Read Codes Research Articles

CREATION OF APPLICATIONS FOR FUNCTIONAL TEST SYSTEM WITH TRACEABILITY FOR CELL PHONE CHARGERS

This project addresses the growing need to ensure the traceability and quality of cell phone chargers in a globalized market, where transparency in processes is essential. The main objective is to perform electrical tests with traceability using QR code reading and programming through the LabWindows/CVI software from National Instruments. The study begins by contextualizing the problem, highlighting the importance of traceability to ensure the quality and reliability of electronic products, such as cell phone chargers. The need to implement methods that streamline the testing process was observed, aiming to maximize production efficiency. The materials and methods employed involve the use of LabWindows/CVI software, an ANSI C development environment specific for test and measurement applications. In addition, observations were made in the charger testing sector to identify gaps in the process and determine the best strategies to implement traceability. In the proposed process, the first step consists of reading the QR code of the ruler and chargers, organizing them in numerical sequence for recording in a .txt file. The second stage then collects data, performs the necessary electrical tests and generates a .csv file for local storage, along with an .xml file for registration in the company database. The results include significantly improving the efficiency of the testing process, ensuring complete traceability of the chargers and optimizing the production time of the equipment.

The risk of acute infection in association with first ever diagnosed depression: a cohort study.

To assess the risk of acute infections in patients with first ever diagnosed depression compared to patients with no diagnosed depression in a primary-care database. We conducted a cohort study using the UK CPRD GOLD database (2000-2019). We identified patients aged 18 years or older with a recorded Read code for depression (cohort entry date) and compared them to patients with no Read codes for depression using risk set sampling. Comparison groups were frequency-matched on age and sex, and comparison patients were required to have ≥ 1 general practitioner (GP) contact within 14 days before cohort entry. The primary outcome was a composite of outpatient diagnosed acute infections, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital infections and septicemia) within the two-years after cohort entry. We applied propensity score fine stratification and estimated incidence rates and IR ratios (IRR) using negative binomial regression. In a weighted population of 285,922 patients with diagnosed depression and 285,921 comparison patients, the IR of acute infections was 97.3/1000 person-years (py) in patients with and 83.7/1000 py in patients with no diagnosed depression. The weighted IRR of acute infection was 1.18 (95% CI 1.16-1.20) comparing those with and with no diagnosed depression. Excluding patients with baseline comorbidities yielded an IRR even closer to the null: 1.07 (95% CI, 1.04-1.09). Our results suggest that patients with diagnosed depression are not at a meaningfully increased risk of acute infections compared to patients with no diagnosed depression. Slightly increased overall relative risks of infections can be explained by residual differences in health care utilization and by the severity of comorbidities.

Patient characteristics and incidence of cardiac amyloidosis: an observational study in the UK clinical setting using electronic health records

Abstract Background Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is associated with a high mortality rate due to sudden or progressive heart failure. It is often misdiagnosed due to non-specific symptoms, and its true incidence and prevalence in the United Kingdom (UK) remain uncertain. Purpose To describe patient characteristics and incidence of CA in the UK clinical setting using electronic health records. Methods In this retrospective observational study, anonymised, linked primary and secondary care data (Clinical Practice Research Datalink, CPRD and Hospital Episode Statistics, HES) were used to describe individuals diagnosed with CA. The CPRD database contains de-identified patient data sourced from a sample of general practitioner (GP) practices in the UK. Patients aged 18 years and older with a recorded Read or SNOMED-CT diagnosis code for CA or record of treatment with tafamidis (a licensed but not reimbursed treatment for transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy, ATTR-CM in the UK) in the period between January 2004 to December 2021 were included. The index date was defined as the earliest recorded date of CA diagnosis or tafamidis treatment. Demographic and clinical data were summarised using descriptive statistics. Incidence rates were reported per 100,000 person-years (PY). Results There were a total of 3,788 patients with CA (mean age: 67 years; 61% males) of which only 277 were coded as having wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) CA in mostly older patients (mean age: 79 years). The low patient counts of ATTRwt amyloidosis could be attributed to the lack of specificity in CA types and the low utilisation of ATTR amyloidosis codes. Heart Failure, essential hypertension and dyspnoea were the most common clinical presentations recorded in the 12 months to first diagnosis code or tafamidis prescription for CA (Table). The incidence of CA varied from 0.75 in 2004 to a peak of 1.96 in 2021, per 100,000 PY; a 2.9-fold increase in newly coded diagnoses in CA. There was a slight decline in the rates in 2020 and 2021 (Figure). Incidence rates in males and females increased over the 17-year period, with males consistently having higher rates than females. The incidence rate in females started from a lower base at 0.62/100,000 PY in 2004, increased by a factor of 1.9 to 1.1/100,000 PY, whereas in males it started at 0.88/100,000 PY and rose by a factor of 2.9 to 2.5 /100,000 PY. Incidence rates in subgroup populations have also been analysed. Conclusions In the UK clinical setting, the incidence rate of newly coded CA increased overall between 2004 and 2021, as well as in both male and female subgroups. The data suggest CA is becoming more common, or that awareness has improved, and there is now an urgent need for enhanced methods of detection, characterisation, and the need for thorough data capture to shape future pathway advancements.

Understanding Test Convention Consistency as a Dimension of Test Quality

Unit tests must be readable to help developers understand and evolve production code. Most existing test quality metrics assess test code's ability to detect bugs. Few metrics focus on test code's readability. One standard approach to improve readability is the consistent application of conventions. We investigated test convention consistency as a dimension of test quality. We formalized test suite consistency as the extent to which alternatives are used within a code base and introduce two complementary metrics to capture this extent. We elaborated a catalog of over 30 test conventions for the Java language organized in 10 convention classes that group mutual alternatives. We developed tool support to detect occurrences of conventions, compute consistency metrics over a test suite, and view occurrences of conventions in the corresponding code. We applied our tools to study the consistency of the test suites of 20 large open-source Java projects. The study validates the design of the test convention classes, provides descriptive statistics on the range of consistency values for ten different convention classes, and enables us to link observed changes in consistency values to specific events in the change history of our target systems, thus providing evidence of the construct validity of the metrics. We conclude that analyzing test suite consistency via static analysis shows promise as a practical approach to help improve test suite quality.

An Independent Learning System for Flutter Cross-Platform Mobile Programming with Code Modification Problems

Nowadays, with the common use of smartphones in daily lives, mobile applications have become popular around the world, which will lead to a rise in Flutter framework. Developed by Google, Flutter with Dart programming provides a cross-platform development environment to create visually appealing and responsive user interfaces across mobile, web, and desktop platforms using a single codebase. However, due to time and staff limitations, the Flutter/Dart programming course is not included in curricula, even in IT departments in universities. Therefore, independent learning environments for students are essential to meet this growing popularity. Previously, we have developed programming learning assistant system (PLAS) as a web-browser-based self-learning platform for novice students. PLAS offers various types of exercise problems designed to cultivate programming skills step-by-step through a lot of code reading and code writing practices. Among them, one particular type is the code modification problem (CMP), which asks to modify the given source code to satisfy the new specifications. CMP is expected to be solved by novices with little effort if they have knowledge of other programming languages. Thus, PLAS with CMP will be an excellent platform for independent learning. In this paper, we present PLAS with CMP for the independent learning of Flutter/Dart programming. To improve the readability of the source code by students, we provided rich comments on grammar or behaviors. Besides, the code can be downloaded so that students can check and run it on an IDE. For evaluations, we generated 38 CMP instances for basic and multimedia/storage topics in Flutter/Dart programming and assigned them to 21 master students at Okayama University, Japan, who have never studied it. The results confirm the validity of the proposal.

An eye tracking study assessing source code readability rules for program comprehension

An eye tracking study assessing source code readability rules for program comprehension

Are patients with newly diagnosed frozen shoulder more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes? A cohort study in UK electronic health records.

To estimate the association between newly diagnosed frozen shoulder and a subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in primary care. We conducted an age-, gender- and practice-matched cohort study in UK primary care electronic medical records containing 31 226 adults diagnosed with frozen shoulder, matched to 31 226 without frozen shoulder. Patients with pre-existing diabetes were excluded. Variables were identified using established Read codes. A hazard ratio (HR) for the association between incident frozen shoulder and a subsequent type 2 diabetes diagnosis was estimated using shared frailty Cox regression, adjusted for age and gender. To determine whether the association could be explained by increased testing for type 2 diabetes based on other risk factors, a secondary analysis involved re-running the Cox model adjusting for the mean number of consultations per year, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, thyroid dysfunction, ethnicity, deprivation, age, and gender. Participants with frozen shoulder were more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (1559 out of 31 226 patients [5%]) than participants without frozen shoulder (88 out of 31 226 patients [0.28%]). The HR for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in participants with frozen shoulder versus people without frozen shoulder was 19.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.6-24.0). The secondary analysis, adjusting for other factors, produced similar results: HR 20.0 (95% CI 16.0-25.0). People who have been newly diagnosed with frozen shoulder are more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the following 15.8 years. The value of screening patients presenting with frozen shoulder for type 2 diabetes at presentation, alongside more established risk factors, should be considered in future research.

SSLG4: A novel scintillator simulation library for Geant4

This study introduces a new Scintillator Simulation Library called SSLG4 for the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation package. With SSLG4, we aim to enhance efficiency and accelerate progress in optical simulations within the Geant4 framework by simplifying scintillator handling and providing a rich repository of scintillators. The SSLG4 enables users to quickly include predefined scintillator materials in their simulations without requiring manual definition. The library initially contains 68 scintillators, consisting of 58 organic and 10 inorganic types. Most of these scintillators are selected from the catalogs of several scintillator manufacturers, notably Eljen and Luxium. Other scintillators are included based on their widespread use across various physics domains. The library stores optical data of scintillators in ASCII files with .mac and .txt extensions, enabling users to add, remove, or modify properties of scintillators at runtime of their applications. In addition, we made all the scintillator data available in the library on a dedicated page of our website to ensure convenient access for all users. Program summaryProgram title: SSLG4CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/3zbwr5wf7z.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/mkandemirr/SSLG4, https://neutrino.erciyes.edu.tr/SSLG4/Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3Programming language: C++External routines/libraries: Geant4, CMake, OPSimNature of problem: Defining a new scintillator in Geant4 is a cumbersome process for some users due to three main reasons: (1) It requires a lot of data input from users, (2) collecting the scintillator data requires an extensive literature review, and (3) the collected data needs to be converted into the desired format. In addition, the interfaces provided to define a scintillator direct users to embed scintillator data into their source code, resulting in increased code complexity, reduced code readability, and an inefficient working environment.Solution method: To solve the problems mentioned above, developing and introducing a new library consisting of fully parameterized and ready-to-use scintillators would greatly increase the useability of the Geant4 simulation package for scintillator studies and interest a wide range of scientific communities.

RASPA3: A Monte Carlo code for computing adsorption and diffusion in nanoporous materials and thermodynamics properties of fluids.

We present RASPA3, a molecular simulation code for computing adsorption and diffusion in nanoporous materials and thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids. It implements force field based classical Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics in various ensembles. In this article, we introduce the new additions and changes compared to RASPA2. RASPA3 is rewritten from the ground up in C++23 with speed and code readability in mind. Transition-matrix Monte Carlo is added to compute the density of states and free energies. The Monte Carlo code for rigid molecules is based on quaternions, and the atomic positions needed in the energy evaluation are recreated from the center of mass position and quaternion orientation. The expanded ensemble methodology for fractional molecules, with a scaling parameter λ between 0 and 1, now also keeps track of analytic expressions of dU/dλ, allowing independent verification of the chemical potential using thermodynamic integration. The source code is freely available under the MIT license on GitHub. Using this code, we compare four Monte Carlo (MC) insertion/deletion techniques: unbiased Metropolis MC, Configurational-Bias Monte Carlo (CBMC), Continuous Fractional Component MC (CFCMC), and CB/CFCMC. We compare particle distribution shapes, acceptance ratios, accuracy and speed of isotherm computation, enthalpies of adsorption, and chemical potentials, over a wide range of loadings and systems, for the grand canonical ensemble and for the Gibbs ensemble.

Socio-demographic variations in prostate cancer diagnosis recording: Primary care compared to the Cancer Registry in England

IntroductionIn the UK, primary care data are often used for cancer-related research, but the accuracy of cancer information is uncertain. ObjectiveWe investigated socio-demographic variation based on the recording date of prostate cancer diagnosis between primary care and the National Cancer Registry (CR). ApproachWe utilised a data extract of 1,600,000 patients over 65 years from Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). We extracted prostate cancer diagnoses using Read and SNOMED-CT codes from primary care, and ICD-10 from CR. Initial code entry determined diagnosis dates. We categorised recording timing differences as earlier, same-day or later in primary care than CR and used the chi-squared test and logistic regression (adjusted for recording year) to compare these discrepancies across age, deprivation, and ethnicity. ResultsWe included 26,875 men with prostate cancer diagnoses commonly recorded in both sources during 2000-2016 (1,030 excluded with missing ethnicity). Compared to CR, 1,747 (7%) had diagnoses recorded on the same day in primary care, while 20,615 (77%) had later recordings with a median delay of 21 days (IQR: 13-38). Age at diagnosis was associated with recording discrepancies (p<0.001); older men were more likely to have earlier/same-day recordings. Adjusted ORs for age groups were 1.4 (95%CI: 1.3-1.5) for 60-69, 1.3 (1.2-1.5) for 70-79, and 0.9 (0.8-1.0) for ≥80 compared to <60. No associations were found between deprivation (p=0.096) or ethnicity (p=0.067) and recording differences. Conclusion/ ImplicationsThe discrepancy in prostate cancer information between primary care and CR underscores potential biases in studies relying solely on one data source.

Subcutaneous coding via laser directed energy deposition (DED-LB) for unalterable component identification

Part identification has become a priority in manufacturing, especially when it comes to the additive manufacturing (AM) industry, where the counterfeit printing of almost any digitalized component is possible. As a means of avoiding forgery, the development of non-detectable labels, or digital passports is necessary. In the present work, a novel methodology for printing subcutaneous coding on aeronautical parts is proposed thanks to the multimaterial capabilities of the laser based directed energy deposition (DED-LB). The coding is based on embedding a dot pattern of a high-density alloy on a small area of a lower density component, which once covered and finished generates a pattern only visible by X-ray imagining. The viability of the proposed methodology is proven by embedding WC particles on a Ti6Al4V substrate. Firstly, the most relevant process parameters are optimized to ensure a sharp and a readable code, and their geometry is analysed by means of industrial Computed Tomography (CT). Also, the metallurgical quality and chemical composition of the generated dots is evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Finally, a demonstrator part is fabricated with a hidden code. The code readability and the mechanical properties are tested to ensure the feasibility of the developed methodology.

On current limitations of online eye-tracking to study the visual processing of source code

Context:Eye-tracking is an increasingly popular instrument to study how programmers process and comprehend source code. While most studies are conducted in controlled environments with lab-grade hardware, it would be desirable to simplify and scale participation in experiments for users sitting remotely, leveraging home equipment. Objective:This study investigates the possibility of performing eye-tracking studies remotely using open-source algorithms and consumer-grade webcams. It establishes the technology’s current limitations and evaluates the quality of the data collected by it. We conclude by recommending ways forward to address the shortcomings and make remote code-reading studies in support of eye-tracking feasible in the future. Method:We gathered eye-gaze data remotely from 40 participants performing a code reading experiment on a purpose-built web application. The utilized eye-tracker worked client-side and used ridge regression to generate x- and y-coordinates in real-time predicting the participants’ on-screen gaze points without the need to collect and save video footage. We processed and analysed the collected data according to common practices for isolating eye-movement events and deriving metrics used in software engineering eye-tracking studies. In response to the lack of an algorithm explicitly developed for detecting oculomotor fixation events in low-frequency webcam data, we also introduced a dispersion threshold algorithm for that purpose. The quality of the collected data was subsequently assessed to determine the adequacy and validity of the methodology for eye-tracking. Results:The collected data was found to be of varying quality despite extensive calibration and graphical user guidance. We present our results highlighting both the negative and positive observations from which the community hopefully can learn. Both accuracy and precision were low and ultimately deemed insufficient for drawing valid conclusions in a high-precision empirical study. We nonetheless contribute to identifying critical limitations to be addressed in future research. Apart from the overall challenge of vastly diverse equipment, setup, and configuration, we found two main problems with the current webcam eye-tracking technology. The first was the absence of a validated algorithm to isolate fixations in low-frequency data, compromising the assurance of the accuracy of the data derived from it. The second problem was the lack of algorithmic support for head movements when predicting gaze location. Unsupervised participants do not always keep their heads still, even if instructed to do so. Consequently, we frequently observed spatial shifts that corrupted many collected datasets. Three encouraging observations resulted from the study. Even when shifted, gaze points were consistently dispersed in patterns resembling both the shape and size of the stimuli without extreme deviations. We could also distinguish recognizable reading patterns. Linearity was significantly different when participants were reading source code compared to natural text, and we could detect the expected left-to-right and top-to-bottom reading directions for participants reading natural text snippets. Conclusion:The accuracy and precision levels were not sufficient for a word-by-word analysis of code reading but could be adequate for a broader, coarse-grained precision study. Additionally we identified two main issues compromising the collected data validity and contributed a fixation detection algorithm to approach one of these issues. With suitable solutions to the identified issues, remote eye-tracking studies with webcams on code reading could eventually be feasible.

Reading QR Codes on challenging surfaces using thin-plate splines

In real world uses, QR Codes are printed or overlaid on top of complex surfaces, like cylindrical bottles or other daily objects with random topographies that pose big challenges to their readout with the conventional planar algorithms proposed in the standard ISO and implemented in most of the available codes. We propose here a general-purpose method to improve the readability of QR Codes placed on these challenging surfaces, by fitting the topography of the underlying arbitrary surface with thin-plate splines. Then, we compare this new method with other alternatives proposed in the literature, like affine, projective and cylindrical transformations. Results demonstrate that our new approach works well under a variety of arbitrary surface topographies including those assumed in former proposals, and improve their readability by a factor of 4, clearly outperforming state-of-the-art decoders.

Enhancing Code Readability through Automated Consistent Formatting

Code readability is critical to software development and has a significant impact on maintenance and collaboration in evolving technology landscapes. With the increasing complexity of projects and the diversity of developers’ coding styles, the need for automated tools to improve code readability has become more apparent. This paper presents an innovative automated system designed to improve code readability by modeling and enforcing consistent formatting standards. The approach uses techniques such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and N-gram models, allowing the system to adapt to different coding styles and preferences. The system works autonomously by analyzing code styling within a project, identifying deviations from established standards and providing actionable recommendations for consistent styling. To validate our approach, several evaluations were performed on a large dataset of Java files. The results demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in detecting and correcting formatting errors, identifying a formatting error within the first five predictions more than 90% of the time, while providing the correct fix nearly 96% of the time, regardless of formatting convention or programming language. By offering a solution tailored to the specific needs of different teams, our system represents a significant advance in automated code formatting and readability improvement.

Transformative Multifunction Deep Ultraviolet Photodetectors for On-Demand Applications: From Fast Optical Communication to Tunable In-Sensor Photocurrent Integration.

The strategic utilization of photodetectors' transient response could open new frontiers from free-space optical communication to the emerging field of neuromorphic optoelectronics. Contrarily, while communication requires a fast response, neuromorphic applications benefit from a slow and integrative transient photocurrent. By integrating these functionalities in a single device, this study unveils a photodetector with tunable responses, bridging the gap between optical communication and neuromorphic sensing and creating a versatile platform with on-demand applications. Particularly, a Ga2O3-based photodetector was designed, exhibiting a photocurrent on/off ratio close to 104, high responsivity of 0.43 A/W, and detectivity 1.22 × 1013 Jones under deep ultraviolet illumination (λ ∼ 260 nm). The photodetector demonstrates transient time-dependent on operational voltage, ranging from 10-4 to 0.2 s. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the voltage-dependent balance between photocarrier generation and defect-related recombination, as revealed by electrostatic force microscopy. Additionally, we have demonstrated potential applications, including digital Morse code interpretation, tunable integration of optical inputs within the sensor, one-time readouts, and effective analog Morse code reading. Furthermore, the effectiveness of input information recognition using analog integration, even with anomalies, was demonstrated. This work establishes a versatile approach for tunable in-sensor optical processing, potentially useful for a wide range of applications, from free-space optical communication to neuromorphic sensing.

Insomnia symptom prevalence in England: a comparison of cross-sectional self-reported data and primary care records in the UK Biobank

ObjectivesWe aimed to use a large dataset to compare self-reported and primary care measures of insomnia symptom prevalence in England and establish whether they identify participants with similar characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study...

How do annotations affect Java code readability?

How do annotations affect Java code readability?

Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Pemrograman Python Dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Siswa SMKN 5 Palu

Python programming is a multipurpose interpretive programming language with a design philosophy that focuses on code readability. Python is a language that combines capabilities with very clear code syntax and is equipped with the functionality of a large and comprehensive standard library. Python supports multiple programming paradigms. One of the features available in Python is that it is a dynamic programming language equipped with automatic memory management. This Community Service Activity is carried out by providing training material starting from a basic introduction to the Python programming language, basic rules for writing Python syntax, an introduction to variables and data types in Python, operators in Python, and learning structures and functions in Python. The mentoring process is also carried out to provide direct experience to students. This activity went well and received appreciation from the school, and the students hope that this activity can be continued so that students are able to apply Python programming well.

Incidence and management of Lyme disease: a Scottish general practice retrospective study.

The true burden of Lyme disease in primary care in Scotland is unknown. Epidemiological data are currently based on laboratory-confirmed reports as there is no mandatory reporting of clinical cases. To analyse data from general practice in NHS Highland (North) over a 6-year period to assess the incidence and management of Lyme disease in primary care. This was a retrospective descriptive study. Study data from 2017 to 2022 were extracted from all 63 general practices within NHS Highland (North). Consultations for Lyme disease were identified via Lyme-related clinical Read codes, requests for borrelia tests , free text, 'tags' and/or Lyme disease antibiotic scripts. Using Read codes to identify patients with Lyme disease or suspected Lyme disease gave an estimated average annual incidence of 124/100 000 population, which was 2.1 times more than estimates based solely on laboratory-confirmed reports. The incidence figures increased 5.2 times (362/100 000 population) when patients with Lyme disease or suspected Lyme disease (identified via Read codes, laboratory test requests, and free text tags) who were given antibiotic treatment were taken into account. Local 'hot spots' of infection were identified. Analysis of the antibiotic data indicates that antibiotic prescribing in NHS Highland largely follows the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines. This data analysis pathway can, and should, be rolled out across the whole of Scotland to assess the incidence and management of Lyme disease in primary care and allow appropriate allocation of resources.

Analyzing interviews on computational thinking for introductory physics students: Toward a generalized assessment

Computational thinking in physics has many different forms, definitions, and implementations depending on the level of physics or the institution it is presented in. To better integrate computational thinking in introductory physics, we need to understand what physicists find important about computational thinking in introductory physics. We present a qualitative analysis of 26 interviews asking academic (N_a=18) and industrial (N_i=8) physicists about the teaching and learning of computational thinking in introductory physics courses. These interviews are part of a long-term project toward developing an assessment protocol for computational thinking in introductory physics. We find that academic and industrial physicists value students’ ability to read code and that (or ) and spreadsheets were the preferred computational language or environment used. Additionally, the interviewees mentioned that identifying the core physics concepts within a program, explaining code to others, and good program hygiene (i.e., commenting and using meaningful variable names) are important skills for introductory students to acquire. We also find that while a handful of interviewees note that the experience and skills gained from computation are quite useful for student’s future careers, they also describe multiple limiting factors of teaching computation in introductory physics, such as curricular overhaul, not having “space” for computation’, and student rejection. The interviews show that while adding computational thinking to physics students’ repertoire is important, the importance really comes from using computational thinking to learn and understand physics better. This informs us that the assessment we develop should only include the basics of computational thinking needed to assess introductory physics knowledge. Published by the American Physical Society 2024