Concentrations Of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites Research Articles

Influence of body lesion severity on oxidative status and gut microbiota of weaned pigs

Body lesions in pigs are a common welfare concern, particularly during the weaning period. These lesions can lead to pain, infection, and impaired mobility, resulting in reduced growth performance and increased mortality. Moreover, weaning stress can affect gut microbiota, immune response and increase the oxidative stress of piglets during this transition period. It has been hypothesised that social stress and body lesions could contribute to affect the gut microbiota, physiological and immune response of piglets. The study aims to evaluate the impact of the body lesions due to social stress on microbial profile, immune response, and oxidative status of weaned piglets. Lesion score (LS) on skin, tail, ear, neck, middle trunk, and hind quarters was measured 1 week (28 days of age, T1) and 7 weeks postweaning (T2) on 45 tail-docked pigs according to the method suggested from the Walfer Quality® (2009) on a scale from 0 to 2. Based on the LS, at T1, piglets were classified as High LS (n = 16), when LS was >1 in at least two of the areas considered, or Low LS (n = 29). At T2, based on the same scoring system and to the LS observed at T1, piglets were divided into four groups: High to Low LS (H-L, n = 11), High to High LS (H-H, n = 5), Low to Low LS (L-L, n = 21) and Low to High LS (L-H, n = 8). Blood and faecal samples were collected at T1 and T2. At T1, pigs with a high LS had a lower biological antioxidant potential compared with the L group (P < 0.02). At T2, the L-H group had a lower Reactive Oxygen Metabolites concentration compared with the H-H group (P = 0.03) while the L-L group had a lower concentration of Immunoglobulin A compared with H-H and L-H groups (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). At T1, piglets with high LS had a different microbiota compared to piglets with low LS (R2 = 0.04, P < 0.01). Low LS pigs were characterised by a higher abundance of Firmicutes, Blautia, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Faecalibacterium, Megasphaera, Subdoligranulum (P.adj < 0.05), while pigs with high LS were characterised by higher abundance of Bacteroidota, Rikenellaceae RC9, Prevotellaceae UCG-003, uncultured-Lachnospiraceae and uncultured-Oscillospiraceae (P.adj < 0.05). At T2, the H-H group were characterised by Oscillospirales-UCG-010, H-L by Agatobachter and L-L by Alloprevotella (P.adj < 0.05). Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the relationship between body lesions, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota in weaned pigs.

Metabolic and inflammatory responses reveal different adaptation to the transition period challenges in Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Simmental dairy cows

Twelve Holstein (HOL), 9 Brown Swiss (BRO), and 9 Simmental (SIM) dairy cows raised in the same barn and managed identically were enrolled to characterise the responses to the transition period. From −21 to 28 d from calving (DFC), body condition score (BCS) and milk yield were measured, and blood samples were collected to assess plasma biomarkers of metabolism, minerals, liver function, inflammation, and oxidative status. Compared with SIM, HOL and BRO had higher milk yield during the first week of lactation. HOL had the highest milk yield from the second to the fourth week and the lowest BCS at 28 DFC. SIM had the highest BCS and the highest plasma creatinine and P, reflecting a greater attitude to gain muscle mass. Compared with SIM, BRO and HOL had lower plasma fructosamine, indicating reduced glucose availability driven by lactose synthesis. SIM had the mildest acute phase response at the onset of lactation, as suggested by the lowest ceruloplasmin concentration. HOL had the highest cholesterol and paraoxonase concentrations, and the greatest interleukin-1β production by leukocytes following ex-vivo stimulation, suggesting that they had the quickest resolution of the acute phase response due to the fastest immune cell activation. BRO had the highest concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites, ceruloplasmin, bilirubin, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the lowest concentration of paraoxonase, reflecting the strongest activation of leukocytes and the most severe acute phase response. Together, these results highlight different metabolic and inflammatory conditions around calving in the three explored breeds. HIGHLIGHTS Holstein, Brown Swiss, and Simmental are dairy breeds selected for different purposes. These three breeds have different productivity, and metabolic and inflammatory responses during the transition period. Understanding the differences among breeds might improve their management, nutrition, and productivity in commercial dairy farms.

Effects of cottonseed meal on growth performance, liver redox status, and serum biochemical parameters in goslings at 1 to 28 days of age

BackgroundCottonseed meal (CSM), a relatively rich source of protein and amino acids, is used as an inexpensive alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in poultry diets. However, the toxicity of free gossypol in CSM has been a primary concern. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of CSM on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and liver redox status in goslings at 1 to 28 days of age. Three hundred 1-day-old male goslings were randomly divided into 5 groups (10 goslings/pen, 6 replicate pens/group) and subjected to a 28-day experiment. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated such that 0% (control), 25% (CSM25), 50% (CSM50), 75% (CSM75), and 100% (CSM100) of protein from SBM was replaced by protein from CSM. The free gossypol contents in the five diets were 0, 56, 109, 166, and 222 mg/kg, respectively.ResultsThe results showed that dietary CSM was associated with linear decreases in body weight, average daily feed intake and average daily gain and linear increases in the feed-to-gain ratio from 1 to 28 days of age (P < 0.001). As the dietary CSM concentration increased, a numerical increase was found in the mortality of goslings. According to a single-slope broken-line model, the breakpoints for the average daily gain of dietary free gossypol concentration on days 1 to 14, 15 to 28, and 1 to 28 occurred at 23.63, 14.78, and 18.53 mg/kg, respectively. As the dietary CSM concentration increased, serum albumin (P < 0.001) concentrations decreased linearly and serum uric acid (P = 0.011) increased linearly. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (P = 0.002) and catalase (P < 0.001) and glutathione peroxidase (P = 0.001) activities of the liver decreased linearly with increasing dietary CSM. However, dietary CSM did not affect the concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites, malondialdehyde, or protein carbonyl in the liver.ConclusionsThe increasing dietary CSM increased the concentration of free gossypol and altered the composition of some amino acids in the diet. A high concentration of CSM reduced the growth performance of goslings aged 1 to 28 days by decreasing feed intake, liver metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. From the primary concern of free gossypol in CSM, the tolerance of goslings to free gossypol from CSM is low, and the toxicity of free gossypol has a cumulative effect over time.

Effects of an Intravenous Infusion of Emulsified Fish Oil Rich in Long-Chained Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Plasma Total Fatty Acids Profile, Metabolic Conditions, and Performances of Postpartum Dairy Cows During the Early Lactation.

A group of 10 multiparous Italian Holstein cows were housed in individual tied stalls and infused with 150 ml of saline (CTR; 5 cows), or of 10% solution rich in long-chained omega-3 fatty acids (n3FA; 5 cows) at 12, 24, and 48 h after calving. From −7 to 21 days from calving (DFC), the body condition score, body weight, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk yield were measured, blood samples were collected to assess the plasma fatty acids (FA) and metabolic profiles, and milk samples were collected to assess the milk composition. Data underwent a mixed model for repeated measurements, including the treatment and time and their interactions as fixed effects. Plasma FA profile from n3FA cows had lower myristic and higher myristoleic proportions, higher cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid and monounsaturated FA proportions at 3 DFC, and lower cis-10-pentadecanoic proportion at 10 DFC. Besides these, n3FA cows had higher eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) proportions (1.09 vs. 0.71 and 0.33 vs. 0.08 g/100 g), confirming the effectiveness of the infusion in elevating plasma availability of these FA. The plasma metabolic profile from n3FA cows revealed a tendency toward a lower concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites at 1 DFC and lower haptoglobin at 2 and 3 DFC, reflecting a mitigated inflammatory state. Furthermore, n3FA cows had a higher DMI during the first week of lactation. Higher DMI of n3FA could account for the changes detected on their plasma FAs, the higher milk yield they had at 1 and 2 DFC, the reduced lactose and urea nitrogen content in their milk. Higher DMI could also account for the lower plasma urea that n3FA cows had at 1 and 2 DFC, suggesting a lower amount of endogenous amino acids deserved to gluconeogenic fate. Milk from n3FA cows had lower rennet clotting time and higher curd firmness, which is probably driven by a higher EPA and DHA inclusion in the milk fat. Together, these outcomes suggest that the infusion exerts a short-term anti-inflammatory action on dairy cows at the onset of lactation.

Hydropinotherapy with Sulphurous Mineral Water as Complementary Treatment to Improve Glucose Metabolism, Oxidative Status, and Quality of Life.

Hydropinotherapy is a salus per aquam (Spa) treatment suitable as a complementary approach to treat several diseases, which strongly affect the quality of life (QoL). Hydropinotherapy with sulphurous mineral water exerts benefits thanks to components, such as hydrogen sulphide, which is considered mainly responsible for antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effects. Such properties, linked from each other, could favour an improvement in patients’ QoL. However, data on humans are scarce. This study aimed to investigate whether a cycle of sulphurous hydropinotherapy was able to modify plasma levels of glucose and reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) and improve QoL in patients suffering from several chronic disorders. A prospective, observational study involved patients with gastrointestinal diseases who received a prescription of a cycle of sulphurous hydropinotherapy (S-HT). Age- and sex-matched control group was enrolled (No S-HT). Glycaemia and plasma concentration of ROMs were measured in all subjects. The impact of spa treatment on the QoL was assessed using the Short Form 36 Health Status Survey questionnaire (SF-36). All parameters were measured at baseline and at the end of a 2-week treatment. Between the groups, no differences were found in glycaemia and ROMs at baseline. In the S-HT group, a reduction in glycaemia and ROMs, both in respect to baseline (p = 0.005 and p = 0.031, respectively) and to control group, as shown by the delta value calculated, as the difference between the values at 2 weeks and baseline (p = 0.0009 and p = 0.0001, respectively). In the S-HT, delta ROMs was the best predictor of delta glycaemia with a direct linear correlation (beta = 0.559, 95% CI 0.471 to 0.647, p < 0.0001). In the S-HT, the SF-36 total score was improved both when compared with baseline (p = 0.002) and with No S-HT (p = 0.001). Sulphurous hydropinotherapy induces a decrease in glycaemia and ROM levels, also ameliorating the patients’ QoL. Therefore, it could be considered a useful complementary therapeutic approach.

Effects of a Maternal Essential Fatty Acid and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation during Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation on Hematologic and Immunological Traits and the Oxidative and Anti-Oxidative Status in Blood Plasma of Neonatal Calves.

Simple SummaryFatty acids play an important role in the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. The birth and the neonatal period are characterized by a high risk of inflammation and an increased production of reactive oxygen species in the calf. The present study deals with the effects of a different maternal fatty acid supply including the supplementation of saturated fatty acids by coconut oil, essential fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid or a combination of essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on the immunological and oxidative as well as anti-oxidative status of neonatal calves. Maternal essential fatty acid as well as conjugated linoleic acid supply affected the inflammatory response and the oxidative and anti-oxidative status of the neonatal offspring. Essential fatty acids might have beneficial effects on the prevention of dysregulated inflammation after birth and reduced the plasma bilirubin concentrations in this period. Conjugated linoleic acid and saturated fatty acids might increase the inflammatory response. Similarly, plasma bilirubin increased, which in part might serve as a protector against oxidative stress in the early phase after birth.Fatty acids are known for their regulatory role in inflammation and oxidative stress. The present study investigated 38 calves born from dams, abomasally supplemented with coconut oil, essential fatty acids (EFA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or EFA + CLA, according to immunological traits and the oxidative and anti-oxidative status for the first 5 days of life. On day 2 of life, plasma total bilirubin, cholesterol, interleukin 1-β and ferric ion reducing anti-oxygen power (FRAP) were lower in calves with than without maternal EFA supplementation, and FRAP additionally on day 4. On day 3, the concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites were higher in calves with than without maternal EFA supplementation and additionally on day 5 together of retinol. Total leucocyte counts were decreased in the EFA group compared to the CLA group on day 5. Lymphocyte proportions decreased from day 1 to 5 only in the EFA + CLA group. On day 2, plasma total protein was higher in CLA and EFA + CLA than in EFA calves. Similarly, CLA calves had higher interleukin 1-β concentrations compared to EFA + CLA calves. FRAP was decreased by CLA on day 4. Overall, the maternal fatty acid supply affected the inflammatory response and the oxidative and anti-oxidative status of the neonatal offspring.

202 Plasma Isoprostanes, but Not Thiobarbituic Acid Reactive Substances, Are a Reliable Measure of Lipid Oxidation in Growing Pigs Fed Peroxidized Soybean Oil

Abstract Past experiments have reported conflicting effects of feeding peroxidized soybean oil (pSO) to growing pigs on plasma F2-isoprostanes (ISP) and thiobarbituic acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations. Two experiments were conducted to clarify these inconsistencies. In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), 13.5 to 24.0 kg pigs were fed diets for 22 d which contained 10% SO that was either unheated or peroxidized (heated at 135°C for 42 h). In experiment (Exp. 2), 21.3 to 37.5 kg pigs were fed diets for 27d which contained either 8% SO or pSO. Blood was collected from 1 pig per pen on d 21 and 26 from Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively, with plasma subsequently analyzed for ISP, TBARS, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), and antioxidant capacity (AXC). Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with experiment as the blocking factor. There were 10 replications per dietary treatment within each experiment. Pigs fed pSO had reduced gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency compared to pigs fed SO (P ≤ 0.01). Pigs fed pSO had increased concentrations of ISP (P ≤ 0.01), but tended to have decreased concentrations of TBARS (P = 0.10) compared to pigs to pigs fed SO. Pigs fed pSO had increased concentrations of ROM (P ≤ 0.01) while plasma concentrations of AXC did not differ (P = 0.28) compared to pigs fed SO. As a result, the oxidative stress index (OSi), based on the ratio between ROM and AXC, increased (P = 0.04) in pigs fed pSO compared to pigs fed SO. In conclusion, feeding pSO reduces pig performance and increases oxidative stress as measured by plasma ISP, ROM, and OSi. In contrast plasma TBARS were unaffected and may suggest they are not to be relied upon as a sole measure of oxidative stress, specifically lipid damage, in growing pigs.

Maternal body condition during late-pregnancy is associated with in utero development and neonatal growth of Holstein calves

BackgroundNutritional management in the dry period can alter body condition score (BCS) in dairy cows, a subjective measure of body fat. As such, differences in BCS during late-pregnancy not only mirror nutrient utilization by fat depots, but also can play important roles on the metabolic and hormonal environment. We investigated the association between cow BCS during late-pregnancy on developmental parameters and blood variables of neonatal calves. Forty-nine multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively divided by prepartal BCS into normal BCS ≤3.25 (NormBCS; 3.02 ± 0.17, n = 30) or high BCS ≥3.75 (HighBCS; 3.83 ± 0.15, n = 19) groups. Plasma samples were collected from cows at − 10 d relative to parturition. Body weight, hip and wither height, hip width and body length were measured at birth and weekly through weaning (42 d of age) and until 9 weeks of age. Calf blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at birth (before receiving colostrum, 0 d), 24 h after first colostrum and at 7, 21, 42 and 50 d of age. The data were subjected to ANOVA using the mixed procedure of SAS. The statistical model included day, BCS, and their interactions.ResultsDry matter intake (kg/d or % of body weight) during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy was lower (P ≤ 0.06) in HighBCS cows. Plasma concentrations of fatty acids, ceruloplasmin, and nitric oxide were greater overall (P < 0.05) at d − 10 prior to calving in HighBCS cows, and they tended (P = 0.08) to have greater concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites. Birth body weight was lower (P = 0.03) in calves born to dams with HighBCS. In addition, plasma concentrations of fatty acids, albumin and urea (P < 0.05) were greater in those calves. Although calves born to cows with HighBCS maintained a lower postnatal body weight (P = 0.04), hip and wither height, hip width, and body length, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in daily starter intake and average daily gain due to maternal BCS.ConclusionsOverall, results highlight an association between BCS during late-gestation on in utero calf development and postnatal growth. A high maternal BCS during late-gestation was associated with lower calf body weights, which could be due to lower maternal intakes and a state of inflammation and metabolic stress.

One-carbon, carnitine, and glutathione metabolism-related biomarkers in peripartal Holstein cows are altered by prepartal body condition

We investigated how prepartal body condition score (BCS) alters key hepatic enzymes associated with 1-carbon, carnitine, and glutathione metabolism and the related biomarkers in liver tissue and plasma of periparturient dairy cows. Twenty-six multiparous Holstein dairy cows were retrospectively selected according to BCS at 4 wk prepartum and divided into high (HighBCS, BCS ≥ 3.50) and normal (NormBCS, BCS ≤ 3.25) BCS groups (n = 13 each). Blood plasma samples were obtained at -30, -10, 7, 15, and 30 d relative to calving. Liver tissue biopsies were performed at -15, 7, and 30 d relative to calving, and samples were used to assess protein abundance via Western blot assay. Cows in the HighBCS group lost ∼1 unit of BCS between -4 and 4 wk around calving, while NormBCS cows lost ∼0.5 unit in the same period. Prepartal dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d) did not differ between groups. Compared with NormBCS cows, HighBCS cows had higher postpartal DMI and milk yield (+5.34 kg/d). In addition, greater overall plasma concentrations of fatty acids and activity of the neutrophil-enriched enzyme myeloperoxidase were observed in HighBCS compared with NormBCS cows. Despite similar reactive oxygen metabolite concentrations in both groups at 30 d, HighBCS cows had lower overall concentrations of β-carotene and tocopherol, explaining the lower (BCS × Time) antioxidant capacity (ferric reducing ability of plasma). The HighBCS cows also had greater liver malondialdehyde concentrations and superoxide dismutase activity at 30 d. Overall, compared with NormBCS cows, HighBCS cows had lower hepatic protein abundance of the 1-carbon metabolism enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1 A (MAT1A), as well as the glutathione metabolism-related enzymes glutathione S-transferase α 4 and glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3). A lower protein abundance of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) at -15 and 7 d was also observed. Regardless of BCS, cows had increased abundance of GSTM1 and GPX3 between -15 and 7 d around calving. A marked decrease of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase 1 from -10 to 7 d in HighBCS compared with NormBCS cows suggested a decrease in de novo carnitine synthesis that was partly explained by the lower abundance of MAT1A. Overall, data suggest biologic links between BCS before calving, milk yield, immune response, and hepatic reactions encompassing 1-carbon metabolism, carnitine, and antioxidant synthesis.

Selenomethionine Improves Antioxidant Capacity of Breast Muscle in Geese Via Stimulating Glutathione System and Thiol Pool.

The antioxidant capacity of breast muscle in geese fed diets with sodium selenite (SS) or selenomethionine (SeMet) were investigated in the present study. Two hundred healthy 28-day-old male geese were randomly allotted into four groups (one inorganic group and three organic groups) with five replicates per group. Geese in the four groups were fed the basal diet with 0.3mg selenium (Se)/kg SS, and the basal diet with 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4mg Se/kg SeMet, respectively. The experiment lasted for 42days. Diets with SS or SeMet had no significant effect on growth performance of geese. Geese fed diets with SeMet had higher Se content of breast muscle than SS (P < 0.001). Compared to SS, SeMet increased scavenging abilities of 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt free radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical, the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiol and non-protein thiol, as well as the activity of glutathione peroxidase in breast muscle of geese (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary SeMet reduced the concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl in breast muscle of geese compared to SS (P < 0.05). Therefore, SeMet improved the antioxidant capacity of breast muscle in geese, which might be related to the stimulated GSH-system and thiol pool. The recommended inclusion level of SeMet in goose diet is 0.2mg Se/kg.

Comparison of grain-based diet supplemented with synthetic vitamin E and lucerne hay-based diet on blood oxidative stress biomarkers and lamb meat quality

Individually-housed lambs were used to compare the effect of a grain-based diet supplemented with moderate (MOD) or supranutritional (SUP) levels of vitamin E and selenium, and a lucerne hay-based diet (LUC) on plasma-oxidative stress biomarkers, muscle pH decline and meat quality. Lambs fed LUC had different reactive oxygen metabolite concentrations and biological antioxidant potentials to the MOD and SUP treatment groups. All plasma oxidative stress markers decreased in concentration across the four sampling time points measured over the eight week feeding study, except biological antioxidant potential (BAP). Diet did not impact on lamb muscle pH decline traits. Of the meat quality traits measured, the effect of diet was only significant for shear force which was highest for the LUC lambs. Particle size and carbonyl content in meat were influenced by ageing period. Meat cooking loss, peroxidase activity and oxidation-reduction potentials were not influenced by any experimental factors. These findings show that LUC offers a strategic feeding system that is comparable to MOD and SUP diets.

The effect of subchronic oral exposure to zearalenone on hematologic and biochemical analytes, and the blood redox status of adult rabbit bucks.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycoestrogen with a ubiquitous presence in animal feeds, which also has hematotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and immunotoxic properties. However, there is a paucity of literature that discusses the effects of ZEN on rabbits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a prolonged, low-level (50μg ZEN/kg body weight) exposure on the clinicopathologic and redox status analytes of rabbit bucks. Ten adult bucks were included in the study. Each underwent a 7-week control period, followed by a 7-week exposure period. Water or ZEN solutions were daily administered orally (0.5mL) during the control and exposure periods, respectively. Blood samples were collected weekly for Complete Blood Counts, serum biochemical analyte and reactive oxygen metabolite (ROM) measurements. Data were analyzed using a mixed model, and the level of significance was set at a P of <0.05. During the ZEN exposure period, significant increases were noted in the red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volumes (MPVs), as well as in the white blood cell, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. Significant increases were observed in aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin, whereas urea, creatinine, glucose, total calcium, sodium, and potassium concentrations were significantly decreased. The ROM concentrations did not differ significantly between the control and ZEN exposure periods. Under the present experimental conditions, ZEN affected some of the clinicopathologic analytes of adult rabbit bucks; these changes were mostly indicative of mild hepatocellular damage and dysfunction, inflammatory and/or allergic responses, and renal tubular damage. A ZEN dose of 50μg/kg body weight did not seem to affect the blood redox status of bucks, as evaluated by the ROM concentrations.

Photoresponsiveness affects life history traits but not oxidative status in a seasonal rodent

BackgroundShortening photoperiod triggers seasonal adjustments like cessation of reproduction, molting and heterothermy. However there is a considerable among-individual variation in photoresponsiveness within one population. Although seasonal adjustments are considered beneficial to winter survival, and natural selection should favor the individuals responding to changes in photoperiod (responders), the phenotype non-responding to changes in day length is maintained in population. Assuming the same resource availability for both phenotypes which differ in strategy of winter survival, we hypothesized that they should differ in life history traits. To test this we compared reproductive traits of two extreme phenotypes of Siberian hamster Phodopus sungorus – responding and non-responding to seasonal changes in photoperiod. We bred individuals of the same phenotype and measured time to first parturition, time interval between litters, offspring body mass 3, 10 and 18 days after birth and their growth rate. We also analyzed nest-building behavior. Additionally, we estimated the correlation between reproduction, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) and oxidative status in both phenotypes to infer about the effect of reproductive output on future investments in somatic maintenance.ResultsPrior to reproduction responding individuals were smaller than non-responding ones, but this difference disappeared after reproduction. Responding pairs commenced breeding later than non-responding ones but there was no difference in time interval between consecutive litters. Responders delivered smaller offspring than non-responders and more out of responding individuals built the nest during winter than non-responding ones. Reproduction did not affect future investments in somatic maintenance. Phenotypes did not differ in BMR and oxidative status after reproduction. However, concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) was highest in responding males, and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) was higher in males of both phenotypes than in females.ConclusionsDelayed breeding in responding Siberian hamsters and high ROM concentration in male responders support our hypothesis that differences in adjustment to winter result in different life history characteristics which may explain coexistence of both phenotypes in a population. We propose that polymorphism in photoresponsiveness may be beneficial in stochastic environment, where environmental conditions differ between winters. We suggest that non-responding phenotype may be particularly beneficial during mild winter, whereas responders would be favored under harsh conditions. Therefore, none of the phenotypes is impaired when compared to the other.

Antioxidant capacity is repeatable across years but does not consistently correlate with a marker of peroxidation in a free-living passerine bird.

Oxidative stress occurs when reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceed antioxidant defences, which can have deleterious effects on cell function, health and survival. Therefore, organisms are expected to finely regulate pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes. ROS are mainly produced through aerobic metabolism and vary in response to changes in energetic requirements, whereas antioxidants may be enhanced, depleted or show no changes in response to changes in ROS levels. We investigated the repeatability, within-individual variation and correlation across different conditions of two plasmatic markers of the oxidative balance in 1108 samples from 635 free-living adult collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). We sought to manipulate energy constraints by increasing wing load in 2012 and 2013 and by providing additional food in 2014. We then tested the relative importance of within- and between-individual variation on reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), a marker of lipid and protein peroxidation, and on non-enzymatic antioxidant defences (OXY test). We also investigated whether the experimental treatments modified the correlation between markers. Antioxidant defences were repeatable (range of repeatability estimates = 0.128-0.581), whereas ROMs were not (0-0.061). Antioxidants varied neither between incubation and nestling feeding nor between sexes. ROMs increased from incubation to nestling feeding in females and were higher in females than males. Antioxidant defences and ROM concentration were globally positively correlated, but the correlation varied between experimental conditions and between years. Hence, the management of oxidative balance in wild animals appears flexible under variable environmental conditions, an observation which should be confirmed over a wider range of markers.

Effect of Beta-Carotene Supplementation on the Serum Oxidative Stress Biomarker and Antibody Titer against Live Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination in Japanese Black Calves.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vaccination and beta-carotene supplementation on blood oxidative stress and antibody response in calves. Thirty Japanese Black calves were randomly assigned to two groups. Fifteen calves received 20 mg of beta-carotene supplemented into their daily provided rations from 2 to 8 weeks of age (BC group), and the other 15 calves did not receive the daily beta-carotene supplement (control group). All calves received a commercially available modified live bovine respiratory syncytial (RS) virus vaccine at 4 and 8 weeks of age. Blood samples were taken at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age. At 4 weeks of age, the concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites within serum were significantly lower in the BC group than the concentrations measured in the control group. Also at 4 weeks of age, the concentration of biological antioxidant capacity within serum was significantly higher in the BC group than the concentrations measured in the control group. Both groups showed a gradual decrease of antibody titers to live bovine RS virus in the samples taken from 2 to 12 weeks of age. These results confirmed that beta-carotene supplementation decreased oxidative stress. However, beta-carotene supplementation did not affect the antibody response to live bovine RS virus vaccination, perhaps due to the presence of the maternal antibody.

Dietary enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. supplementation alleviates liver oxidative injury of broilers reared under high ambient temperature

Heat stress induced by high ambient temperature is a major concern in commercial broiler production. To evaluate the effects of dietary enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. (EA) supplementation on growth performance and liver oxidative injury of broilers reared under heat stress, a total of 320 22-day-old male broilers were randomly allotted into five groups with eight replicates of eight birds each. Broilers in the control group were housed at 22±1°C and fed the basal diet. Broilers in the HS, HS-EA1, HS-EA2, and HS-EA3 groups were fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25g/kg EA, respectively, and reared under cyclic high temperature (34±1°C for 8h/day and 22±1°C for 16h/day). Broilers fed EA diets had higher final body weight, average daily body weight gain, and average daily feed intake, as well as liver concentration of reduced glutathione, activities of antioxidant enzymes, abilities to inhibit hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical (HS-EA2 and HS-EA3), and lower liver concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl (HS-EA1, HS-EA2, and HS-EA3) than HS group (P<0.05). EA treatment downregulated the mRNA levels of heat shock proteins 70 and 90, upregulated the mRNA levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (HS-EA1, HS-EA2, and HS-EA3) and heme oxygenase 1 (HS-EA2 and HS-EA3) in liver of heat-treated broilers (P<0.05). In conclusion, EA alleviated heat stress-induced growth depression and liver oxidative injury in broilers, possibly through improving the antioxidant capacity and regulating the pertinent mRNA expression. The appropriate inclusion level of EA in broiler diet is 1.00-1.25g/kg.

Relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and hemorheology assessed by microchannel method in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In addition to atherosclerosis, impairment of blood rheology is an important factor in cardiovascular events. The present study attempted to clarify the relationship between hemorheology and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus assessed by a microchannel method. We enrolled 294 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (109 males and 185 females; mean age, 69±11years) with no history of cardiovascular events. Hemorheology was evaluated with a microchannel array flow analyzer, and the relationship between whole-blood passage time (WBPT) and various clinical parameters was examined. WBPT was significantly correlated with advanced glycation end-product (AGE) levels at the skin (r=0.49, p<0.001), serum reactive oxygen metabolite concentrations (oxidative stress markers) (r=0.25, p<0.001), the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI, arterial function marker) (r=0.32, p<0.001), and a number of classical cardiovascular risk factors in an individual (r=0.45, p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that these factors were selected as independent variables for WBPT as a subordinate factor. Hemorheology is significantly associated with novel cardiovascular risk factors, such as AGEs, in vivo oxidative stress, and CAVI, and clustering of classical cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Reference intervals for serum reactive oxygen metabolites, biological antioxidant potential, and oxidative stress index in adult rams.

OBJECTIVE To establish reference intervals for serum reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and oxidative stress index (OSi) in adult rams by use of controlled preanalytic and analytic procedures. ANIMALS 123 healthy 1- to 4-year-old rams of 2 Greek breeds (Chios [n = 62] and Florina [61]). PROCEDURES 4 hours after rams were fed, a blood sample was obtained from each ram, and serum was harvested. Concentrations of ROMs and BAP were measured colorimetrically on a spectrophotometric analyzer. The OSi was calculated as ROMs concentration divided by BAP concentration. Combined and breed-specific reference intervals were calculated by use of nonparametric and robust methods, respectively. Reference intervals were defined as the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles. RESULTS Reference intervals for ROMs, BAP, and OSi for all rams combined were 65 to 109 Carratelli units, 2,364 to 4,491 μmol/L, and 18.2 to 43.0 Carratelli units/(mmol/L), respectively. Reference intervals of Chios rams for ROMs, BAP, and OSi were 56 to 113 Carratelli units, 2,234 to 4,290 μmol/L, and 12.9 to 38.4 Carratelli units/(mmol/L), respectively. Reference intervals of Florina rams for ROMs, BAP, and OSi were 68 to 111 Carratelli units, 2,337 to 4,363 μmol/L, and 14.1 to 38.1 Carratelli units/(mmol/L), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Reference intervals calculated in this study can be used as a guide for the interpretation of ROMs, BAP, and OSi results in rams and, under appropriate conditions, can be adopted for use by veterinary laboratories.

Differences in the oxidative balance of dispersing and non-dispersing individuals: an experimental approach in a passerine bird.

BackgroundDispersal is often associated with a suite of phenotypic traits that might reduce dispersal costs, but can be energetically costly themselves outside dispersal. Hence, dispersing and philopatric individuals might differ throughout their life cycle in their management of energy production. Because higher energy expenditure can lead to the production of highly reactive oxidative molecules that are deleterious to the organism if left uncontrolled, dispersing and philopatric individuals might differ in their management of oxidative balance. Here, we experimentally increased flight costs during reproduction via a wing load manipulation in female collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) breeding in a patchy population. We measured the effects of the manipulation on plasmatic markers of oxidative balance and reproductive success in dispersing and philopatric females.ResultsThe impact of the wing load manipulation on the oxidative balance differed according to dispersal status. The concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), a marker of pro-oxidant status, was higher in philopatric than dispersing females in the manipulated group only. Differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals also depended on habitat quality, as measured by local breeding density. In low quality habitats, ROMs as well as nestling body mass were higher in philopatric females compared to dispersing ones. Independently of the manipulation or of habitat quality, plasma antioxidant capacity differed according to dispersal status: philopatric females showed higher antioxidant capacity than dispersing ones. Nestlings raised by philopatric females also had a higher fledging success.ConclusionsOur results suggest that dispersing individuals maintain a stable oxidative balance when facing challenging environmental conditions, at the cost of lower reproductive success. Conversely, philopatric individuals increase their effort, and thus oxidative costs, in challenging conditions thereby maintaining their reproductive success. Our study sheds light on energetics and oxidative balance as possible processes underlying phenotypic differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0697-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Maternal rumen-protected methionine supplementation and its effect on blood and liver biomarkers of energy metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in neonatal Holstein calves

In nonruminants, nutrition during pregnancy can program offspring development, metabolism, and health in later life. Rumen-protected Met (RPM) supplementation during the prepartum period improves liver function and immune response in dairy cows. Our aim was to investigate the effects of RPM during late pregnancy on blood biomarkers (23 targets) and the liver transcriptome (24 genes) in neonatal calves from cows fed RPM at 0.08% of diet dry matter/d (MET) for the last 21 d before calving or controls (CON). Blood (n=12 calves per diet) was collected at birth before receiving colostrum (baseline), 24 h after receiving colostrum, 14, 28, and 50 d (post-weaning) of age. Liver was sampled (n=8 calves per diet) via biopsy on d 4, 14, 28, and 50 of age. Growth and health were not affected by maternal diet. The MET calves had greater overall plasma insulin concentration and lower glucose and ratios of glucose-to-insulin and fatty acids-to-insulin, indicating greater systemic insulin sensitivity. Lower concentration of reactive oxygen metabolites at 14 d of age along with a tendency for lower overall concentration of ceruloplasmin in MET calves indicated a lesser degree of stress. Greater expression on d 4 of fructose-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), and the facilitated bidirectional glucose transporter SLC2A2 in MET calves indicated alterations in gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake and release. The data agree with the greater expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Greater expression on d 4 of the insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin-responsive serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT2) in MET calves indicated alterations in insulin signaling. In that context, the similar expression of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) in CON and MET during the preweaning period followed by the marked upregulation regardless of diet after weaning (d 50) support the idea of changes in hepatic insulin sensitivity during early postnatal life. Expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) was overall greater and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) was lower in MET calves, indicating alterations in fatty acid oxidation. Except forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), all genes changed in expression over time. Transcriptome results indicated that calves from MET-supplemented cows underwent a faster maturation of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in the liver, which would be advantageous for adapting to the metabolic demands of extrauterine life.