Reaction Time Procedure Research Articles

Implicit Black identification among White non-Hispanic respondents and support for Black reparations

Abstract Theories of self-interest and ingroup-favouritism dominate Western thought. They give Black reparations in the US little chance of electoral success while African Americans remain a minority. Could Black reparations become feasible despite this limitation? I propose ‘relational identity theory’, a combination of Simon’s (1993) utility theory as well as Aron and Aron’s (1986) self-expansion theory, as an alternative to theories of self-interest and ingroup-favouritism. The theory allows for the inclusion of an outgroup in the self-concept. An online reaction-time procedure (n = 1,341) suggests that among White non-Hispanic respondents, implicit Black identification is the strongest predictor of support for Black reparations. Pooled reaction-time data from three studies involving 1,594 White non-Hispanic respondents suggests that implicit Black identification is based on feelings of closeness, warmth, and empathic concern for African Americans resembling Black group attachment. Significant implicit Black identifiers among White non-Hispanic respondents fall between Black non-Hispanic and other White non-Hispanic respondents in their race-related political opinions. ‘Relational identity theory’ can help economists, political scientists, and psychologists explain how majority domination (e.g. slavery and Jim Crow in the United States) could be overcome despite the democratic principle of majority rule. The theory suggests that Black reparations might become politically feasible one day.

Using reaction time procedures to assess implicit attitudes toward violence in a nonconvicted male sample.

In this study, we sought to capture implicit attitudes toward violence by administering response latency measures. We then examined their associations with explicit (e.g., assessed with self-report) attitudes toward violence and self-reported violent behavior in a combined sample of males from a Canadian university and males from the general community (N = 251; 156 students and 95 community members). To date, there have been mixed findings regarding these associations; some of this inconsistency may be due to the difficulty in accurately conceptualizing and assessing implicit attitudes toward violence. Therefore, we administered three response latency measures to assess this construct: a violence evaluation implicit association test (VE-IAT), a personalized VE-IAT (P-VE-IAT), and a violence evaluation relational responding task, along with three self-report measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and three self-report measures of violent behavior. More positive implicit attitudes toward violence were related to more positive explicit attitudes toward violence (for VE-IAT and P-VE-IAT; r = 0.18 to 0.22), greater likelihood of violence (for VE-IAT; r = 0.18 and for P-VE-IAT; r = 0.16), and greater propensity for violence (for the VE-IAT; r = 0.16). All measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and violent behavior were moderately to strongly associated with one another (r = 0.42 to 0.81). Furthermore, implicit attitudes toward violence explained additional variance in some violent outcomes above explicit attitudes alone. Our findings suggest that scores on certain reaction time measures are important for understanding likelihood and propensity for violence, especially when combined with explicit attitude measures.

Microfluidic magnetic detection system combined with a DNA framework-mediated immune-sandwich assay for rapid and sensitive detection of tumor-derived exosomes

Tumor-derived circulating exosomes (TDEs) are being pursued as informative and noninvasive biomarkers. However, quantitatively detecting TDEs is still challenging. Herein, we constructed a DNA tetrahedral-structured probe (TSP)-mediated microfluidic magnetic detection system (μFMS) to provide a rapid and sensitive platform for analyzing TDEs. CD63 aptamer-modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were constructed to form magnetic nano-report probes (MNRs). The microfluidic chips were fabricated from glass functionalized with DNA TSP-modified aldehyde groups and a PDMS layer designed with serpentine microchannels. An induction coil-based magnetic detector was used to measure the magnetic signal. The linear dynamic range of the μFMS system for TDE assays was 1.98 × 103–1.98 × 107 particles/mL with a limit of detection of 1.98 × 103 particles/mL in PBS. There was no significant difference in TDE detection between the simulated serum and PBS, which indicated the feasibility of the constructed μFMS system for TDE analysis in complex biological systems. In terms of cost, reaction time and operation procedure, this μFMS has the potential to be developed as a clinical point-of-care testing tool for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics.

Metal organic framework as a matrix for laser desorption/ionisation of environmental pollutants and other small molecules

ABSTRACT Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a widely used method for analysing environmental pollutants and proteins. However, this technology has been limited in its ability to analyse small molecules (<700 Da) due to interference from conventional organic matrix background ions, leading to poor signal-to-noise ratios and reproducibility. In an effort to address this limitation, we have developed a new method for synthesising titanium metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as matrices for MALDI-TOF analysis. Specifically, we used a microwave-assisted facile synthesis method that results in smaller MOF particle sizes and requires less reaction time and simpler procedures. Our MOF, also known as NTU-9, was constructed using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as a ligand and titanium as a metal site. These constituents make NTU-9 highly efficient for photon absorption and target ionisation, allowing for improved MALDI-TOF analysis of diverse molecules, including environmental pollutants and other small molecules.

Wang-OSO3H catalyzed one-pot sonochemical synthesis of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives: Their in silico / in vitro assessments against MtbCM

The sonochemical synthesis, in silico assessment and in vitro MtbCM inhibitory activities of a series of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives are described. These compounds were synthesized via a one-pot two-step sonochemical method involving the Wang-OSO3H catalyzed reaction of 2-aminobenzenesulfonamide with aldehydes followed by treatment with NaHSO3 in the same pot. The reaction proceeded at room temp in pure water affording the desired products in good yields. The use of heterogeneous catalyst, common oxidant, water as a solvent and ultrasound as the source of green energy in addition to the mild conditions, shorter reaction time and simple operational procedure are the key features of this methodology. In silico studies suggested that most of the synthesized compounds interacted with the external surface pockets of the MtbCM (PDB: 2FP2) active site cavity. Indeed, a curved loop site was noted where these compounds were binding and aligned. Three compounds e.g. 3c, 3d and 3e interacted well with MtbCM via the -NHSO2- moiety of their 2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine-1,1-dioxide ring showing a common H-bond with SER70. They also showed good (55–63%) inhibition of MtbCM in vitro when tested at 10 µM. According to the SAR study a 4-substututed phenyl ring was preferred over a 3- or 2-substutited phenyl moiety at the C-2 position and the 4-MeOC6H4 substituent at this position was most effective in terms of activity. On the other hand, mediocre to low activity was observed when a heteroaryl ring or the bulky 2-naphthyl moiety was present at the C-2 position. Based on in silico and in vitro studies along with the ADME predictions the 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives 3c, 3d and 3e emerged as pre-hits for further pharmacological evaluations.

Synthesis and characterization of InP quantum dots for photovoltaics applications

In this article, InP quantum dots (QDs) are synthesized with a green methodology. The preparation of the InP QDs is demonstrated by varying the ratios of the precursors used such as InCl3 and trioctylphosphine (TOP). These QDs are fabricated through the application of TOP (as phosphorous source and reducing agent for the In salt) for forming indium and to develop the targeted InP QDs, which are characterized using HRTEM, XRD, PL, FTIR, UV–Vis, and time resolved spectroscopy. A rapid reaction time (~ 30 min) procedure in a single pot at a temperature of ~ 310 °C is developed. InP QDs with particle sizes varying from 4 to 6 nm have been measured with different concentrations of InCl3 and TOP. InP QDs yield reached 23%. Zincblende crystal structure is recognized for InP with high orientation plane of (220) as confirmed with XRD and confirmed with SAED. Solar cell devices are built by anchoring the InP QDs onto a TiO2 layer and measure the photovoltaic performance and spectral response of the device built on FTO/glass substrate. TiO2/InP QDs solar cell devices are fabricated with high fill factor of 0.86 and open circuit voltage value of 501 mV and overall efficiency of 0.48%.

Thin Film Composite Polyamide (TFC-PA) total heat exchange membranes (THEMs) with ultrahigh sensible heat recovery and greatly improved CO2 barrier property

Thin Film Composite Polyamide (TFC-PA) Total Heat Exchange Membranes (THEMs) with ultrahigh sensible heat exchange efficiency, high enthalpy exchange efficiency, high CO2 gas barrier property were successfully prepared by interfacial polymerization between m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The performances of formed THEMs could be greatly impacted by their surface roughness, thickness, surface hydrophilicity, cross-linking degree and counter-ions retention controlled by the MPD concentration, TMC concentration, reaction time and post treatment procedures. Their H2O permeation coefficient could be improved by increasing the surface hydrophilicity and decreasing cross-linking degrees of the formed polyamide layers while their CO2 barrier property could be improved by retaining more counter ions in PA layers. THEMs with ultrahigh sensible heat exchange efficiency of 95%+, high enthalpy exchange efficiency of 60%–65%, greatly improved CO2 barrier property and superior mechanical strengths could be obtained for potential applications in ERV systems.

Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Mediated Multicomponent Synthesis of 4- thiazolidinone-5-carboxylic Acid: A Green Chemistry Approach

Background: The 4-thiazolidinone-5-carboxylic acid and its derivatives have diverse applications in agriculture, industrial and pharmaceutical fields. Therefore, the synthesis of this heterocyclic compound attracted much attention from researchers with green chemistry protocols. In this research work, we have introduced the green protocol for the synthesis of 4-thiazolidinone- 5-carboxylic acid by keeping the parameters in mind like cost-effective, environmentally benign, short reaction time and easy work-up procedure. Methods: Initially, we irradiated the mixture of substituted aldehyde, thiosemicarbazide and furan 2-5-dione in the presence of choline chloride-thiourea-based Deep Eutectic Solvent [DES] as a green medium. The reaction optimization was performed in different solvents like ethanol, glycerol, and PEG-400. Results: The DES, which was used as a green solvent, produced an excellent result in context to short reaction time, yield, easy workup, mild reaction condition and cost-effective protocol. All the results are discussed. Conclusion: The DES-mediated synthesis of 4-thiazolidinone-5-carboxylic acid is found to be an excellent protocol, which followed green chemistry principles. This method has specific features like mild reaction conditions, environmentally benign, cost-effective and easy workup procedure.

Cu(OAc)2 catalyzed ultrasound assisted rapid synthesis of isocoumarin derivatives bearing 3-oxobutyl moiety at C-4 position

A rapid synthesis of isocoumarins has been achieved via the Cu-catalysed cascade reaction involving tandem intramolecular cyclization followed by olefin addition under ultrasound irradiation. The methodology involved one-pot reaction of 2-alkynylbenzoate esters with methyl vinyl ketone in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 in aqueous DMF to afford a range of isocoumarin derivatives bearing 3-oxobutyl moiety at C-4 position. The use of inexpensive, stable and environmentally friendly catalyst along with aqueous media, shorter reaction time and simple operational procedure are the key advantages of this Pd-free methodology. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Catalytic performance of copper(II) Schiff base complex immobilized on Fe3O4 nanoparticles in synthesis of 2-amino-4H-benzo[h] chromenes and reduction of 4-nitrophenol

A copper(II) Schiff base complex immobilized on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a coating of silica shell (Fe3O4@SiO2CPS-CuL) have been synthesized as an effective nanocatalyst. The as‐synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2CPS-CuL and its precursors were well characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). As a next step, the synthesized nanocatalyst was utilized for the preparation of 2-amino-4Hbenzo[h]chromenes through one-pot multicomponent reactions as well as efficient reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. High reaction conversion, short reaction time and simple procedure are some of advantages of this work. In addition, the nanocatalyst could be separated easily from the reaction mixture using an external magnet and reused several consecutive runs for both reactions with only low diminish of its catalytic efficiency.

New Strategy for Synthesis of Anticancer Active Piperastrol, Enastron Using Ammonium Sulfocyanate

This report describes an efficient and mild approach for the synthesis of Piperastrol and Enastron via a one-pot three-component cyclocondensation reaction employing ammonium sulfocyanate (NH4SCN) on gram scale in isopropyl alcohol–PEG 400 medium. In this reaction, ammonium sulfocyanate is not only the reacting component but also accelerates the rate of reaction to afford Biginelli compounds. High yields, short reaction time and easy workup procedure are the key advantages of the present protocol. Ammonium sulfocyanate is readily available, cheaper, safer and industrially acceptable inorganic salt.

Acyl(imidoyl)ketenes: Reactive Bidentate Oxa/Aza-Dienes for Organic Synthesis

Polyfunctional building blocks are essential for the implementation of diversity-oriented synthetic strategies, highly demanded in small molecule libraries’ design for modern drug discovery. Acyl(imidoyl)ketenes are highly reactive organic compounds, bearing both oxa- and aza-diene moieties, conjugated symmetrically to the ketene fragment, enabling synthesis of various skeletally diverse heterocycles on their basis. The highlights of reactions utilizing acyl(imidoyl)ketenes are high yields, short reaction time (about several minutes), high selectivity, atom economy, and simple purification procedures, which benefits the drug discovery. The present review focuses on the approaches to thermal generation of acyl(imidoyl)ketenes, patterns of their immediate transformations via intra- and intermolecular reactions, including the reactions of cyclodimerization, in which either symmetric or dissymmetric heterocycles can be formed. Recent advances in investigations on mechanisms, identifications of intermediates, and chemo- and regioselectivity of reactions with participation of acyl(imidoyl)ketenes are also covered.

Fe3O4@cysteine nanocomposite: An efficient and reusable catalyst for the facile, green, one-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine via Hantzsch reaction

• Fe 3 O 4 @cysteine magnetic nano particle were prepared. • The catalyst used for Hantzsch reactions for preparing 1, 4-dihydropyridine derivatives with high efficiencies. • Key advantages are high yields, short reaction time and simple work-up procedure. • The nanomagnetic catalyst could be recovered from solution with an external magnet at once, allowing undemanding recovery and reuse. • The catalyst was reused for five times with no considerable decrease in catalytic activity. An efficient, clean, and environmentally friendly three-component/one-pot protocol was developed for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines using Hantzsch reaction by a reaction of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium carbonate using Fe 3 O 4 @cysteine magnetic nanoparticles as a catalyst. This strategy provides several advantages such as good to high yields (79 to 96%), short reaction time, a simple work-up procedure, less tedious workup, mild condition, avoidance of hazardous organic solvents, minimal waste, recyclability of catalyst, ability to tolerate a variety of functional groups which gives economical as well as ecological rewards and no chromatographic purification. The present protocol takes advantage of the fact that water, a green solvent is used in combination with Fe 3 O 4 @cysteine nanoparticles as a catalyst which can be easily recovered magnetically and reused for further runs. Also, this efficient and practical protocol proceeded smoothly in gram scale at lower catalytic concentration. An efficient, clean, and environmentally friendly three-component/one-pot protocol was developed for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines using Hantzsch reaction by a reaction of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium carbonate using Fe 3 O 4 @cysteine magnetic nanoparticles as a catalyst. The advantages of methods are shorter reaction time, milder conditions, easy work-up and purification of products by non-chromatographic methods.

Tb2(WO4)3@N-GQDs-FA as an efficient nanocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of β-aminoalcohols in aqueous solution

In the current study, Tb2(WO4)3@N-(GQDs) modified with folic acid (FA) was synthesized during the chemical reaction of terbium (III) tungstate nanoparticles with nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) and introduced as a heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of β-aminoalcohols derivatives. The as-prepared Tb2(WO4)3@N-GQDs-FA is stable at −4 °C for at least two month. Herein, the reaction time, solvent, and catalyst amount were optimized. The Tb nanostructure exhibited a high efficiency, less reaction time, excellent selectivity, and simple procedure for these transformations. The performance Tb2(WO4)3@N-GQDs-FA nanocatalyst catalyst is thoroughly investigated which shows several advantageous including to facile preparation from readily available materials. Shorter reaction times, easy work-up, green reaction media, higher yields (near 97%), and no need to use the chromatographic column are the advantages of the reported synthetic method. The Tb2(WO4)3@N-GQDs-FA heterogeneous catalyst has been recovered through filtration and also reused for multiple cycles. The recovered catalyst can be used for another nine successive reaction without noticeable loss in activity. The reaction time is also reduced and products can be obtained by convenient workup, and environmental-friendly procedure.

Green and efficiently synthesized tetrasubstituted imidazole: introduced bismuth oxide co-doped Lu3+, Er3+ as a novel reusable heterogeneous nanocatalyst

Nano-structured Bi1.5(Lu, Er)0.5O3 was synthesized efficiently and utilized as a novel environmentally benign and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives in water under ultrasonic irradiation. This synthesis method offers the several advantages such as green and eco-friendly protocol, operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, higher yields, and easy work-up procedures. For this purpose, nano-structured bismuth oxide and Lu3+, Er3+ co-doped Bi2O3 with different Lu3+, Er3+ loadings (0.1, 0.5%mol) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The obtained catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. X-ray analyses of obtained bismuth oxide were indexed as monoclinic phase and nano co-doped bismuth oxides (Bi2 – x (Lu, Er) x O3, x = 0.1, 0.5%mol) have tetragonal phase.

Synthesis of novel Isatin-Dithiocarbamate hybrids: An approach to microwave and potent antimicrobial agents

Abstract Bacterial and fungal infections are the major effects to cause the numerous disorders in health. To overcome such disorders there will be needed to carry out the studies to find potent antimicrobial agents from many years. The titled compounds containing Isatin-dithiocarbamate hybrids have emerged as potential candidate to be useful as anti-microbial agents. Compound (3d) shows significant strong antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains. The compound (3e) has shown excellent antifungal activity against the standard used Fluconazole. These compounds have been synthesized under conventional as well as microwave irradiation methods. Microwave method is cost-effective in addition to other advantages like mild reaction condition, high yields of products in shorter reaction time and simple workup procedure. The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental and spectroscopic analyses.

Synthesis of 1,4,5-Trisubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles Through a One-Pot Three Component Reaction of Boronic Acids, Sodium Azide and Active Methylene Compounds Under Ball-Milling Conditions

In this study, we report a mild and efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via a three-component reaction of aryl boronic acids with sodium azide and active methylene compounds under ball-milling condition. In order to determine optimized reaction conditions, several grinding auxiliaries (basic, neutral and acidic alumina, silica gel, K10 and KSF), bases (DBU, DABCO, piperidine, triethylamine, potassium t-butoxide and potassium carbonate) and copper salts under ball-milling conditions were examined. Using the optimized condition procedure, a wide variety of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were prepared in very good yields. All products were well-characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. This environmentally friendly protocol offers several advantages including high yields of products, relatively short reaction time and simple work-up procedure.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 as a nanocatalyst for synthesis and antibacterial activities of 2-amino-3-phenylsulfonyl-4-aryl-4H-benzo[h]chromens derivatives and theoretical study on the mechanism using a DFT Method

In this work, a new organic–inorganic hybrid heterogeneous and efficient magnetic nanocatalyst was fabricated with 4-aminopyridine (AP)-functionalized Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@AP) nanoparticles. Then, prepared nanocatalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, TEM and SEM techniques. The catalytic activity of the magnetic nanocatalyst was employed to synthesis of 2-amino-3-phenylsulfonyl-4-aryl-4H-benzo[h]chromens derivatives through one-pot three-component reactions of α-naphtol with aromatic aldehyde and (phenylsulfonyl) acetonitrile under ethanol solvent at 60 °C conditions. The synthetic compounds exert moderate activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their effectiveness is higher against Bacillus subtilis. This green nanocatalytic procedure has advantages such as excellent recoverability, short reaction time, simple and comfortable procedure, ready separation with an external magnet with no considerable loss of its catalytic efficiency, high yields and biocompatibility. The mechanism of the reaction investigated by density functional theory-based modelling is also reported. Results of this study show that the reaction has four TS structure. For TS1, mode using GaussView software clearly shows the animation of the imaginary frequency with a vibration frequency at − 874.23 cm−1 and TS2 at − 1058.67 cm−1. Also, the transition state for TS3 and TS4 shows an imaginary frequency with a vibration frequency at − 1044.65 cm−1 and at − 815.11 cm−1. This study aims at giving insight into the mechanism of the 2-amino-3-phenylsulfonyl-4-aryl-4H-benzo[h]chromens reaction in the presence of nanocatalyst of Fe3O4@AP.

KCC-1/Pr-SO3H: an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for green and one-pot synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one

KCC-1/Pr-SO3H is found to be a considerable efficient nanocatalyst for the one-pot three-component condensation coupling of aromatic aldehydes, isatoic anhydride, and primary amines for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones in ethanol as a green solvent under reflux conditions with excellent yields. The influence of different reaction parameters such as the effects of solvent, temperature, time, and concentration of catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one (4f) were studied. KCC-1/Pr-SO3H is easily recyclable without the significant loss of catalytic activities after seven times. This mild and simple synthesis method offers some worthwhile advantages including short reaction time, high yield, and convenient work-up procedure.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED IONIC LIQUID CATALYZED ONE-POT SYNTHESIS OF HEXAHYDROQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES

Ionic liquid catalyzed one-pot synthesis of hexahydroquinoline derivatives using substituted aryl aldehydes , dimedone, malononitrile and ammonium acetate has been described under microwave irradiation. The protocol has been utilized mild reaction conditions, excellent yield, shorter reaction time and simple workup procedure. The synthesized derivatives were obtained in 80-95% yields and were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, and mass spectra.