Readaptation Time Research Articles

Goal-Directed Hierarchical Dynamic Scripting for RTS Games

Learning how to defeat human players is a challenging task in today's commercial computer games. This paper suggests a goal-directed hierarchical dynamic scripting approach for incorporating learning into real-time strategy games. Two alternatives for shortening the re-adaptation time when using dynamic scripting are also presented. Finally, this paper presents an effective way of throttling the performance of the adaptive artificial intelligence system. Put together, the approach entails the possibility of an artificial intelligence opponent to be challenging for a human player, but not too challenging.

Filter goggles imitating dark adaptation for measurement of visual readaptation after flash exposure

The effect of red pass goggles (cut off wavelength = 650 nm) imitating dark adaptation on measurement of visual readaptation after flash exposure was investigated in humans. The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between visual readaptation time measured with ordinary dark adaptation and that with goggles for adaptation. No statistically significant difference was found between females and males. It is suggested that red pass goggles can be practicably used to simulate dark adaptation in measuring visual readaptation time. Visual readaptation time was measured as the interval between the triggering of a green flash and the reappearance of optokinetic nystagmus. Optokinetic nystagmus was induced by a moving vertical grating and recorded by DC EOG.

Measurement of visual readaptation time after flash exposure using optokinetic nystagmus

It is concluded that measurement of visual readaptation time (RAT) using optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a repeatable measure of visual recovery after flash exposure. The semi-automatic method for measurement of RAT used here requires further development, but it is anticipated that the improved method will provide an efficient tool for increased understanding of the physiology of flash blindness. In this study on humans, it was found that if RAT is recorded twice on the same occasion, the second RAT is shorter. However, there was no systematic difference between RAT recordings on consecutive occasions. The newly developed semi-automatic method was found to provide RATs comparable to those obtained by manual measurement on a paper print out of EOG recordings. In RAT estimation, the variability between subjects shadows other sources of random variability. The least number of subjects needed in each group to detect a 20% alteration of RAT due to an experimental factor (alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.05) was estimated to 13 with independent groups design. For paired design < 10 are needed. OKN was elicited with a horizontally moving vertical grating. The eye movement was recorded by DC EOG. A sudden flash of green light temporarily abolished the OKN. The internal between the flash and the reappearance of OKN was measured as the RAT.

The effect of melperon on ocular readaptation time, as assessed by a new recording technique.

A new simplified technique recording readaptation time after photo stress, RAT, is described. The psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and retest reliability were tested, and the effect on RAT after intake of melperon at two different dose levels was investigated and correlated to blood plasma levels. The results show that there was a satisfactory consistency of RAT at each occasion but stability over a 1 month period could not be demonstrated. Significantly dose-dependent changes were recorded after intake of melperon but the prolongation of RAT was not significantly correlated to blood plasma levels.

The effect of welding fumes on ocular readaptation time.

The effect of welding fumes on ocular readaptation time (RAT) has been investigated. Objective measurements of RAT were obtained from a determination of the recovery time for optokinetic nystagmus following a bright flash of light. Welding electrodes of different types and chemical compositions were used. Welding fumes and the breathed gases were analyzed for particles, and the blood concentration of certain trace elements was determined. The results show that fumes from basic electrodes, containing high amounts of calcium and fluorides, and sometimes copper, produced a marked increase in RAT. The fumes from rutile electrodes, containing only low amounts of these substances, produced no demonstrable prolongation or RAT. Nor was RAT affected by the copper content of the electrodes. Thus the results appear to indicate that fluorides in the fumes produced by the basic electrodes cause the prolongation of RAT. The substances causing this prolongation seem to be bound to fume particles greater than 0.3 micron. Discomfort--nausea and headache--correlated with increased RAT prolongation. But analyses of the ambient air and of trace elements in the blood did not reveal any changes that could be correlated with the effect on RAT. RAT changes measured in conjunction with the inhalation of fumes from basic electrode welding are comparable to those seen after the intake of a therapeutic dose of oxazepam.

Phenotypical Temperature Adaptation of Protein Synthesis in Wheat Seedlings

Optimum temperature and temperature coefficient of protein synthesis in young wheat plants exhibit phenotypical temperature adaptation. In plants grown for 2 days at either chilling (4 C), medium (20 C), or high (36 C) temperature the respective values are: 27 C and 14.2 kilocalories per mole, 31 C and 18.2 kilocalories per mole, 35 C and 23.6 kilocalories per mole, based on in vivo [(14)C]leucine incorporation into total protein. The validity of the [(14)C]leucine incubation method has been confirmed by double-labeling experiments. Readaptation time curves are complex: the optimum temperature parameter readjusts within approximately 4 hours to an altered temperature regime, whereas the temperature coefficient needs between 4 and 96 hours for complete readaptation-depending on the temperature conditions prior to the temperature shift. Heat-preadapted plants need a recovery period at medium temperature to regain their cold adaptability with respect to optimum temperature. Cycloheximide (30 micrograms per milliliter) reduces [(14)C]leucine incorporation into protein by 85%, thus indicating that predominantly the cytoplasmic 80S system of protein synthesis is involved in temperature adaptation.

THE EFFECT OF OXAZEPAM ON OCULAR READAPTATION TIME

The readaptation time (RAT) is the interval during which a person exposed to a bright intense light flash cannot perceive a given target. In this study the target used was an optokinetic pattern and the elicited nystagmus (OKN) was registered with electrooculography (EOG), thus giving an objective registration of RAT. Oxazepam in therapeutic doses was given to five healthy subjects and the RAT and serum concentrations of the drug were registered simultaneously at different time intervals. An almost parallel increase of RAT and serum concentration of oxazepam was recorded. This suggests that RAT reflects the depressant effect on the CNS of this drug and it may be used as an objective method of following the clinical effect of a depressant drug as a function of time after intake.

Readaptation time after photo stress

The effect of alcohol intake on readaptation time (RAT) after photo stress is studied. Ten healthy subjects were given 0.72 g alcohol per kg body weight to be consumed within 20 min. The tests were made during a total period of 11-12 h. The findings demonstrate that moderate blood alcohol concentrations induce definite changes in RAT. An average RAT-prolongation of 60-70% was seen during the acute phase of intoxication. RAT-prolongation ended before the blood alcohol concentration had reached zero, but did not have the same downward slope. Following a period of reduction, a new prolongation of RAT was observed. The lack of congruence between the RAT-curve and the blood alcohol curve in the acute phase of intoxication and the post-alcohol increase are discussed. It is concluded that the alcohol-induced RAT-changes probably are CNS-effects and that the equipment used constitutes a sensitive method of estimating these effects.

READAPTATION TIME AFTER PHOTO STRESS

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is used to study the eye's ReAdaptation Time (RAT) after a brief exposure to a light flash. The effects on RAT of breathing different concentrations of O2 are examined. Significant changes in RAT have been registered, showing that inhalation of 100% O2 as compared with room air, results in a shortened RAT (i.e. improvement), while inhalation of 9% O2 leads to an increased RAT (i.e. impairment). The physiology of RAT and the possible mechanisms behind the changes caused by different O2 concentrations are discussed. The findings of this group are compared with those of other studies.

Disability glare and age

The re-adaptation times of observers subjected to white and yellow glare of equal luminance have been measured. Some eighty-three observers took part within an age range 17–66 years. There is found to be a positive correlation between re-adaptation time and age in both illuminants. There is some evidence to suggest that, particularly for the younger age groups, the re-adaptation times are significantly lower in the presence of the white glare source. However, long term adaptational effects in the summer months eliminate differences between the two illuminants.

Yellow and White Headlamp Glare and Age

The re-adaptation times of observers subjected to white or yellow headlamp glare has been measured in a scaled laboratory representation of highway conditions. Some eighty-three observers have taken part within an age range of 18–66 years. There is found to be a positive correlation between re-adaptation time and age in both illuminants. Furthermore, the speed of re-adaptation is greater, and the percentage of accuracy higher, in white than in yellow filtered tungsten light of equal luminance.