Read Your Research Articles

Two concepts of directed obligation

AbstractThis paper argues that there are two importantly distinct normative relations that can be referred to using phrases like ‘X is obligated to Y,’ ‘Y has a right against X,’ or ‘X wronged Y.’ When we say that I am obligated to you not to read your diary, one thing we might mean is that I am subject to a deontological constraint against reading your diary that gives me a non‐instrumental, agent‐relative reason not to do so, and which you are typically in a unique position to waive with consent. I call this first relation the constraint relation. A second thing we might mean is that you are in a position to fittingly hold me personally accountable for reading your diary by demanding that I not read your diary, resenting me if I do so without excuse, and deciding whether to forgive me for this afterwards. I call this second relation the accountability relation. Though these two kinds of directed obligation often coincide, I argue that they are extensionally dissociable and play different normative roles. We cannot provide an adequate theory of ‘obligation to’ until we recognize that this phrase denotes not one relation, but two.

Musings on AI Hallucinations and Reading Your References

Musings on AI Hallucinations and Reading Your References

Goodbye, Maureen, We'll Read Your Fractal Poems in the Sky

Goodbye, Maureen, We'll Read Your Fractal Poems in the Sky

Comment on Magner et al. Sulforaphane Treatment in Children with Autism: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 718.

I read your recent interesting double-blind study by Magner et al. [...].

Capacity of Generative AI to Interpret Human Emotions From Visual and Textual Data: Pilot Evaluation Study.

Mentalization, which is integral to human cognitive processes, pertains to the interpretation of one's own and others' mental states, including emotions, beliefs, and intentions. With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and the prominence of large language models in mental health applications, questions persist about their aptitude in emotional comprehension. The prior iteration of the large language model from OpenAI, ChatGPT-3.5, demonstrated an advanced capacity to interpret emotions from textual data, surpassing human benchmarks. Given the introduction of ChatGPT-4, with its enhanced visual processing capabilities, and considering Google Bard's existing visual functionalities, a rigorous assessment of their proficiency in visual mentalizing is warranted. The aim of the research was to critically evaluate the capabilities of ChatGPT-4 and Google Bard with regard to their competence in discerning visual mentalizing indicators as contrasted with their textual-based mentalizing abilities. The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test developed by Baron-Cohen and colleagues was used to assess the models' proficiency in interpreting visual emotional indicators. Simultaneously, the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale was used to evaluate the large language models' aptitude in textual mentalizing. Collating data from both tests provided a holistic view of the mentalizing capabilities of ChatGPT-4 and Bard. ChatGPT-4, displaying a pronounced ability in emotion recognition, secured scores of 26 and 27 in 2 distinct evaluations, significantly deviating from a random response paradigm (P<.001). These scores align with established benchmarks from the broader human demographic. Notably, ChatGPT-4 exhibited consistent responses, with no discernible biases pertaining to the sex of the model or the nature of the emotion. In contrast, Google Bard's performance aligned with random response patterns, securing scores of 10 and 12 and rendering further detailed analysis redundant. In the domain of textual analysis, both ChatGPT and Bard surpassed established benchmarks from the general population, with their performances being remarkably congruent. ChatGPT-4 proved its efficacy in the domain of visual mentalizing, aligning closely with human performance standards. Although both models displayed commendable acumen in textual emotion interpretation, Bard's capabilities in visual emotion interpretation necessitate further scrutiny and potential refinement. This study stresses the criticality of ethical AI development for emotional recognition, highlighting the need for inclusive data, collaboration with patients and mental health experts, and stringent governmental oversight to ensure transparency and protect patient privacy.

MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA MELALUI MEMBACA UJARAN BAGI PENYANDANG TUNARUNGU BERBASIS ANDROID

The communication system for the deaf is non-verbal (non-verbal) communication using signs, either hand movements or body signals and facial expressions. Deafness can be defined as a condition of hearing loss. Deaf children are children who experience hearing deficiencies and therefore require special services. Deaf children have difficulty observing sounds through their hearing, therefore they have to perceive sounds or sounds or someone's expressions through their sight. In this research the author examines and analyzes the problem of Android-based language learning media through speech reading for deaf people. The purpose of writing is as a tool or alternative medium to be able to learn how to read your opponent's lip movements in the communication process. This application uses the research and development (R&amp;D) method and in designing this learning media application, it uses the ADDIE Model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The result of this research is an Android-based language learning media application through speech reading for deaf people that has been created to help the learning process, especially between teachers and deaf students in learning at SLB Muhamadiyah Kelayu.

소통의 관점에서 공동체 문제 인식과 참여를 위한 소설 읽기 교육

This study proposes reading Lee Cheong-jun’s Your Heaven from the perspective of communication as a way of reading novels to learn the meaning and requirements of communication, which are crucial in forming a desirable community for learners.&#x0D; From the perspective of literary education, this text approaches the problem of communication through conflict between characters, allowing us to recognize the meaning and importance of communication. Furthermore, from the standpoint of communication, it is possible to deal with the issues of silence; the absence of communication, the recognition of differences between oneself and others, and the acceptance of existence as an individual. Additionally, it can serve as a learning tool to approach and understand the concepts of freedom and love presented as a practice to solve communication problems and move forward as a single community.&#x0D; The exploration of the problematic approaches, requirements, and practices of communication revealed in Your Heaven can move toward recognizing the meaning and importance of communication today and exploring the requirements for forming a desirable community based on this. Accordingly, the educational plan for reading Your Heaven from the perspective of communication proposed in this article consists in helping learners develop an attitude of participating in the community as its members by understanding and internalizing the requirements for true communication and solidarity.

In the Anatomic Studies, Is It Correct to Add an Artificial Intelligence Such as ChatGPT as a Co-Author?

Dear Editors, I follow your journal with pleasure. I enjoyed reading your articles on artificial intelligence [1,2]. I would like to share my ideas with you about the use of artificial intelligence, which many researchers are currently curious about. Health applications are being renewed day by day. New technology and new gains in treatment have made us curious about the use of artificial intelligence [3]. Health experts using methods such as machine learning and deep learning, which are sub-branches of artificial intelligence, are switching to new methods in processes such as diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and health protection of diseases [4,5]. ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer), used in the studies and also added as a co-author, is ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence chatbot with the GPT-3.5.5 language model, which was released by the artificial intelligence research company OpenAI on November 30, 2022, and reached 1 million users in 5 days [3]. This robot can become a promising and powerful tool for tasks such as automatic drafting, article summarization, homework, and language translation, which can be useful for making writing work faster and easier in academic activities. Talan and Kalınkara [6] used ChatGPT in the Anatomy course and found that students performed better. Aktay et al. [7] stated that students found ChatGPT interesting and fun and that it increased students achievement. Saygın and Kabakcı [8] stated that the use of ChatGPT can be useful in information learning and in producing something new. On the other hand, in a few studies, the addition of artificial intelligence as a co-author has been stated to be worrying [1,9]. If the academician does not produce it himself, but the artificial intelligence he uses as a co-author does, it may create an obstacle in multidisciplinary studies. If ChatGPT is written instead of a collaborator when you want to study anatomy, we are concerned about the decrease in our assistants, students, and research scientists. As a result, ChatGPT can be used in the learning of the Anatomy course and can also be useful in increasing knowledge in academia, but I do not find it ethically correct for ChatGPT to do the work that master’s and doctoral students have done for years in master’s and doctoral studies in a short time. In addition, in the studies on Anatomy, while writing a scientist is a co-author, the inclusion of ChatGPT will pave the way for the production of studies without labor in a short time, and this will cause serious concerns in academia. It will save time in academia, but academics’ communication with each other will decrease, there will be no cooperation and multidisciplinary studies will decrease. Who will be responsible in case of any problems while participating as a co-author with ChatGPT? I think that the use of ChatGPT should be supervised and that it is worrying to be a co-author at the moment. Yours sincerely

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Academic Writing: Potential, Ethics, and Responsible Use

Dear Editors, I read your editorials with interest [1,2]. Artificial intelligence has become increasingly popular in recent years. Moreover, it is seen that valuable comments made on the article focus on issues such as potential harms in the academic use of artificial intelligence, publication ethics, and the ontological position of artificial intelligence [3-6]. As with other technological developments in our life, artificial intelligence seems to be increasingly present in our lives [7]. The use of artificial intelligence in article writing is a current topic of discussion. Writing an article from scratch with artificial intelligence doesn't seem quite right. The fact that artificial intelligence doesn't have an entirely independent thought structure, and that it obtains its information only based on the web, could lead to plagiarism. Also, it will not be fully understood whether it provides correct references and whether it violates the privacy of personal data. Furthermore, we do not find it correct to accept it as a co-author. Authorship carries a responsibility that an AI tool, no matter how advanced, cannot bear. Conversely, artificial intelligence will be incapable of assuming responsibility. So, should we stay away from artificial intelligence in this case? We believe the answer to this question is no. We can use artificial intelligence while writing an article, and it can facilitate our work. Finding a title after writing the article is an important issue. It must be impressive, and some journals have a character or word limit for the title. Artificial intelligence can help us in finding a title. Artificial intelligence can also assist in creating an abstract. Each journal has different rules about the abstract section. When rejected from one journal, it's necessary to create a new abstract for another journal. Artificial intelligence can speed up this process. When the article is ready, it needs to be checked for grammar and spelling rules. Artificial intelligence will be very useful in this situation. Preparing a good cover letter is important to attract the editor's attention. Artificial intelligence will assist in writing the cover letter. Although we think that artificial intelligence cannot be a co-author and cannot be used to write an article from scratch, we believe that we can benefit from artificial intelligence while writing our article. Using artificial intelligence will save us time. It will also help us write higher quality articles. In conclusion, artificial intelligence is now a part of our lives. Instead of avoiding it, we believe that we need to take advantage of artificial intelligence in a way that will facilitate our work. Sincerely yours,

Understanding age-related macular degeneration

Understanding age-related macular degeneration Tunde Peto, Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology at Queen’s University Belfast, describes the symptoms, causes and treatments for age-related macular degeneration and how the prevalence of the disease could be reduced. Imagine living your life without being able to see the face of your loved ones, being able to read your phone, book a show, rebook a cancelled flight, or read the labels in the supermarket. Such tasks we do without giving these much thought until suddenly, one day, we realise that we cannot do them. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to the loss of central vision, causing sight loss or even legal blindness. This disease is the most common cause of blindness in those over 65, (1) and while it is genetically driven in most cases, not everyone will get the disease, even if they are at risk. Its effect can be devastating, especially for those with multiple comorbidities, who have no immediate social support and for whom reading, writing, or watching television or the birds might have been the major contributor to maintaining good mental health.(2)

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Paper Writing and Its Potential as a Co-Author: Letter to the Editor

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Paper Writing and Its Potential as a Co-Author: Letter to the Editor

Effects of Sub-Occipital Muscles Inhibition Technique and Cranio-Cervical Flexion Exercise for Mechanical Neck Pain

Aim: To compare the effects of Suboccipital muscle Release (SMI) techniques and Cranio-Cervical Flexion Exercise (CCFE) for Range of motion, pain, neck disability and forward head posture (FHP) in mechanical neck pain patients. Methodology: This Randomize Clinical Trial was conducted in Railway General Hospital Rawalpindi, within a duration of 6 months.Total 28 patients who fullfilled inclusion criteria such as were randomly allocated equall into two treatment groupthrough lottery method. Group A received suboccipital muscle inhibition technique while Group B received craniocerviacal flexion exercises. Both groups were evaluated at baseline and after four weeks through numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Goniometer, and craniovertebral angle. IBM SPSS 24 was used for statistical analysis.Parametric test i.e., independent t test was applied on normal distributed data for between group analysis and Paired t test was applied for within group analysis for NDI. Non-parametric test i.e., Mann- Whitney U test was applied for between group analysis and Wilcoxon test were applied for within group analysis for FHP, NPRS and ROM. Results: Groups A and Group B showed significant improvement (p˂0.05) in within group analysis in Numeric Pain Rating Scale, forward head posture, neck disability index and cervical range of motion. Practical implication: Mechanical neck pain accounts approximately 50% to neck pain and may induce functional disability in many patients. The current study findings can be used to formulate effective, accessible andeconomical treatment strategies for Mechanical neck pain, so it may be interesting to the readers ofyour journal. Conclusion: Sub occipital muscle inhibition technique and cranio cervical flexion exercises areequally effective techniques to increase cervical range of motion, decrease neck disability, decrease pain intensity, and improvecranio-vertebral angle in patients with mechanical neck pain. Keywords: Cranio-cervical flexion exercises, Cranio-vertebral angle, Neck Disability Index, Range of Motion,

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The future of Hepatology Communications

The future of Hepatology Communications

Advice for Early Career Clinical Stroke Researchers Applying for National Institutes of Health Funding.

Advice for Early Career Clinical Stroke Researchers Applying for National Institutes of Health Funding.

Scholarly Publishing With the American Urological Association—The Expansion of the “Voice of Urology” Into Open Access With the Journal of Urology Open Plus

Scholarly Publishing With the American Urological Association—The Expansion of the “Voice of Urology” Into Open Access With the Journal of Urology Open Plus

From the Editor

From the Editor

JCD Editorial—January 2023

It is hard to believe that we are already in 2023—it is astonishing to me how fast time seems to be moving these days! First, we want to wish everyone a Happy and Healthy New Year and may we all find peace and happiness as we move into 2023. We all have had many challenges over the past several years. We hope that the worst days of the pandemic are all behind us as we look forward with renewed energy and excitement, and from all of us at JCD, we hope that 2023 will be a fantastic year for everyone. JCD is your cosmetic and aesthetic go-to journal, and we hope this continues into the New Year. We have worked extremely hard behind the scenes since we took control of the journal to ensure that we publish the best articles and research studies in our field from all over the world. We are convinced that we have achieved this goal. When people think of journals in dermatology and where they want to see their research, JCD is always in that conversation. To that end, we are grateful to each one of you. We will not stop working to improve the journal as we will continue to bring to you, each month, the best of the best. There is a change starting with this issue of JCD. All the articles that are published here, and going forward, will all be Open Access. This is a Wiley policy that has been in the works for JCD for several months and now is in effect. What that means is that all articles that are published will be available for all to access, making that process easier for those wishing to read your excellent contributions to the literature. The fee associated with this Open Access policy has been established by Wiley. They are convinced that we will see even higher quality submissions and articles coming to our journal. If you have any questions about the Open Access policy, please let us know. Again, we want to wish everyone a Happy and Healthy 2023—and we want to continue to be your go-to journal for everything aesthetic and cosmetic in dermatology.

Read Your Work From Back to Front

Read Your Work From Back to Front

Earbook

Abstract: it’s not an era where you can take a book anywhere, and it's getting harder to carry and read a book every day. Here I came up with this solution. This yearbook application helps you convert hard copies of books to PDF format. In this application, the user simply clicks on the hard copy image with her mobile camera and it is converted to PDF format. Optical character recognition and text-to-speech are used to convert hardcopy pages to PDF format. The application allows you to update the book with a click of the hard copy and also saves this audio file in the database. This app helps you read books on your mobile phone just by installing this app and convert your notes and books to audio files (PDF) so that you can read your favorite books and notes with just a few clicks. This application also helps other visually impaired adults by allowing them to listen to audio files anytime, anywhere