Reaction Of Benzaldehyde Research Articles

Cu (ii) Immobilized on Mesoporous Poly (Guanidine–Triazine–Sulfonamide) (PGTSA/Cu): A New Catalyst for the Synthesis of Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines

ABSTRACTThe study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a new mesoporous polysulfonamide stabilizer using condensation polymerization and the nanocasting technique. The resulting material, PGTSA, was modified with copper ions and used as a nanocatalyst in the reaction of benzaldehydes, 1H‐tetrazole‐5‐amine, and malononitrile. The performance of the mesoporous PGTSA/Cu (II) was compared with non‐porous PGTSA/Cu (II), highlighting the significance of support porosity in catalytic activity and loading of copper species. Based on the analysis of the ICP and catalytic performance, it was observed that mesoporous PGTSA/Cu (II) exhibited a higher level of catalytic activity compared to PGTSA/Fe3O4/Cu (II) and non‐porous PGTSA/Cu (II). Also, the catalytic activity of the aryl aldehyde was significantly influenced by its electrical characteristics. The recovery and reusability of the PGTSA/Cu (II) catalyst are noteworthy aspects, highlighting the practicality and sustainability of the catalytic system. The amount of copper in fresh catalyst and the recycled catalyst after six times recycling is 1.57% and 1.52%, respectively. Therefore, ICP‐OEIS analysis indicated that copper leaching of this catalyst is very low. The procedure offered high product yields, easy recovery of the nanocatalyst, remarkable reusability, short reaction times, and compatibility with various substrates.

Design, synthesis, and biological investigations of new pyrazole derivatives as VEGFR2/CDK-2 inhibitors targeting liver cancer

New Series of N-Manniche bases 3,4 (a-c) and 5,6 (a-b) were synthesized through the reaction of benzaldehyde and amine with 3-methyl-4-(aryldiazenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ol derivatives 2(a-c), they were fully characterized by FT-IR, (1H, 13C) NMR data in addition to their mass spectra. The Structural Activity Relationship of the target compounds were examined for their cytotoxicity. Some newly synthesized compounds showed promising antiproliferation properties when tested against HepG2 cancer cells. Compounds 4a, 5a, and 6b showed potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 with IC50 values of 4.4, 3.46 and 2.52 µM compared to Sorafenib (IC50 = 2.051 µM) and Roscovitine (IC50 = 4.18 µM). Furthermore, they were safe against the THLE2 cells with higher IC50 values. Compound 6b exhibited promising dual VEGFR2/CDK-2 inhibition activities; it had an IC50 value of 0.2 μM with VEGFR2 inhibition of 93.2%, and it had an IC50 value of 0.458 μM with CDK-2 inhibition of 88.7%. In comparison to the untreated control group (0.95%), compounds 5a (38.32%) and 6b (42.9%) considerably increased the cell population in total apoptosis. In addition, compounds 5a and 6b arrested the cell population at G0-G1 and S phases, respectively. Molecular docking experiments confirmed the virtual binding mechanism of the most active drugs, which were found to have good binding affinities with both receptor active sites.

Multicomponent one pot synthesis of substituted pyridines with a highly active and recyclable hydrotalcite-lanthanum nanocatalyst

Herein, the synthesis of 2-amino-3,5-dicyano-6-sulfanyl pyridine derivatives has been studied due to wide applications of highly substituted pyridines. At first, Hydrotalcite (HT) with various loading amounts of lanthanum (HT-La) was synthesized. Then, their catalytic activities were investigated for the condensation reaction of benzaldehyde, malononitrile, and thiophenol under reflux condition as a model reaction. The prepared HT nanocatalyst with 10 mol% of La showed the best performance in this multicomponent reaction. In addition, the reusability of the nanocatalyst was studied and the results showed, that the prepared nanocatalyst could be reused several times with an only moderate decrease in activity. Subsequently, HT-La (10 mol%) efficiently catalyzed the one-pot condensation reaction for the synthesis of highly substituted pyridines under reflux conditions. The products were produced with excellent yields, short reaction times, and easy recyclability of the nanocatalyst.

Analysis and Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Canned Minced Chicken and Pork during Processing.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent important toxic compounds formed in meat products during processing. This study aims to analyze 22 PAHs by QuEChERS coupled with GC-MS/MS in canned minced chicken and pork during processing. After marinating raw minced chicken and pork separately with a standard flavoring formula used for canning meat in Taiwan, they were subjected to different processing conditions including stir-frying, degassing and sterilizing at 115 °C/60 min (low-temperature-long-time, LTLT) and 125 °C/25 min (high-temperature-short-time, HTST). The quantitation of PAHs in these meat products revealed the formation of only three PAHs including acenaphthylene (AcPy), acenaphthene (AcP) and pyrene (Pyr) in canned minced chicken and pork during processing with no significant difference in total PAHs between the meat types. Analysis of PAH precursors showed the presence of benzaldehyde at the highest level, followed by 2-cyclohexene-1-one and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal in canned minced chicken and pork, suggesting PAH formation through the reaction of benzaldehyde with linoleic acid degradation products and of 2-cyclohexene-1-one with C4 compounds through the Diels-Alder reaction, as well as the reaction of trans,trans-2,4-decadienal with 2-butene. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present in the largest proportion in LTLT-sterilized chicken/pork, followed by HTST-sterilized chicken/pork and raw chicken/pork, and their levels did not show a high impact on PAH formation, probably due to an insufficient heating temperature and length of time. A two-factorial analysis suggested that PAH formation was not significantly affected by the sterilization condition or meat type. Principal component analysis corroborated the observed results implying the formation of PAHs in canned minced chicken/pork under different processing conditions with an insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between them, with the individual PAH content following the order of Pyr > AcPy > AcP.

Small Organic Molecule‐Assisted Mesoscopic Self‐Assembly of SnO2 Nanoparticles: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of β‐Nitroaldol

AbstractOver the past few decades, huge number of mesoporous materials have been synthesized by using supramolecular assembly of ionic/non‐ionic surfactants as structure‐directing agents (SDAs). Here, we report a facile synthetic strategy to fabricate self‐assembled SnO2 nanoparticles with well‐defined nanocrystalline spherical morphology and mesoporosity using sodium salicylate as a SDA and stabilizing agent. The mesophases of the materials were investigated by powder X‐ray diffraction, TEM and N2 sorption studies. TEM results show that the mesopores are formed by the assembly of ultrasmall SnO2 NPs with broad range of interparticle voids and N2 sorption studies agreed well with this TEM data. This synthesis strategy facilitated the generation of SnO2 NPs with increased surface area and pores of nanoscale dimensions with a large number of exposed surface‐active sites. The photoinduced electron transfer in these materials was investigated by the fluorescence quenching study with pyranine, which suggested the presence of surface Lewis basicity. The materials showed excellent catalytic activity for the synthesis of β‐nitroaldol through the reaction of benzaldehyde and nitromethane. The heterogeneous nature of the catalyst could be attributed to the high surface area, presence of numerous surface active sites, and structural robustness of the self‐assembled SnO2 nanostructure. The catalysts exhibited negligible loss in activity after several catalytic cycles.

Mechanism and Origin of Stereoselectivity of N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Catalyzed Transformation Reaction of Benzaldehyde with o-QDM as Key Intermediate: A DFT Study.

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-bound ortho-quinodimethane, served as a nucleophile, has occupied an important position for constructing various all-carbon or heterocyclic compounds and attracted increasing attention for the functionalization of benzylic carbon of aromatic aldehydes, whereas the mechanistic studies on the generation and transformations of dienolate intermediate are rare. In the present study, the mechanism of activation/transformation of aldehyde catalyzed by NHC was theoretically studied using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Based on the calculations, the nucleophilic addition process is the stereoselectivity-determining step with RS-configured product being generated preferentially. Furthermore, non-covalent index (NCI) and atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analyses have been performed to disclose the origin of stereoselectivity, by which the larger number and stronger weak interactions are the key for stabilizing the low-energy transition state and thus leading to the stereoselectivity inducing.

A Novel One-Pot Three-Component Approach to Orthoaminocarbonitrile Tetrahydronaphthalenes Using Triethylamine (Et_3N) as a Highly Efficient and Homogeneous Catalyst Under Mild Conditions and Investigating Its Anti-cancer Properties Through Molecular Docking Studies and Calculations

An efficient and environmentally friendly method for the one-pot synthesis of ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalenes has been developed in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) as a homogeneous catalyst. The multicomponent reactions of benzaldehydes, cyclohexanone and malononitrile were carried out under mild conditions to obtain some ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives. A broad range of structurally diverse benzaldehydes were applied successfully, and corresponding products (4A-L) were obtained in good to excellent yields (87-98%) in very short times (10-25 minutes). The present approach provides several advantages including simple workup, high yields, very mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, little catalyst loading and not requiring specialized equipment. Furthermore, with the help of computational chemistry and drug design methods, the anti-cancer properties of these compounds were studied and investigated. All the synthesized compounds bind to an agonist at the active site of the 3A8P protein, which leads to the inactivation of this protein and produces beneficial effects during cancer treatment. In synthesized compounds, the ligands establish hydrogen bonds with leucine A:728 residues through nitrogen, which has a very special and vital role in biological sciences and pharmaceutical connections. In this study, it was found that these compounds have the potential to become an oral anti-cancer drug.

Oxone-mediated dakin reaction of benzaldehydes to phenols

We report the Dakin reaction using Oxone as a mild and green oxidant. This protocol does not require acidic additives or transition metal catalysts. It effectively operates on salicylaldehyde and benzaldehyde substrates, yielding catechols and phenols in moderate to high yields.

Mechanism and Enantioselectivity in QUINOX-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylations of Aromatic Aldehydes: Solvent and Substituent Effects.

Computational investigations were conducted on the QUINOX-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of aromatic aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilanes. Our calculations provide evidence that the catalytic allylation can follow distinct mechanisms, depending on the solvent employed. In toluene and CH2Cl2, the QUINOX-catalyzed allylation predominantly follows an associative pathway, while in CH3CN, a dissociative pathway becomes more favorable. Noncovalent interactions, such as π-stacking effects for the associative mechanism and CH/π interactions for the dissociative mechanism, play a pivotal role in enantiostereodifferentiation in the asymmetric QUINOX-catalyzed reactions of benzaldehyde. Furthermore, the study unveils how different aldehyde substituents exert differing influences on the catalytic allylation reaction. Specifically, the QUINOX-catalyzed allylation of 4-(trifloromethyl)benzaldehyde displays a strong preference for the associative pathway, yielding excellent results in both yield and enantioselectivity. Conversely, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde tends to favor a dissociative mechanism with reduced yields and enantioselectivity. The mechanistic basis for these remarkable substituent effects on the catalytic allylation reaction was also elucidated. In summary, this research enhances our understanding of the QUINOX-catalyzed asymmetric allylation, shedding light on the role of solvents and substituents in the reaction mechanism and enantioselectivity.

Catalytical advantages of Hf-MOFs in benzaldehyde acetalization

The potential use of acetals as bioadditives based on sustainable feedstocks in the automotive industry is of great interest. If such feedstock is a residual stream, the process would represent a dual environmental challenge, such as the valorization of glycerol obtained as a by-product of biodiesel to produce acetals. There are just scarce works about this synthetic route due to the challenge in finding efficient catalytic converters for glycerol valorization in a single process. Herein four different Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are evaluated as heterogeneous catalysts for the acetalization reaction of benzaldehyde with methanol, specifically, two structures, MOF-808 and UiO-66, containing two structural metal ions, zirconium and hafnium. The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the MOF structure, the metallic active sites and the reaction conditions on the catalytic performance of this acetal production-type reaction. Furthermore, the recyclability of the catalyst is evaluated, and a potential reaction mechanism is suggested. As relevant results, Hf-MOFs showed higher benzaldehyde conversion than Zr-based ones, and significant improvements in reaction conditions were achieved, such as a significant reduction in catalyst loading of 99.6 % using UiO-66-Hf, and an optimization of reagent ratios reducing methanol consumption by 50 % for a 92 % of benzaldehyde conversion. The Brønsted character of UiO-66-Hf seems to enhance the reaction rate more than the metal center accessibility and larger pore volumes offered by MOF-808.

Monomethylated Tröger's-base-containing polyimidazolinium salt as an efficient catalyst for cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides

In this work, the model reaction of benzaldehyde and ammonium chloride has been studied by detailed product analysis and characterization. Subsequently, amarine and iso-amarine hydrochlorides (1, 2), dimethylated amarine and iso-amarine ionic salts (3, 4), together with monomethylated Tröger's-base ionic salt (6) have been separately synthesized and characterized. In addition, their catalytic performance towards the cycloaddition of CO2 to epichlorohydrin is compared under identical conditions. It is observed that their catalytic activity follows the order of 3 ≈ 4 >6 > 1 ≈ 2. Inspired by the highly catalytic activity of 3, 4 and 6, a novel monomethylated Tröger's-base-containing polyimidazolinium salt (namely PMDD-IL) has been synthesized by one-pot reaction of Tröger's-base-containing dialdehyde monomer (MDD) with ammonium chloride followed by treatment with excess iodomethane in the presence of sodium hydride. The as-synthesized PMDD-IL network exhibits highly catalytic activity towards the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides, providing nearly quantitative selectivity (99%) and conversion (99%) over a wide substrate scope of epoxides at atmospheric CO2 pressure (epichlorohydrin, 100 °C/10 h; epibromohydrin, 100 °C/12 h; glycidyl phenyl ether, 100 °C/24 h; styrene oxide, 100 °C/24 h; and 2-butyloxirane, 100 °C/24 h). The excellent catalytic activity of PMDD-IL network can be ascribed to the high nucleophilicity of iodine anion along with the strong interactions between PMDD-IL network and CO2 molecules.

A Novel One-Pot Three-Component Approach to Orthoaminocarbonitrile Tetrahydronaphthalenes Using Triethylamine (Et_3N) as a Highly Efficient and Homogeneous Catalyst Under Mild Conditions and Investigating Its Anti-cancer Properties Through Molecular Docking Studies and Calculations

An efficient and environmentally friendly method for the one-pot synthesis of ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalenes has been developed in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) as a homogeneous catalyst. The multicomponent reactions of benzaldehydes, cyclohexanone and malononitrile were carried out under mild conditions to obtain some ortho-aminocarbonitrile tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives. A broad range of structurally diverse benzaldehydes were applied successfully, and corresponding products (4A-L) were obtained in good to excellent yields (87-98%) in very short times (10-25 minutes). The present approach provides several advantages including simple workup, high yields, very mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, little catalyst loading and not requiring specialized equipment. Furthermore, with the help of computational chemistry and drug design methods, the anti-cancer properties of these compounds were studied and investigated. All the synthesized compounds bind to an agonist at the active site of the 3A8P protein, which leads to the inactivation of this protein and produces beneficial effects during cancer treatment. In synthesized compounds, the ligands establish hydrogen bonds with leucine A:728 residues through nitrogen, which has a very special and vital role in biological sciences and pharmaceutical connections. In this study, it was found that these compounds have the potential to become an oral anti-cancer drug.

Preparation of pyridinium-based ionic liquid and application as a green catalyst for the synthetic route of 4H-1-benzopyran-5(6H)-ones

1-(4-sulfobutyl)pyridinium chlorozincate ionic liquid was synthesised in high yield (89%) through a simple route and characterised using FT-IR, NMR, and HRMS spectroscopy. The one-pot reaction was employed for the condensation reaction of benzaldehydes, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, and dicyanomethane, utilising the prepared ionic liquid catalyst. The optimal conditions for the reaction were achieved with a catalyst loading of 10 mol%, a solvent mixture of water and ethanol (1:1, v/v), maintained at 100°C for 180 minutes. A broad spectrum of benzopyran-5(6H)-one derivatives was prepared, yielding moderate to good results. The notable features of this procedure include readily available substrates, short reaction times, the use of environmentally friendly solvents, and the elimination of the need for chromatography in the isolation of products. Anew acidic pyridinium-based ionic liquid was successfully synthesised and used as a catalyst in the synthetic process of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-phenyl-7,7-dimethyl-7,8-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-5(6H)-ones. These reactions involved a condensation reaction of aromatic benzaldehydes, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, and dicyanomethane in a solvent mixture of ethanol and water, resulting in the desired products in moderate to good yields. The procedure is efficient and eco-friendly, and the products can be easily obtained by recrystallisation. Thus, this protocol offers an alternative to existing methods.

Effect of divalent cations on the basicity and catalytic performance of layered double hydroxide heterogeneous catalyst in microwave-assisted aldol-condensation of benzaldehyde with 1–heptanal

In this study, we investigated the catalytic activity of bimetallic layered double hydroxide catalysts (M–Al–LDH) in the aldol condensation reaction between benzaldehyde (B) and 1–heptanal (H). Specifically, we used M–Al–LDH, where M represents magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) with the same molar ratio of M/Al = 3, as heterogeneous basic catalysts for the aldol–condensation to produce jasminaldehyde (J). To prepare the M–Al–LDH catalysts, we employed the co-precipitation method using the nitrate precursors under a nitrogen atmosphere. Sodium hydroxide was used as the precipitating agent. The resulting solids were characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), and BET textural analysis, to study their structural properties. The performance of the catalysts was evaluated and compared in the aldol condensation reaction of benzaldehyde with 1–heptanal under solvent-free conditions, which were carried out in a microwave oven. We also investigated the influence of several reaction parameters on the conversion of 1–heptanal and the selectivity ratio (J/P) in detail to determine the optimal reaction conditions. The results obtained showed that the optimized Mg–Al–NO3 catalyst exhibited a higher conversion of 1–heptanal (99.7%) with a good selectivity ratio (J/P) of 4.00 compared to the other materials studied. Furthermore, the reaction proceeded rapidly in all cases, indicating the practicality of our protocol for the synthesis of jasminaldehyde.

Fabrication of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Mixed-Matrix Membranes by "Soft Spray" Technique.

Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) represent a class of composite membranes that seamlessly integrate the properties of MOF fillers and polymer matrix into a hybrid system and have been widely used in countless advanced technologies. However, there remains a need for scalable and simple manufacturing techniques that can fabricate a MOF-based MMM with uniform dispersion. Herein, a series of MMMs with well-dispersed MOFs are constructed by a soft spray technique. In brief, by uniformly spraying metal ions onto the surface of a mixed solution containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and organic ligands, a free-standing MMM is synthesized at the miscible liquid-liquid interface, facilitated by the dual function of metal ions. Moreover, soft spray technology can also introduce multifunctional materials into the MMM to customize performance. We have successfully introduced carbon black into a MOF-based MMM by soft spray, resulting in MMMs with excellent photothermal effects. The resulted MOF-based MMM exhibits favorable catalytic performance in the condensation reaction of benzaldehyde with primary amines, and the MOF-based MMM modified with carbon black significantly boosts the endothermic CO2 conversion. The work opens a new avenue for the development of MOF-based MMMs with a promising future.

CuWO4 Reinforced Co‐doped HAp Nanocomposite: Improved Photocatalytic Activity Towards Degradation of Eosin Y and Catalytic Activity in Crossed Aldol Condensation Reaction

AbstractPreventing the recombination of photoinduced charge carriers in different semiconductor photocatalysts is crucial but high‐performance photocatalyst is still challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel heterojunction of cobalt‐doped hydroxyapatite with CuWO4 i. e. Co‐HAp@CuWO4 nanocomposite by simple and facile ultrasonication technique. The morphological and structural features of the composite was examined using PXRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, TEM, UV‐DRS and XPS techniques. The optical analysis showed that the band gap of Co‐HAp@CuWO4 nanocomposite is 1.59 eV which is very much lower than pure HAp. The photocatalytic efficiency of Co‐HAp@CuWO4 was assessed in the degradation of Eosin Y dye under solar light irradiation. The result of degradation capacity is 94.5 % after 70 minutes of solar irradiation and it follows pseudo first‐order kinetics. The impact of different reaction parameters such as catalyst amount, initial concentration of the dye, and solution pH was also examined. The recyclability test showed that the synthesized material was highly stable in the visible‐light driven dye degradation. Heterogeneous catalytic efficacy of the prepared nanocomposite was examined in the crossed aldol condensation reaction of benzaldehyde and acetone and the outcomes confirmed that dibenzylideneacetone (DBA) was formed in the condensation reaction in outstanding yields under optimum conditions.

Cu-Catalyzed, electron-relayed three-component synthesis of 2-alkenylbenzothiazoles with cathodic ammonia evolution

A CuI-catalyzed, one-pot, three-component reaction of benzaldehydes, 2-aminobenzothiol and malononitrile is described, wherein CuI plays an electron relay. The method features simplified operation, highly atom economy, and mild reaction conditions.

One-pot template-free synthesis of metal-doped ETS-10 zeolites for Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate

Three types of metal-doped ETS-10 zeolites including Ni-ETS-10, Al-ETS-10, and Ga-ETS-10 were successfully synthesized by one-pot template-free hydrothermal treatments. The effect of doping metals on the crystallinity, morphology, textural property, and basicity of the produced zeolites was systematically studied. It was found that doping with an appropriate amount of Ni could enhance the crystallinity and basicity of ETS-10 zeolites in comparison with Al and Ga, and the Ni species mainly existed in two forms of framework coordination and exchange site connection within Ni-ETS-10. The catalytic evaluation by the liquid Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate confirmed the superiority of ETS-10 and metal-doped ETS-10 in comparison with the contrast base zeolites of NaY and KY. And the 0.4Ni-ETS-10 catalyst exihibted the best performance with 75.6 % yield of ethyl ɑ-cyanocinnamate (ECC) among all the synthesized (metal-doped) ETS-10 zeolites. It is reasonable to expect that the demonstrated work has important implications for the design and facile synthesis of new-type high-performance base zeolite catalysts.

Effect of counterion on the catalytic activity of NHC-gold(I) in A3 coupling reactions

Synthetic A3-coupling represents an efficient and environmentally convenient procedure for the production of propargylamines, relevant intermediates for the preparation of pharmacologically active substances. Gold(I) complexes of general formula NHC-Au-X have been synthesized, characterized, and tested in the A3-coupling reaction of benzaldehyde, piperidine and phenylacetylene on varying the anionic fragment X as halogenide (Cl, Br, I), acetate (OAc), hexafluorophosphate (PF6) or phenylacetylide (-C≡CPh), with 5-dichloro[N-methyl, N’(2-hydroxy-2-phenyl)ethyl imidazole-2-ylidene as NHC ligand. The kinetic profiles were interpreted with DFT (Density Functional Theory) studies on bond dissociation energies (BDE) of the counterion as well as on the relative stability of the neutral NHC-Au-X complexes with respect to their ionic forms [Au(NHC)2]+[AuX2]−.

Nitrogen-doped carbon confined cobalt nanoparticles as the steric acid-base multifunctional catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation

Nitrogen-doped carbon confined cobalt nanoparticles (Co-N-C) were synthesized through multi-step pyrolysis method. The Co-N-C samples exhibit excellent catalytic performance in the Knoevenagel reaction of benzaldehyde and malononitrile, of which the yield can be as high as 93.7% within 2.5 min with outstanding stability and recyclability. The catalytic performance may be primarily ascribed to the richness in nitrogen and cobalt in the form of the solid Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP), i.e. the Co ion acts as a Lewis acid site to activate the carbonyl oxygen of benzaldehyde molecules, and nitrogen in carbon acts as a Lewis base site to activate the methylene hydrogen of malononitrile. From the perspective of intrinsic catalytic activity, variations in catalytic properties are attributed to the electron density distribution on the surface of the catalyst.