Oocyte Reactive Oxygen Species Research Articles

Vitamin B12 Supplementation Improves Oocyte Development by Modulating Mitochondria and Yolk Protein in a Caffeine-Ingested Caenorhabditis elegans Model.

Vitamin B12 is an essential cofactor involved in the function of two enzymes: cytosolic methionine synthase and mitochondrial methylmalonic-CoA mutase. In our previous studies, caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), the most popular bioactivator, was shown to reduce yolk protein (vitellogenin) and fertility in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Based on the previous finding that methionine supplementation increases vitellogenesis in C. elegans, we investigated the role of vitamin B12 in methionine-mediated vitellogenesis during oogenesis in caffeine-ingested animals (CIA). Vitamin B12 supplementation improved vitellogenesis and reduced oxidative stress by decreasing mitochondrial function in CIA. Furthermore, the decreased number of developing oocytes and high levels of reactive oxygen species in oocytes from CIA were recovered with vitamin B12 supplementation through a reduction in mitochondrial stress, which increased vitellogenesis. Taken together, vitamin B12 supplementation can reverse the negative effects of caffeine intake by enhancing methionine-mediated vitellogenesis and oocyte development by reducing mitochondrial stress.

Effects of N-acetylcysteine on growth, viability and reactive oxygen species levels in small antral follicles cultured in vitro

Objective: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of N-acetylcysteine on follicular growth and morphology, as well as on viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and meiotic progression of oocytes from in vitro cultured bovine early antral follicles.Methods: Isolated early antral follicles (about 500 μm) were cultured in TCM-199+ alone or supplemented with 1.0, 5.0 or 25.0 mM N-acetylcysteine at 38.5 °C with 5% CO2 for 8 days. Follicle diameters were evaluated at day 0, 4 and 8 of culture. At the end of culture, the levels of ROS, chromatin configuration and viability (calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining) were investigated in the cumulus-oocyte complexes. Comparisons of follicle diameters between treatments were performed. Data on percentages of morphologically normal follicles, growth rates and chromatin configuration in different treatments were compared.Results: An increase in follicular diameters after culture in all treatments was observed, except for follicles cultured with 25.0 mM N-acetylcysteine. Fluorescence microscopy showed that oocytes cultured in all treatments were stained positively with calcein-AM, and that 5.0 mM N-acetylcysteine reduced fluorescence for ethidium homodimer-1. Intracellular levels of ROS in oocytes from follicles cultured with 1.0 mM N-acetylcysteine showed a significant reduction compared to other treatments. The presence of N-acetylcysteine in culture medium did not influence the rates of oocyte at the germinal vesicle stage.Conclusions: N-acetylcysteine at concentrations of 1.0 and 5.0 mM reduces ROS levels and staining for ethidium homodimer-1 in in vitro cultured follicles, respectively, while 25.0 mM N-acetylcysteine decreases follicular growth and the percentages of continuously growing follicles.

Linoleic and linolenic acids reduce the effects of heat stress-induced damage in pig oocytes during maturation in vitro.

Elevated environmental temperatures can induce heat stress which could reduce fertility and early embryonic development. Fatty acids can initiate an endergonic reaction that absorbs cellular heat and decreases intracellular temperature. This study's objective was to minimize heat stress-induced damage to in vitro matured oocytes by supplementing maturation media with either 50μM linoleic or linolenic acid or both (25 or 50μM) during maturation at either 38.5 or 41.5°C. Oocytes were evaluated for intracellular antioxidative pathways, fertilization characteristics, or early embryonic development. Elevated maturation temperatures increased (p < 0.05) reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and supplementation with linoleic or linolenic acid decreased (p < 0.05) ROS in oocytes matured at 41.5°C. Maturation temperature had an effect (p < 0.05) on the intracellular antioxidative pathways of the oocyte except for glutathione peroxidase activity. Regardless of maturation temperature, supplementation with linoleic or linolenic acid increased (p < 0.05) the enzyme activities and glutathione concentrations in the oocytes compared to no fatty acid supplementation. Supplementation of both linoleic and linolenic acid decreased (p < 0.05) polyspermic fertilization rates. Supplementing either 25 or 50μM linoleic and linolenic acid to maturing oocytes at 41.5°C increased (p < 0.05) cleavage rates by 48h after IVF and the blastocyst formation rates by 144h after IVF compared to other treatments. Oocytes matured at 38.5°C had greater (p < 0.05) embryonic development than those matured at 41.5°C except for those supplemented with 50μM linoleic and linolenic acid. Supplementing 50μM linoleic and linolenic acid to the maturation medium of pig oocytes reduces the effects of heat stress-induced damage.

OTSSP167 leads to follicular dysplasia and negatively affects oocyte quality in mice

OTSSP167 is an anti-tumor drug significantly inhibiting tumor growth in xenotransplantation studies using mouse breast, lung, prostate, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Its phase I clinical trial has been completed, indicating its great potential for future treatment of solid tumors. However, its drug-related adverse effects on reproductive systems have not yet been reported. In this study, we evaluated the effects of OTSSP167 on reproduction of female mice by determining oocyte quality and follicular development. We selected four-week-old female ICR mice for a 21-day intraperitoneal injection of OTSSP167 at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d. We found that OTSSP167 could block the meiotic process of oocytes, leading to a decrease in oocyte maturation and ovulated oocyte numbers, as well as a decrease in the quality of oocytes. The results showed that OTSSP167 treatment caused disordered spindle assembly, decreased mitochondria membrane potential, and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species in oocytes. Further investigation showed that OTSSP167 induced DNA double-strand breaks, as indicated by increased levels of γH2AX in oocytes of primordial follicles and granulosa cells of growing follicles, which induced follicular atresia and decreased the numbers of follicles at various growing stages. Our study suggests that OTSSP167 treatment may have serious effects on the ovary and consequences for female cancer patients, providing strong evidence for the necessity of protecting female fertility in clinical OTSSP167 trials.

Persistent organic pollutants affect steroidogenic and apoptotic activities in granulosa cells and reactive oxygen species concentrations in oocytes in the mouse.

The destruction of granulosa cells (GCs), the main functional cell type in the ovary, prevents steroid hormone production, which in turn may damage oocytes, resulting in ovarian failure. The accumulation of a number of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the ovarian follicular fluid (FF) has been documented, which raises serious questions regarding their impact on female fertility. We aimed to determine whether a mixture of POPs reflecting the profile found in FF influences mouse GCs or oocyte function and viability. A mixture of POPs, comprising perfluorooctanoate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, 2,2-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, polychlorinated biphenyl 153, and hexachlorobenzene, was used. In addition to using the exact concentration of POPs previously measured in human FF, we tested two other mixtures, one with10-fold lower and another with 10-fold higher concentrations of each POP. Steroidogenesis was disrupted in GCs by the POP mixture, as demonstrated by lower oestradiol and progesterone secretion and greater lipid droplet accumulation. Furthermore, the POP mixture reduced GC viability and increased apoptosis, assessed using caspase-3 activity. The POP mixture significantly increased the number of oocytes that successfully progressed to the second meiotic metaphase and the oocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. Thus, a mixture of POPs that are typically present in human FF has detrimental effects on ovarian function: it reduces the viability of GCs, and increases the oocyte concentrations of ROS. These results indicate that chronic exposure to POPs adversely affects female reproductive health.

The effect of Tempo and MitoTEMPO on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development in bovine model

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the factors which reduces oocyte quality and viability of the in vitro produced embryos. Oocyte mitochondria are the major source of ROS production, hence, and the addition of mitochondrion-specific antioxidants could be suggested to minimize the damage caused by ROS during culture. MitoTEMPO, a targeted mitochondrial antioxidant, is formed by conjugating TEMPO to triphenylphosphonium and has an activity like that of superoxide dismutase. It can pass through lipid bilayers easily and accumulate selectively in mitochondria. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of MitoTEMPO and its non-targeted form, TEMPO, on the developmental competence of bovine oocytes. Accordingly, oocytes were cultured in maturation medium supplemented with either five mM TEMPO (T5) or one μM MitoTEMPO (M1), or T5 + M1 (MT15), or without the antioxidants (C). Nuclear maturation to metaphase II (MII) stage, intracellular glutathione (GSH) content and ROS levels in matured oocytes were analyzed. In addition, cleavage after in vitro fertilization, and blastocyst rates, total cell number in blastocysts as well as the relative abundance of apoptosis-related genes (BAX and BCL2) in blastocysts were determined. Results revealed that the proportion of oocytes at the MII stage, embryos at the blastocyst stage and total cell number in blastocysts increased significantly in the M1 group compared to the C and T5 groups. The levels of intracellular GSH and ROS in oocytes decreased in the M1 group than in the C group (P < 0.05). The expression level of the pro-apoptotic gene (BAX) reduced in blastocysts from the M1 group in comparison to the C and T5 groups (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the expression level of anti-apoptotic gene (BCL2) in obtained blastocysts was not affected by TEMPO and MitoTEMPO. However, the ratio of BAX/BCL2 in blastocysts from the M1 and MT15 groups decreased significantly compared to the C group. These findings suggest that MitoTEMPO can mitigate the adverse effects of oxidative stress on the developmental competence of bovine oocytes.

Effect of lycopene supplementation to bovine oocytes exposed to heat shock during in vitro maturation

We investigated the effect of the antioxidant lycopene supplemented into the in vitro maturation medium (TCM-199 with 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor and 50 mg/mL gentamycin) in a heat shock (HS) model to mimic in vivo heat stress conditions. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were supplemented with 0.2 μM lycopene (or not supplemented; control) under HS (40.5 °C) and non-HS (NHS; 38.5 °C) during maturation. After 22 h of maturation, we evaluated the nuclear status of the oocytes, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the respective blastocyst development and quality (via differential staining). Data were fitted in logistic and linear regression models, and the replicates were set as a random effect. The nuclear maturation was higher in NHS (84.0 ± 3.2%; least square mean ± standard error) than HS control (60.4 ± 4.3%; P < 0.001). Remarkably, the nuclear maturation in HS lycopene (71.7 ± 4.1%) was similar to NHS control (P = 0.7). Under HS conditions lycopene reduced ROS production (27.4 ± 4.8; relative fluorescence units (RFU)) in comparison to HS control (33.8 ± 1.8 RFU; P = 0.009). However, the ROS production in NHS lycopene (18.9 ± 2.0 RFU) was similar to NHS control (18.7 ± 1.8 RFU; P = 0.9). The cleavage rate in HS lycopene (76.1 ± 3.3%) was not lower than NHS lycopene (83.3 ± 2.5%; P > 0.1). On the day 8 of embryo development, the blastocyst rate was higher for NHS lycopene (55.2 ± 4.7%) versus NHS control (44.5 ± 4.7%; P = 0.04), but under HS the day 8 blastocyst rate was similar between control (29.9 ± 4.2%) and lycopene (32.3 ± 4.2%; P = 0.9). Lycopene supplementation increased the cell number of the embryos (total cell, trophectoderm, and inner cell mass numbers) under NHS conditions (P > 0.03). The apoptotic cell ratio was lower in lycopene (NHS and HS) versus control (NHS and HS) (P > 0.04). Lycopene has the ability to scavenge oocyte ROS and improved the cleavage rate of embryos under HS conditions. However, this could not be translated to a higher blastocyst development, which remained lower under HS. Results of our study indicate that antioxidant supplementation like lycopene during the maturation of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes may be routinely used to improve blastocyst rate and quality under standard maturation conditions.

In Vitro Fertilisation of Mouse Oocytes in L-Proline and L-Pipecolic Acid Improves Subsequent Development.

Exposure of oocytes to specific amino acids during in vitro fertilisation (IVF) improves preimplantation embryo development. Embryos fertilised in medium with proline and its homologue pipecolic acid showed increased blastocyst formation and inner cell mass cell numbers compared to embryos fertilised in medium containing no amino acids, betaine, glycine, or histidine. The beneficial effect of proline was prevented by the addition of excess betaine, glycine, and histidine, indicating competitive inhibition of transport-mediated uptake. Expression of transporters of proline in oocytes was investigated by measuring the rate of uptake of radiolabelled proline in the presence of unlabelled amino acids. Three transporters were identified, one that was sodium-dependent, PROT (SLC6A7), and two others that were sodium-independent, PAT1 (SLC36A1) and PAT2 (SLC36A2). Immunofluorescent staining showed localisation of PROT in intracellular vesicles and limited expression in the plasma membrane, while PAT1 and PAT2 were both expressed in the plasma membrane. Proline and pipecolic acid reduced mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species in oocytes, and this may be responsible for their beneficial effect. Overall, our results indicate the importance of inclusion of specific amino acids in IVF medium and that consideration should be given to whether the addition of multiple amino acids prevents the action of beneficial amino acids.

Melatonin Attenuates Peroxynitrite-Induced Meiosis Dysfunction in Porcine Oocytes.

A high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely considered one of the major causes of oocyte quality decline. Peroxynitrite is known as a powerful oxidant, which could induce multiple physical diseases. Recently, emerging pieces of evidences indicate that melatonin effectively promotes the development of oocytes, although the specific work mechanism remains to be further clarified. In this study, it was shown that peroxynitrite increased the level of ROS in porcine oocytes, which induced the apoptosis of oocytes, thereby leading to the obstruction of spindle assembly, depolymerization of actin, and decrease of polar body expulsion. These negative effects contributed to the failure of meiosis and ultimately blocked the maturation of porcine oocytes. As expected, it was found that melatonin effectively removed the accumulated ROS in oocytes, preventing oocytes from peroxynitrite-induced oocyte maturation failure, which might provide a novel approach to improve female livestock reproduction and cure female infertility in clinical practice.

An Efficient Nitroblue Tetrazolium Staining and Bright-Field Microscopy Based Method for Detecting and Quantifying Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species in Oocytes, Cumulus Cells and Embryos.

Assessment of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important for evaluating the developmental ability of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) and embryos. Although, fluorescence-based 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining method is used widely for detecting intracellular ROS in COC and embryos, it is associated with several limitations. This study aimed to develop an alternative method for detecting and quantifying intracellular ROS in oocytes, cumulus cells and embryos based on nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining and bright-field microscopy. Nitroblue tetrazolium reacts with ROS and forms formazan precipitate that can be detected as dark purple/blue spots under bright-field microscope. Ovine COC were matured in vitro without (control) or with the supplementation of Interleukin-7 (IL-7; for stimulating intracellular ROS), Tempol (superoxide scavenger) or combination of IL-7 and Tempol. The matured COC were stained with NBT and the formation of intracellular formazan precipitates was assessed. Additionally, the matured COC were stained with DCFH-DA to compare the level of intracellular ROS. Further, ovine embryos (8-cell, morula, and degenerating) were generated in vitro and stained with NBT for assessing intracellular ROS. The level of intracellular ROS was expressed as the proportion (%) of the NBT stained area of oocytes, compact cumulus cell masses or embryos. The proportions of NBT stained area in the matured oocytes and cumulus cells was found significantly lesser in the control as compared to the IL-7 (1 and 5 ng/ml) treated groups. A similar trend in the intracellular ROS level was also observed in the matured COC, when assessed based on the DCFH-DA staining. Following the treatment with Tempol (100 mM), negligible NBT stained area in oocytes and cumulus cells was observed. The NBT staining patterns of the oocytes and cumulus cells following the combined treatment with IL-7 (5 ng/ml) and Tempol (10 and 25 mM) were comparable with that of the control. The proportion of NBT stained area did not differ significantly between the 8-cell embryos and morula, but was found significantly greater in the degenerating embryos. In conclusion, the developed NBT staining method was found effective for detecting and interpreting the level of intracellular ROS in oocytes, cumulus cells and embryos. This method can be used as an alternative to the DCFH-DA staining method.

Effect of vitrification of in vitro matured prepubertal goat oocytes on embryo development after parthenogenic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection

This work studies the effect of vitrification of in vitro matured (IVM) prepubertal goat oocytes on: 1) oocyte damage assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and apoptosis and 2) embryo development after Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and Parthenogenic Activation (PA). Oocytes were IVM in supplemented TCM-199 for 22–24 h. Control group oocytes matured during 24 h were directly used for the analysis after IVM. Vitrified/warmed IVM-oocytes were vitrified after 22 h of IVM in 15% ethylene glycol (EG), 15% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and 0.5 M sucrose and after subjected to warming procedure. Oocyte ROS level was measured by staining denuded IVM-oocytes with 10 μM 2′7′ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V (AV) Apoptosis Detection kit and Propidium iodide (PI) signal and oocytes were classified as: Live (AV− PI−), early apoptotic (AV+ PI−), dead non-apoptotic (AV− PI+) and necrotic (AV+ PI+). Developmental competence of vitrified/warmed oocytes was assessed by PA (5 min in 5 μM Ionomycin plus 4 h in 2 mM 6-Dimethylaminopurine), and by ICSI fertilization. Presumptive zygotes were in vitro cultured for 8 days in commercial media BO-IVC. Vitrified/warmed oocytes showed higher ROS levels (P < 0.0001), lower live oocytes (44 vs. 66%; P: 0.0025) and higher dead non-apoptotic oocytes (33 vs. 13% P: 0.023) compared to control. No differences were found on normal zygote formation (2 PN) (32 vs. 25%) or blastocyst development (0 vs. 4%) after ICSI fertilization. However, after PA, significant differences were found in cleavage rate (59 vs.78%; P < 0.0343) and blastocyst formation (1 vs. 25%; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, vitrification reduced oocyte competence by increasing dead oocytes and ROS levels.

186 Protective effect of resveratrol on invitro fertilization of ovine oocytes matured under cadmium exposure

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic environmental and industrial heavy metals, with adverse effect on female reproduction. Earlier invitro studies have demonstrated that exposure to Cd during IVM impairs oocyte fertilization through the induction of oxidative stress (Martino et al. 2017 Reprod. Toxicol. 69, 132-145). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing IVM medium with resveratrol (Res), a phytoalexin with antioxidant activity, on IVF of ovine oocytes matured under Cd exposure and to evaluate whether this effect could be mediated by alterations of cortical granules (CGs) distribution and/or intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cumulus-oocyte complexes collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries of prepubertal ewes were invitro matured with 0μM CdCl2 (control), 2μM CdCl2 (Cd group), or 2μM CdCl2 + 1μM Res (Cd-Res). Groups of MII oocytes were invitro fertilized with ram semen (Bogliolo et al. 2011 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 23, 809-817). After 16h, oocytes were fixed with absolute ethanol, stained with Hoechst 33342, and classified as follows: normally fertilized (two pronuclei), polyspermic (more than two pronuclei), and abnormally fertilized (asynchronous pronucleus formation). Levels of ROS and distribution of CG in MII oocytes (n=25 each group) were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy after staining with 2’,7’dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated lectin peanut agglutinin, respectively (Jiao et al. 2013 PLoS One 8, 58018). Data of fertilization and CGs distribution were analysed by Chi-squared test and ROS levels (mean±standard error) by Kruskal-Wallis test with STATA\IC 11.0 (Stata Corp.). Oocytes matured in presence of Res had higher normal fertilization and lower polyspermy rates than those matured without Res (Table 1). Levels of ROS in oocytes were lower in the Cd-Res group than in the Cd group (74.4±1.3 vs. 122.4±1.5 pixel/oocyte; P&amp;lt;0.05), and similar to those of the control (71.1±2.3 pixel/oocyte). The ratio of oocytes of Cd-Res group with CGs normally distributed in the peripheral region was higher than that of Cd group (91.3% vs. 65.2%; P&amp;lt;0.05) and comparable to that of control oocytes (95.8%). Collectively, our results showed that resveratrol protects oocytes from Cd-induced alteration of normal fertilization by preventing oxidative stress and improving the major mechanism responsible for blockage of polyspermic fertilization. Table 1.Effect of resveratrol on IVF rate of oocytes matured under cadmium exposure Group No. of total oocytes No. of MII oocytes No. of fertilized oocytes (%) Normal Polyspermy Abnormal Control 136 105 (77.2) 59 (56.2)a 23 (21.9)a 6 (5.7) Cd 146 106 (72.6) 39 (36.8)b 38 (35.8)b 7 (6.6) Cd-Res 114 88 (77.2) 47 (53.4)a 16 (18.2)a 7 (7.9) a,bValues in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05). This project was supported by FDS 2016 (CUP J86C18000780005).

Effect of resveratrol on the &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; maturation of ovine (&lt;em&gt;Ovis aries&lt;/em&gt;) oocytes and the subsequent development of handmade cloned embryos

The effect of resveratrol on the in vitro maturation (IVM) of ovine (Ovis aries) oocytes and the development of handmade cloned embryos was evaluated. The nuclear maturation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the oocytes, as well as the early development and morphological cloned embryo quality, were evaluated under different resveratrol concentrations (0, 0.5, 2 and 5 μM). After IVM, no significant difference was observed in the maturation rate of oocytes treated with 0.5 μM (81.3 %) and 2 μM (72 %) resveratrol compared to that of the control group (0 μM) (74.2 %), but the rate significantly decreased at 5 μM (56 %) (p &lt; 0.05). When the oocyte ROS levels were determined, no significant differences among the groups were observed (p &gt; 0.05). For cloned embryo development, the embryos obtained from the oocytes treated with 0.5 μM resveratrol showed higher (p &lt; 0.05) compacted morula rates (10.7 %) compared to the embryos obtained from the oocytes treated with 0, 2 and 5 μM (6.2, 0 and 0 %, respectively). Regarding embryo morphological quality, the embryos from the oocytes treated with 0.5 μM resveratrol showed a lower rate of poor quality morulae (4.7 %) in comparison to those treated with 0, 2 and 5 μM (23.8, 23.3 and 33.3 %, respectively) (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, resveratrol showed no significant improvement on the IVM or ROS levels in domestic ovine oocytes. However, treatment with 0.5 μM resveratrol during IVM improved embryo quality and promoted morulae compaction of Ovis aries handmade cloned embryos.Figure 3. Different developmental stages of the HMC sheep embryos cultured in the WOW system. Cleaved embryos (a-d), 8‒16 blastomere embryos (e-h), morulae (i-l) and compact morulae (m-p) (200X).

Reactive oxygen species level, mitochondrial transcription factor A gene expression and succinate dehydrogenase activity in metaphase II oocytes derived from in vitro cultured vitrified mouse ovaries.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ovarian tissue vitrification and two-step in vitro culture on the metaphase II (MII) oocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. After collection of neonatal mouse ovaries, 45 ovaries were vitrified and the others (n = 45) were considered as control. All ovaries were cultured for seven days, and their isolated preantral follicles were cultured in three-dimensional culture system. After 12 days, the follicular development and oocyte maturation were evaluated and compared in vitrified and non-vitrified ovaries. The collected MII oocytes were inseminated with capacitated spermatozoa. Then, the fertilization, embryonic development, ROS level, TFAM gene expression and SDH activity of oocytes were assessed and compared. There was no significant difference between morphology and percentage of normal follicles between vitrified and non-vitrified ovaries at the beginning of culture. The follicular development and hormone level in the vitrified group was significantly lower than non-vitrified group and the ROS concentration in the vitrified group was significantly higher than non-vitrified group after one-week culture. After follicular culture, there was no significant difference in follicular development, oocyte maturation, fertilization rate, TFAM gene expression, ROS level and mitochondrial SDH activity between the groups. This study showed that ovarian tissue vitrification influences the follicular development through increase in ROS level during culture but these harmful effects may be recovered during the follicular culture period. Thus, vitrification and ovarian culture method should be improved.

Astaxanthin counteracts the effects of heat shock on the maturation of bovine oocytes.

The cellular mechanisms induced by elevated temperature on oocytes are not fully understood. However, there is evidence that some of the deleterious effects of heat shock are mediated by a heat-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this context, carotenoid antioxidants might have a thermoprotective effect. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the role of astaxanthin (AST) on oocyte ROS production and on the redox profile and developmental competency of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) after 14h heat shock (41°C) during in vitro maturation (IVM). Exposure of oocytes to heat shock during IVM increased ROS and reduced the ability of the oocyte to cleave and develop to the blastocyst stage. However, 12.5 and 25nM astaxanthin rescued these negative effects of heat shock; astaxanthin counteracted the heat shock-induced increase in ROS and restored oocyte developmental competency. There was no effect of astaxanthin on maturation medium lipid peroxidation or on glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity in oocytes and cumulus cells. However, astaxanthin stimulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in heat-shocked cumulus cells. In conclusion, direct heat shock reduced oocyte competence, which was restored by astaxanthin, possibly through regulation of ROS and SOD activity in oocytes and COCs.

Effects of Zinc Supplementation During In Vitro Maturation on Meiotic Maturation of Oocytes and Developmental Capacity in Yak.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element that is required during mammalian developmental processes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Zn supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) on the developmental capacity of yak (Bos grunniens) oocytes. Cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation, intracellular glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, subsequent embryonic development, and the expression of Zn transporters (ZnTs) and Zrt and Irt-like proteins (ZiPs) were evaluated. The Zn concentrations in yak plasma and follicular fluid were 0.740 ± 0.012 and 0.382 ± 0.009μg/mL, respectively. The cumulus expansion did not show significant differences in COCs after matured with or without Zn supplementation (P > 0.05). The intracellular GSH was higher in oocytes matured with 1 or 2mg/L Zn than in control group (0mg/L) (P < 0.05). However, ROS levels of oocytes matured with 1 or 2mg/L Zn were reduced significantly compared with the control and 0.5mg/L groups (P < 0.05). The SOD activity was increased significantly after Zn supplementation. The cleavage rate was not significantly different after Zn supplementation (P > 0.05). Percentages of matured oocytes that developed into the blastocyst stage after IVF were 47.9, 50.5, 60.4, and 58.9% for 0, 0.5, 1, and 2mg/L Zn groups, respectively. Gene expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns associated with Zn were changed after Zn supplementation. In conclusion, Zn supplementation to IVM improved yak oocyte maturation and subsequent development by increasing GSH and SOD activity, decreasing ROS in oocytes.

Supplementation with nanomolar concentrations of verbascoside during in vitro maturation improves embryo development by protecting the oocyte against oxidative stress: a large animal model study.

The effects of verbascoside (VB), added at nanomolar concentrations during in vitro maturation (IVM) of juvenile sheep oocytes, on in vitro embryo development and its mechanisms of action at the oocyte level were analyzed. Developmental rates, after IVM in the presence/absence of VB (1nM for 24h; 1nM for 2h; 10nM for 2h), were evaluated. The bioenergetic/oxidative status of oocytes matured after IVM in the presence/absence of 1nM VB for 24h was assessed by confocal analysis of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, and quantitative PCR of bioenergy/redox-related genes. The addition of 1nM VB during 24h IVM significantly increased blastocyst formation and quality. Verbascoside reduced oocyte ROS and LPO and increased mitochondria/ROS colocalization while keeping mitochondria activity and gene expression unchanged. In conclusion, supplementation with nanomolar concentrations of VB during IVM, in the juvenile sheep model, promotes embryo development by protecting the oocyte against oxidative stress.

Oxygen tension and oocyte density during in vitro maturation affect the in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes

&lt;p&gt;Oocyte maturation is the key factor affecting the fertilization and embryonic development. Factors such as oocyte density and oxygen tension can directly influence the IMV. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association of oxygen tensions (5% or 20%) with different oocyte densities (1:10?l or 1:20?l) in the &lt;em&gt;in vitro &lt;/em&gt;maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes on maturation and fertilization rates, ROS production and antioxidant activity. Three experiments were performed with bovine oocytes that were obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries. After selection, the oocytes were randomly distributed in four treatments: 1:10/5%; 1:10/20%; 1:20/5%and 1:20/20% for each experiment. In experiment I, nuclear maturation status and cytoplasmic maturation were evaluated through detection of the first polar body by immunofluorescence and the mitochondrial reorganization assay. In experiment II, ROS production and antioxidant activity were analyzed in oocytes and IVM medium after 24 h of maturation through detection of ROS, reduced glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutase activity by spectrofluorimetric methods. In experiment III, fertilization was evaluated through pronucleus formation, sperm penetration with or without decondensation and polyspermy rates by immunofluorescence. In experiment I, the nuclear maturation and cytoplasmic maturation were similar among treatments (P&amp;gt;0.05). In experiment II, reactive oxygen species in oocytes were elevated in treatments with low oxygen tension which was independent of oocyte density (P&amp;lt;0.05). Additionally, ROS levels in IVM medium were higher in treatments with high oocyte density by volume of medium, which was independent of oxygen tension (P&amp;lt;0.05). In Experiment III, the fertilization and penetration rates were higher in the treatment with 20% oxygen tension and high oocyte density (P&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, a high incidence of polyspermy was observed in groups with high oxygen tension and low oocyte density (P&amp;lt;0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate an interaction between oxygen tension and oocyte density, which increases ROS production in certain associations and subsequently influences the rates of &lt;em&gt;in vitro &lt;/em&gt;fertilization of bovine oocytes. The improved rates of IVF were obtained when IVM was conducted using 20% oxygen tension and high oocyte density (1:20 ul).&lt;/p&gt;

Oxygen tension and oocyte density during in vitro maturation affect the in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes

Oocyte maturation is the key factor affecting the fertilization and embryonic development. Factors such as oocyte density and oxygen tension can directly influence the IMV. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association of oxygen tensions (5% or 20%) with different oocyte densities (1:10?l or 1:20?l) in the in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes on maturation and fertilization rates, ROS production and antioxidant activity. Three experiments were performed with bovine oocytes that were obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries. After selection, the oocytes were randomly distributed in four treatments: 1:10/5%; 1:10/20%; 1:20/5%and 1:20/20% for each experiment. In experiment I, nuclear maturation status and cytoplasmic maturation were evaluated through detection of the first polar body by immunofluorescence and the mitochondrial reorganization assay. In experiment II, ROS production and antioxidant activity were analyzed in oocytes and IVM medium after 24 h of maturation through detection of ROS, reduced glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutase activity by spectrofluorimetric methods. In experiment III, fertilization was evaluated through pronucleus formation, sperm penetration with or without decondensation and polyspermy rates by immunofluorescence. In experiment I, the nuclear maturation and cytoplasmic maturation were similar among treatments (P&gt;0.05). In experiment II, reactive oxygen species in oocytes were elevated in treatments with low oxygen tension which was independent of oocyte density (P&lt;0.05). Additionally, ROS levels in IVM medium were higher in treatments with high oocyte density by volume of medium, which was independent of oxygen tension (P&lt;0.05). In Experiment III, the fertilization and penetration rates were higher in the treatment with 20% oxygen tension and high oocyte density (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, a high incidence of polyspermy was observed in groups with high oxygen tension and low oocyte density (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate an interaction between oxygen tension and oocyte density, which increases ROS production in certain associations and subsequently influences the rates of in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes. The improved rates of IVF were obtained when IVM was conducted using 20% oxygen tension and high oocyte density (1:20 ul).

The control of reactive oxygen species influences porcine oocyte in vitro maturation.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of varying intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during oocyte in vitro maturation with enzymatic ROS production systems (xanthine + xanthine oxidase or xanthine + xanthine oxidase + catalase), scavenger systems (catalase or superoxide dismutase + catalase) or cysteine on porcine oocyte maturation. Oocyte ROS levels showed an increase when H2O2 or O2∙(-) production systems were added to the culture medium (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the presence of ROS scavengers in the maturation medium did not modify oocyte ROS levels compared with the control after 48 h of maturation, but the addition of cysteine induced a decrease in oocyte ROS levels (p < 0.05). The ROS production systems used in this work did not modified the percentage of oocyte nuclear maturation, but increased the decondensation of sperm head (p < 0.05) and decreased the pronuclear formation (p < 0.05). In turn, the addition of O2∙(-) and H2O2 scavenging systems during in vitro maturation did not modify the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II nor the oocytes with decondensed sperm head or pronuclei after fertilization. However, both parameters increased in the presence of cysteine (p < 0.05). The exogenous generation of O2∙(-) and H2O2 during oocyte in vitro maturation would not affect nuclear maturation or later sperm penetration, but most of the spermatozoa cannot progress to form the pronuclei after fusion with the oocyte. The decrease in endogenous ROS levels by the addition of cysteine would improve pronuclear formation after sperm penetration.