving different reading impairments must be identified to create tools to better diagnose and treat different types of reading difficulties. Further investigation of the PIT and ParSE as potential diagnostic tools for specific auditory-resolution-based reading difficulties in a larger group of children is currently underway.

Cognitive Implications of Ototoxicity in Pediatric Patients With Embryonal Brain Tumors.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is associated with intellectual and academic declines in children treated for embryonal brain tumors. This study expands upon existing research by examining core neurocognitive processes that may result in reading difficulties in children with treatment-related ototoxicity. Prospectively gathered, serial, neuropsychological and audiology data for 260 children and young adults age 3 to 21 years (mean, 9.15 years) enrolled in a multisite research and treatment protocol, which included surgery, risk-adapted craniospinal irradiation (average risk, n = 186; high risk, n = 74), and chemotherapy, were analyzed using linear mixed models. Participants were assessed at baseline and up to 5 years after diagnosis and grouped according to degree of SNHL. Included were 196 children with intact hearing or mild to moderate SNHL (Chang grade 0, 1a, 1b, or 2a) and 64 children with severe SNHL (Chang grade 2b or greater). Performance on eight neurocognitive variables targeting reading outcomes (eg, phonemics, fluency, comprehension) and contributory cognitive processes (eg, working memory, processing speed) was analyzed. Participants with severe SNHL performed significantly worse on all variables compared with children with normal or mild to moderate SNHL (P ≤ .05), except for tasks assessing awareness of sounds and working memory. Controlling for age at diagnosis and risk-adapted craniospinal irradiation dose, performance on the following four variables remained significantly lower for children with severe SNHL: phonemic skills, phonetic decoding, reading comprehension, and speed of information processing (P ≤ .05). Children with severe SNHL exhibit greater reading difficulties over time. Specifically, they seem to struggle most with phonological skills and processing speed, which affect higher level skills such as reading comprehension.

Some aspects of reading difficulties in the stage of kindergarten in Arab and foreign studies and ways of treatment: A theoretical study

The present study aimed to identify some of the difficulties of reading in the stage of kindergarten in Arab and foreign studies. In her study, the researcher followed the theoretical approach. The tool was used to collect information from the results of previous studies, which were applied to a sample of kindergarten children. The present study concluded that pre-academic skills (character recognition skills, phonological recognition skills, numeracy skills, color recognition skills, shape recognition skills) are essential skills for predicting reading difficulties in children in the future. The study focused on the results of the study (the skill of recognition of alphabets, and the skill of perception of the phonological), which affects the reading clearly and significantly for teachers, which helps to discover children early at risk of reading. The results of the present study also confirm the relationship between pre-academic skills deficiencies, predicting future reading difficulties for the child, and a close and important correlation between cognitive skill, phonological cognition, and character recognition skills and their impact on subsequent reading. These skills are indicators of reading difficulties later, Training in phonological cognition greatly helps to improve character recognition and reading skills. The researcher recommended preparing teachers for the difficulties of learning the kindergarten stage well, paying attention to the early detection of children with learning disabilities in the kindergarten stage, preparing standardized measures to identify the children who predicted difficulty, In the development and application of intervention programs.

Profile of reading difficulties in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a literature review

ABSTRACT Purpose: to characterize the reading alterations in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Methods: PubMed and SciELO platforms from 2006 to 2016 with the keywords "reading" and "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", with their equivalents in Portuguese, were searched. Results: seven hundred ninety articles were found in the two databases, of which 119 were relevant. After a full reading, twenty five articles were selected for the analysis, according to relevance and other exclusion/inclusion criteria. In 21 of the studies, individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder presented worse performance in reading, as compared with their peers. Of these, 14 studies identified a delay in some skills that are important for reading: processing speed, reading accuracy, phonological awareness, comprehension and/or orthographic processing. Conclusion: these results corroborate other studies that have verified the presence of a deficit in academic performance, especially in reading skills, in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, that may persist in their adulthood.