Reactive Violet Research Articles

Optimization of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum extract for enhanced synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using response surface methodology and its potential exploration in biological application.

The study investigates the potential of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum as a novel source for synthesizing nickel oxide nanoparticles (RH-NiONPs) and evaluates its biological applications. Phytochemicals in the algal extract serve as capping, reducing and stabilizing agent for nickel oxide nanoparticles. The process variables were optimized using BBD based RSM to obtain maximum RH-NiONPs. Characterization of RH-NiONPs using UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy reveals the plasmon resonance peak at 340 nm and the functional groups responsible for reduction and stabilization. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature while the stability and size of the RH-NiONPs were determined by DLS and zeta potential. Toxicity assessments demonstrated the effect of RH-NiONPs against Vigna radiata, Allium cepa and Artemia salina was low. RH-NiONPs revealed significant zone of inhibition against the selected bacteria and fungi. The results of larvicidal activity showed that RH-NiONPs are toxic to 4th instar larvae of Daphnis nerii. Also, RH-NiONPs efficiently decolorized Reactive Violet 13 (92%) under sunlight irradiation and the experimental data well fits to Langmuir isotherm along with pseudo second order kinetic model. The thermodynamic studies enunciate the exothermic and non-spontaneous photocatalytic decolorization of reactive violet 13. Thus, the current study assesses the eco-friendly and cost-effective nature of RH-NiONPs along with its biological applications.

Degradation of reactive violet 1 using innovative approach of hydrodynamic cavitation coupled with oxidants

The study explores use of hydrodynamic cavitation and various oxidants for treating wastewater containing Reactive Violet 1 dye. Study of impact of operational variables demonstrated that most favorable conditions for maximum degradation of 70.9 % were pH of 2.5, pressure of 4 bar, and use of dual slit venturi. When the optimized conditions were employed in combination with hydrogen peroxide (75 ppm i.e. 2.2 mM as optimum loading), Fenton reagent (H2O2/Fe2+ ratio of 1:0.125), KPS (100 ppm i.e. 0.037 mM) and NaOCl (100 ppm i.e. 1.343 mM), enhanced degradation as 93.7 %, 97.5 %, 92.3 % and 85.1 % respectively were seen. The decolorization of the dye exhibited second-order kinetics in each approach. Analysis for toxicity assessment, cavitational yield and treatment cost, elucidated that HC + Fenton method is the most effective giving 97.5 % of degradation at an operating cost of 1.78 Rs/L (0.021 $/L) within 30 min treatment.

Design and fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride incorporated nickel selenide hybrid composite for effective degradation of organic pollutants under UV and natural sunlight irradiations

Addressing the challenge of developing a visible-light-driven photocatalyst with robust redox capabilities for organic pollutant degradation in environmental remediation, this study presents a novel hybrid composite. The composite was synthesized using g-C3N4 and NiSe2 through an ultrasonication-assisted hydrothermal method. Notably, the energy gap of this hybrid composite decreased from 2.72 to 2.30 eV as the g-C3N4 concentration ranged from 0 wt% to 30 wt%, as per the Kubelka–Munk theory. The surface area of the hybrid composite stood out at 31.2 m2/g, surpassing pristine NiSe2 (18.9 m2/g) and g-C3N4 (15.2 m2/g), as confirmed by BET analysis. The photocatalytic prowess of NiSe2/g-C3N4 composites was systematically investigated for the degradation of Reactive Blue 5 (RB 5) and Reactive Violet 5 (RV 5). Notably, the compositions with 30 % g-C3N4 incorporated into NiSe2 exhibited the highest degradation rates (86.4 % for RB 5 and 89.4 % for RV 5) and rate constants (0.0093 min−1 for RB 5 and 0.0095 min−1 for RV 5) during the degradation processes. Furthermore, the incorporation of g-C3N4 into NiSe2 not only elevated the surface area but also improved the separation rate of photogenerated electrons and holes. This enhancement significantly enhanced the visible-light-driven photodegradation performance of RB 5 and RV 5. The study also proposes a mechanism to explain the impact of graphitic carbon nitride concentration on photocatalytic performance. This research contributes to the development of advanced photocatalysts for eco-friendly pollutant degradation and provides insights into their composition-performance relationships.

Forest industrial biomass residue-mediated green synthesized multifunctional copper oxide nanoparticles for efficient wastewater treatment and biomedical applications

The present study aims toward green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles utilizing Sal seed deoiled cake (Sal DOC) extract, a by-product of forest industries, thereby adding value to it. Characteristic brownish-black color precipitate and peak at 260–280 nm in UV–Vis spectrophotometer confirmed the synthesis of CuO NPs which were further characterized by using various morphological, and structural techniques. The green synthesized CuO NPs demonstrated remarkable ability to remove three azo dyes, namely Erichrome Black T (EBT), Congo Red (CR), and Reactive Violet 1 (RV1) through adsorption. After employing NPs, decolorization of 97.1%, 96.8%, and 98.7%, and was attained in 30min, 1 h, and 3 h of reaction time for RV1, CR, and EBT, respectively. Further, the CuO NPs could successfully be recovered and re-used for seven consecutive cycles, retaining more than 80% of dye removal efficiency. Implementation of adsorption isotherms and kinetics models showed that removal of all three dyes followed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics respectively. The CuO NPs were then applied for the remediation of real textile wastewater spiked with a mixture of EBT, CR and RV1 dyes, where 76.2% of decolorization was achieved within 3 h of treatment. Enhanced radicle growth and germination percentage of Vigna radiata seeds showed toxicity removal and environmental safety of using CuO NPs-treated textile wastewater for irrigation purposes, thus aligning with sustainability goals by reducing the need for wastewater disposal and its associated environmental impact. Synthesized NPs displayed promising antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, Aeromonas sp. and S. epidermidis both by agar well diffusion method as well as by impregnation of cotton fabrics, which states their potential applicability in the biomedical field. Thereby, the current study suggests an environment-friendly and economical approach for CuO NPs biosynthesis with multifaceted applications, thus contributing to the principles of sustainability and resource optimization.

Spectroscopic insights for the enhanced partitioning and removal of Reactive Violet 5 by mixed micellar formulations under optimized conditions: An ionic-nonionic mechanistic approach

This study demonstrates MEUF (micellar enhanced ultrafiltration) as an effective method for the removal of Reactive Violet 5 (RV5) coming from the synthetic waste. MEUF technique is currently employed to decrease aqueous systems toxicity by employing cationic surfactants micellar media, specifically CPC (cetylpyridinium chloride) and CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). The study also examines the impact of nonionic surfactant on the addition of Triton X-100 (TX-100), on solubilizing capacity of the cationic surfactants. Our goal is to determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum removal efficiency. RV5 partitioning constant, Kb as well as Gibbs energy of the partition ΔGp determines surfactant and dye molecules interaction. Dye molecules initially interact with ionic surfactants to form ion pairs. Subsequently, these ion pairs become incorporated into micelles and later on can subsequently be removed by MEUFThe maximum values of ΔGp (free energy of partition) were determined to be −42.30 kJmol−1 and −37.15 kJmol−1 using cationic surfactants, CPC and CTAB, respectively. Increase in pollutant size results in easy filtration. This study examines the impact of different factors, such as pH, transmembrane pressure, electrolyte (NaCl), surfactant concentration and revolutions per minute (RPM), on the removal of RV5 from an aqueous system. MEUF efficiency has been evaluated through the determination of permeate flux and rejection percentage values. It has been noticed that both surfactants had the potential to effectively encapsulate RV5. However, overall, the highest R% (rejection percentage) of 97.17% was attained.

Effective Removal of Reactive Violet 2 Dye by Using Different Geopolymers Containing Bentonite

Effective Removal of Reactive Violet 2 Dye by Using Different Geopolymers Containing Bentonite

Microbial Decolorization of Reactive Violet 1: Biosorption Optimization by Central Composite Design

Biological treatment of wastewater containing dyes utilizing aerobic, anaerobic, or combined aerobic-anaerobic biodegradation techniques is often utilized due to its relative affordability and lack of hazardous consequences. Different microbes including bacteria, fungi, and algae were used to decolorize the different dyes. Up to 10% of dyes used in the textile industry are eliminated as colored wastewater after being applied and are not bonded to the fibers. These colored wastewaters must be properly cleaned before being dumped into different bodies of water. The objective of variety search is to identify the factor combination with the highest desirability combination. Desirability functions are frequently employed in RSM optimization.
 Four bacterial biomasses have been tested for their capacity to decolorize dyes in this study. Screening studies included four distinct biomasses and four distinct reactive dyes. The bacterial strain #288 has a biosorption with 70% on Reactive Violet 1. Central composite design was employed to maximize the biosorption percentage and biosorption capacity. At the result of the study, Reactive Violet 1 was adsorbed by #288 with 93,7% and the biosorption capacity was estimated to be 325,7. FTIR and SEM were used to characterize the biomass before and after decolorization. The outcome demonstrates that #288 is effective in removing Reactive Violet 1 from textile wastewaters.

A parametric study on intensified degradation of textile dye water using hydrodynamic cavitation based hybrid technique

In this paper, a detailed investigation of the treatment of model textile dye wastewater (MTDW) by applying a hybrid approach of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) coupled with UV light and different oxidants is reported. A distinct hybrid strategy of HC combined with inline UV and different oxidants was employed to treat model textile dye wastewater comprising mixed dyes under neutral to alkaline conditions and in the presence of salt and detergent, which form significant components of textile wastewater. The model textile dye wastewater was made of three dyes: Reactive Yellow 84, Reactive Black 8, and Reactive Violet 5 with 100 ppm of total concentration. Effects of various operating conditions, such as feed pressure at the venturi inlet, initial pH, process time, and different oxidizing agents, on percentage COD reduction were investigated. The extent of dye decolourization using HC combined with different oxidizing agents, viz., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium persulfate (NaPS), and potassium peroxymonosulfate (PPMS), were studied. HC coupled with UV and potassium peroxymonosulfate (PPMS) oxidant produced maximum decolourization of dyes to the extent of 100 % at pH 7. A maximum COD reduction of 87.7 % was obtained at the optimized operation conditions of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) coupled with UV and PPMS. The treatment of model dye wastewater utilizing a hybrid strategy of HC+UV+PPMS achieved a synergetic index of 1.92, which was significantly better than standalone treatments. The current work contributes significantly to our understanding of the performance of cavitation-based systems for treating complicated textile effluent.

Synthesis of Nano‐zero‐valent Iron/Chitosan based on Bimetallic Nanoparticles for the Simultaneous Removal of Reactive Violet 5 and Reactive Blue 171 from Aquatic Media: Response Surface Methodology

AbstractIn this study, a nanostructure adsorbent was fabricated from mixed nanosized zero‐valent iron (nZVI), chitosan (CS), and copper (Cu) for the simultaneous removal of Reactive Violet 5 and Reactive Blue 171 from the aqueous media. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett–Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The impact of variables, including pH, adsorbing dosage, contact time, and temperature on the removal percentages of RV5 and RB171 dyes were simultaneously investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design. The maximum removal efficiency (77.67 %) was obtained at a pH of 3, an adsorbent dosage of 0.3 g, a contact time of 15 min, and a temperature of 10 °C. The adsorption process fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model with a coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.9996 and the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model (R2=0.9988). Hence, it could be concluded that the process of adsorption mechanism is monolayer and chemical. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was 50.25 mg g−1. In conclusion, nZVI‐CS‐Cu can be considered as an efficient and inexpensive adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solutions, because its separation is quick and easy, it possesses high efficiency, and there is no secondary pollution.

Adsorptive removal of reactive violet 5 azodye (V5R) with biochar: An ecofriendly technology

Industrial effluent comprising reactive violet 5 azodye (V5R) discharged into clean water bodies induces adverse health hazards on our ecosystem and throughout our food chain. This study investigates the adsorption capacity of biochar derived from bamboo stem (B500) and calabash (C500), respectively. The biochar samples were prepared by pyrolysis at 500 ℃ and characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and the nitrogen (N2) adsorption-desorption isotherm. The BET specific surface areas of the B500 and C500 were measured to be 174. 67 and 44.78 m2/g, respectively. The biochar samples were found to be mesoporous, with mean pore diameters of 21.1 and 26.5 nm for B500 and C500, respectively. Overall, the B500 sample exhibited better adsorption capacity than C500 towards the removal of V5R dye species at both the 0.02 and 0.36 g doses examined. According to kinetic studies, the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order kinetics. Further, the isotherm studies revealed that the V5R dye adsorption followed the Langmuir adsorption model. The proposed mechanism of adsorption is either by hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking interactions of the aromatic groups, or surface coordination. The study shows that the adsorbent dose has a significant influence on adsorption capacity since adsorbent dose of 0.02 showed higher adsorption capacity than the 0.36 g dose. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of 15.083 and 0.016 mg/g at Co = 50 mg/L and adsorbent dose of 0.02 g was obtained for B500 and C500 biochar, respectively.

Eco-Friendly Sustainable Dyeing of Cotton Fabric Using Reactive Violet 05 and Direct Violet 09 Dyes

Sustainable chemistry is a relatively new field that aims to achieve both economic and environmental goals simultaneously. This paper discusses a cleaner and more sustainable method for dyeing cotton fabric using Direct Violet 09 and Reactive Violet 05 dye. It has been noticed that good color characteristics were obtained when cotton fabric was dyed with 35 mL of microwave-treated Reactive Violet 05 dye solution of 7 pH and 2 g Aluminum sulfate for 30 min at 60 °C. When dyeing cotton fabric with Direct Violet 09 dye, it has been observed that cotton fabric, when microwave treated for 6 min and dyed at 80 °C for 50 min using 35 mL of non-treated dye solution of 7 pH with 2 g Potassium sulfate, produces good results. The colorfastness of the dyed fabrics using ISO standards was also evaluated. Overall, it was found that the use of microwave radiation improves the sustainability of the dyeing process.

Hydrothermally-Derived Silver-Decorated Nanocrystalline Anatase Photocatalyst for Reactive Violet 2 Photodegradation

A photocatalyst comprised of Ag nanoparticles dispersed on an anatase matrix has been prepared using a simple hydrothermal method without additional thermal treatment. The prepared material was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. The prepared catalyst activity was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of C.I. Reactive Violet 2 (RV2) aqueous solution under UVA and visible light illumination. SEM revealed the non-uniform dispersion of silver particles throughout the matrix composed of fine particles. According to XRD analysis, the matrix was composed of pure anatase with a crystallite size of 8 nm calculated through the Scherrer equation. HRTEM micrograph analysis showed that anatase nanoparticles possess a spherical morphology and a narrow size distribution with an average particle size of 8 nm with more active anatase {100} crystal surface exposed, while silver nanoparticles were between 60 and 90 nm. A bandgap of 3.26 eV has been calculated on the basis of the DRS UV-Vis spectrum, while a specific surface area of 209 m2g−1 has been established from adsorption isotherms. Thus, through a simple synthesis approach without subsequent thermal treatment, the agglomeration of nanoparticles and the reduction of specific surface area have been avoided. Prepared nano Ag/anatase photocatalyst exhibits excellent efficiency for the photodegradation of RV2 under UVA and visible irradiation.

Synthesis of all-biomass-derived carbon nanofibers for dual-functional filtration membranes and oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts

We report a facile and eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of carbon nanofibers (CNFs), using cornstalks as carbon precursors and pinewood-derived carbon powders with inherent rough surfaces as catalytic substrates during chemical vapor deposition. Then, we annealed the CNFs in the presence of ammonia to impart them nitrogen doping (NCNFs), large surface areas, hydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity. As a result, the NCNF networks achieved via vacuum filtration could work as oil/dye dual-functional filtration membranes for simultaneous removal of crude oil droplets, methylene blue and reactive violet K-3R from water with high flux up to 4950 L m−2 h−1, high efficiency of 99.82% and excellent recyclability. Finally, cobalt oxide (CoxOy) nanoparticles were deposited on NCNFs to prepare CoxOy/NCNF composites, which exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity (overpotential at current density of 10 mA cm−2: 290 mV) and better durability towards the oxygen evolution reaction than the state-of-the-art precious iridium oxide catalysts. This may be attributable to nitrogen doping, synergistic effect between CoxOy and NCNFs, as well as the superior structural and compositional stability of the CoxOy/NCNF composites.

Removal of reactive violet 5 azodye (V5R) using bamboo, and calabash biochar

We assess the adsorption capacity of bamboo and calabash biochar (BB and CB). Using 10–50 mg/L Reactive Violet 5 Azo dye (V5R) adsorbate, the kinetics, and adsorption isotherms are investigated. We pyrolyzed the bamboo, and calabash biomass at 500 °C, washed, and oven dried at 120 °C for 48 h. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method indicates that the BB and CB average pore diameters are 21.1 nm and 26.5 nm, with specific surface areas of 174.67 m2/g and 44.78 m2/g, respectively. The SEM reveals a larger granular shape of the CB having pinholes on the surface, but the BB exhibited interconnected structures like a mesh. The FTIR shows C=C, C=O, O–H, and C–O–C as the predominant functional groups on both BB and CB. The adsorption of V5R on BB and CB follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and favors Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacities of 5.106 mg/g, and 0.010 mg/g, respectively. The BB adsorbs 70.9–96% V5R, whilst CB adsorbs 0.1–0.2 % only. The results suggest that bamboo biochar has the potential to eliminate 70.9–96% of 10–50 mg/L V5R from an aqueous solution, hence suitable for removing V5R. In this study, we have also presented a prototype expected to eliminate 91.6%–99.8% of the V5R from an aqueous solution.

Role of organic nanoparticles on transport and fate of various dyes in aqueous solution

This work studies the interaction of organic nanoparticles (ON) with various dyes in aqueous solution, to elucidate the role of ON on transport and fate of dyes in the environment, and on dyes removal from wastewater. Studied dyes are Acid Red 66 (AR66), Methylene Blue (MB), Reactive Black 5 (RB5), and Reactive Violet 5 (RV5). ON are extracted from organic matter of anthropogenic origin through resuspension of its colloidal fraction, and successive filtration and dialysis of the obtained suspension. Mechanisms of interaction are investigated initially through three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3DEEM) analysis. Obtained data indicate that dynamic interactions occur strongly between dye molecules and ON aggregates. 3DEEM spectra of mixed samples containing ON together with one of the tested dyes, present a shape similar to the one of ON alone, but each of them is characterized by specific differences in terms of peaks quenching and shift. The analysis of these singularities suggests that dye molecules are bound to the functional groups of ON through H-bonds, according to the following steps: i) dyes reach the surface of ON aggregates; ii) the molecules pass through the hydrophilic surface of ON aggregates, and reach their hydrophobic core; iii) the dyes are sequestrated into the hydrophobic core of ON aggregates. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies analysis confirm the formation of supramolecular aggregates with stable micellar hydrophobic structure, mainly consisting of aliphatic fractions of ON, which explain the disappearance of aromatic groups signals from dyes.

Adsorption Characteristics, Diffusion and Isotherms of Modified Pig Waste for Removing Reactive Violet 5

Adsorption Characteristics, Diffusion and Isotherms of Modified Pig Waste for Removing Reactive Violet 5

Photocatalytic Degradation of reactive violet 1 by Polyorthotoluidine/Titanium dioxide nanocomposite

<p>Conducting poly(o-toluidine) (POT)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposite have been synthesized by in situ chemical oxidation polymerization of o-toluidine in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. The various composites were synthesized by changing the percentage load of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in poly-ortho-toluidine matrix. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Rays diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The POT/TiO2 nanocomposites were further employed to evaluate the photocatalytic potential of the composite materials towards reactive violet 1.</p>

Homologous overexpression of azoreductase (azoA) in Enterococcus sp. L2 moderated growth and azo dye decolorization while gaining an oxidative and heavy metal stress resistance: A trade-off

Heavy metals as co-pollutants significantly restrict the efficiency of bioremediation of azo dye-containing effluents wherein bacterial survival is a prerequisite. An exposure to quinones and oxidative stress via H 2 O 2 could induce the azoreductase activity in Enterococcus sp. L2 which could link the AzoA to its stress management system. Therefore, we underpinned the physiological and stress tolerance features by homologous over-expression of the azoA gene in its native strain. AzoA overexpression increased 3.4 folds azoreductase specific activity and enhanced quinone reduction profile. AzoA overexpression in native strain led to a delay in the early log phase growth and reactive violet 5R decolorization while gaining an advantageous stress resistance towards oxidative and heavy metals such as copper and chromium. This was confirmed by the 32 folds higher survival upon exposure to 20 mM H 2 O 2 supported by H 2 DCFA staining. Additionally, the genetically modified strain significantly tolerated 3 mM Cu(II) and 0.3 mM Cr(VI) supporting the development of a robust azo dye bioremediation strain. • Azo dye, quinones and H 2 O 2 enhanced azoreductase activity of Enterococcus sp. L2. • Homologous cloning in strain L2 resulted in 3.4 folds over-expression of AzoA gene. • AzoA over-expression in strain L2 moderated growth and dye decolorization. • AzoA over-expression in strain L2 increased oxidative stress (H 2 O 2 ) resistance. • AzoA over-expression in strain L2 enhanced heavy metal (Cu 2+ and Cr 6+ ) tolerance.

Bioremediation of Some Reactive Dyes Commonly used in Fabric Re-dyeing by Chlorella vulgaris

Aim: The work was aimed at assessing the potential of Chlorella vulgaris in remediation of reactive dyes.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria, between January 2019 and December 2019.
 Methodology: Wastewater containing individual reactive dyes: reactive red 198 (RR198), reactive yellow 176 (RY176), reactive green 19 (RG19), reactive orange 122 (RO122), reactive red 195 (RR195) and reactive violet 1 (RV1) were collected from a local fabric re-dyeing pit at Kofar Na’isa, Kano, Nigeria. The green microalga C. vulgaris was cultured in Bold Basal medium (BBM) at 30 ± 2°C and subjected to adsorption and decolourization assays of the dyes.
 Results: The highest dye removal efficiency by enzymatic action was recorded after 48 hours, while that for the biomass adsorption was at day 14, at pH 11.3 and temperature of 30°C. The percentage dye removal by adsorption and decolourization were within the ranges of 68.1-97.8% and 69.8-99.9% respectively. Dye removal decreased with increase in contact time until saturation is attained. Freundlich’s isotherm model was best fitted for the adsorption of the dyes with a strong linear correlation coefficient, R2 ranging from 0.954-0.811. There was a strong linear relationship and high statistical significance among the dyes for both decolourization and adsorption (P value; .01).
 Conclusion: Chlorella vulgaris was found to be effective in the removal of reactive dyes from textile wastewater samples. The results revealed C. vulgaris to be a cost-effective and eco-friendly biosorbent that can be used for the treatment of wastewaters containing toxic dyes.

Sustainable Dyeing of Cellulosic Fabric with Reactive Violet H3R dye: Ultrasonic Assisted Improvement in Color Characteristic

Abstract. Ultrasonic radiation (U. S.) is the sustainable and green technology which has transformed the domain of textiles. In the current study, ultrasonic treatment was employed to improve the reactive dyeing of cellulosic fabricby Violet H3R dye. For this purpose, U.S. treatment has been given to both solution & fabric upto 50 min. at 30 to 60 oC. Promising results were obtained when cellulosic fabric was exposed to U.S. treatment at at 50 oC for a period of 30 min. using dye bath of 55 mL having 7.5 pH. Glauber salt (8 g/L) was employed as an exhausting agent at 60 oC for 55 min. Various shades of cotton fabric dyed at optimal conditions were obtained which showed that U.S. treatment has enhanced not only the colour strength but also the fastness rating from medium to outstanding. So, it can be concluded from the current study that U. S. treatment is not only good enough for improving the dyeing aptitude of Reactive Violet H3R dye but it also uplifts the color features of dyed cotton fabric.
 
 Resumen. La radiación ultrasónica (U:S. por sus siglas en inglés) es la tecnología sostenible y verde que ha transformado el campo de los textiles. En este estudio, se llevó a cabo un tratamiento ultrasónico para mejorar el teñido reactivo de tela celulósica por el tinte Violet H3R. Para este propósito, se llevó a cabo un tratamiento con ultrasonido tanto a la solución como a la tela por hasta 60 minutos a 30 y 60 oC. Se obtuvieron resultados prometedores cuando la tela celulósica se expuso a un tratamiento con ultrasonido a 50 oC durante un período de 30 min, utilizando un baño de tinte (de 55 mL) a pH 7,5 de sal de Glauber (8 g/L). Estas condiciones representan un sistema de agotamiento, aplicado a 60 oC durante 55 min. Se obtuvieron varios tonos de tela de algodón teñidos en condiciones óptimas, lo que mostró que el tratamiento por ultrasonido mejora no solo la intensidad del color sino también el índice de solidez de media a sobresaliente. Por lo tanto, del estudio actual se puede concluir que el tratamiento con ultrasonido no solo es lo suficientemente bueno para mejorar la capacidad de teñido del tinte Reactive Violet H3R, sino que también realza las características del color de la tela de algodón teñida.