Reaction Of Various Aryl Halides Research Articles

Well-Defined Ni(0) and Ni(II) Complexes of Bicyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene (Me BICAAC): Catalytic Activity and Mechanistic Insights in Negishi Cross-Coupling Reaction.

Negishi cross-coupling reaction of organozinc compounds as nucleophiles with aryl halides has drawn immense focus for C-C bond formation reactions. In comparison to the well-established library of Pd complexes, the C-C cross-coupling of this particular approach is largely primitive with nickel-complexes. Herein, we describe the syntheses of Ni(II) complexes, [(Me BICAAC)2 NiX2 ] (X=Cl (1), Br (2), and I (3)) by employing the bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (Me BICAAC) ligand. The reduction of complexes 1-3 using KC8 afforded the two coordinate low valent, Ni(0) complex, [(Me BICAAC)2 Ni(0)] (4). Complexes 1-4 have been characterized by spectroscopic techniques and their solid-state structures were also confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, complexes 1-4 have been applied in a direct and convenient method to catalyze the Negishi cross-coupling reaction of various aryl halides with 2,6-difluorophenylzinc bromide or phenylzinc bromide as the coupling partner in the presence of 3 mol % catalyst. Comparatively, among all-pristine complexes, 1 exhibit high catalytic potential to afford value-added C-C coupled products without the use of any additive. The UV-vis studies and HRMS measurements of controlled stochiometric reactions vindicate the involvement of Ni(I)-NI(III) cycle featured with a penta-coordinated Ni(III)-aryl species as the key intermediate for 1 whereas Ni(0)/Ni(II) species are potentially involved in the catalytic cycle of 4.

Nanoscaled reusable palladium catalyst supported on chitosan hybrid composite microcapsules reinforced with ZnO nanoparticles for Heck coupling reactions

In the present work, a novel nanocatalyst system (Pd@CS–ZnO) was developed by adorning palladium nanoparticles on the hybrid nanocomposite consisting of chitosan and ZnO nanoparticles which are designed as a suitable stabilizer. Morphological/structural features of Pd@CS–ZnO were investigated by FT-IR, TEM, SEM, XRD, BET and EDS analyses. The catalytic efficiency of Pd@CS–ZnO was then assessed as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst against Heck coupling reaction. The tests revealed that Pd@CS–ZnO was a useful nanocatalyst which can couple the reactions of various aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) with styrene. Pd@CS–ZnO nanocatalyst proved to be easily separated with filtration and reapplied for six consecutive reaction runs. Additionally, it was found that the chemical structure of Pd@CS–ZnO was maintained during recycling tests, showing that it has high chemical stability. Furthermore, the designed catalyst system offers other benefits such as (1) cost efficiency, (2) eco-friendly nature, (3) facile preparation, (4) moisture/air insensitivity, (5) easy work up, and (6) high yields.

Pyrene Functionalized Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide-palladium Nanocomposite: A Novel Catalyst for the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction in Water.

The formation of a C-C bond through Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions in water with efficient heterogeneous catalysts is a challenging task. In this current study, a highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG) immobilized palladium (Pd) nanoparticle based catalyst (HRG-Py-Pd) is used to catalyze Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions in water. During the preparation of the catalyst, amino pyrene is used as a smart functionalizing ligand, which offered chemically specific binding sites for the effective and homogeneous nucleation of Pd NPs on the surface of HRG, which significantly enhanced the physical stability and dispersibility of the resulting catalyst in an aqueous medium. Microscopic analysis of the catalyst revealed a uniform distribution of ultrafine Pd NPs on a solid support. The catalytic properties of HRG-Py-Pd are tested towards the Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions of various aryl halides with acrylic acid in an aqueous medium. Furthermore, the catalytic efficacy of HRG-Py-Pd is also compared with its non-functionalized counterparts such as HRG-Pd and pristine Pd NPs (Pd-NPs). Using the HRG-Py-Pd nanocatalyst, the highest conversion of 99% is achieved in the coupling reaction of 4-bromoanisol and acrylic acid in an aqueous solution in a relatively short period of time (3 h), with less quantity of catalyst (3 mg). Comparatively, pristine Pd NPs delivered lower conversion (∼92%) for the same reaction required a long reaction time and a large amount of catalyst (5.3 mg). Indeed, the conversion of the reaction further decreased to just 40% when 3 mg of Pd-NPs was used which was sufficient to produce 99% conversion in the case of HRG-Py-Pd. On the other hand, HRG-Pd did not deliver any conversion and was ineffective even after using a high amount of catalyst and a longer reaction time. The inability of the HRG-Pd to promote coupling reactions can be attributed to the agglomeration of Pd NPs which reduced the dispersion quality of the catalyst in water. Therefore, the high aqueous stability of HRG-Py-Pd due to smart functionalization can be utilized to perform other organic transformations in water which was otherwise not possible.

Cobalt-immobilized carbon-based nano-catalyst for C[sbnd]N cross coupling reaction

CN cross coupling reaction is very important in synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrochemicals, fine chemicals and functional materials. Traditionally, palladium or copper metals are used for CN coupling reaction. As palladium is expensive, we developed cobalt immobilized carbon-based nano-catalyst Co@CC for CN coupling. In this work, we synthesized non-noble metal-based Co@CC nano-catalyst by carbonization of glucose, it’s functionalization followed by immobilization of cobalt on the surface of the catalyst. The catalyst was well characterized. The CN cross coupling reaction of various aryl halides & amines using Co@CC nano-catalyst was optimized for solvent, reaction temperature & catalyst concentration conditions. The catalyst showed high catalytic activity for CN coupling of various aryl halides & amines to form aryl amines in good to excellent yield up to 91 % in sulfolane as a solvent at 150 °C. The catalyst showed recyclability up to 5 times. The method developed for CN coupling reaction was noble metal free, ligand free, recyclable, sustainable, economical & environmentally friendly.

Pd nanoparticles catalyst supported on TMU-16-NH2 metal-organic framework for Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction

The current article presented the synthesis and characterization of a novel, unique, and effective heterogeneous catalytic system, based on a metal-organic framework named Pd@TMU-16-NH2 with high catalytic performance. Also, the application of this catalyst was investigated successfully in the Sonogashira coupling reaction of various aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) with phenylacetylene. This reaction was carried out in EtOH with good to excellent yields in the presence of just 1.5 mol% of the catalyst under mild conditions. Stability, recovery, reusability, high yield products, and short reaction time are some of the noteworthy characteristics of the Pd@TMU-16-NH2 nanocatalyst. These properties can decrease pollution to obtain the standards of green chemistry. [Display omitted]

Progress on the natural asphalt applications as a new class of carbonious heterogeneous support; synthesis of Na[Pd-NAS] and study of its catalytic activity in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.

In continuation of our recent research on introducing natural asphalt as a new carbonious, eco-friendly, highly economical support, and also in addition to our plan to develop its application in heterogeneous catalyst chemistry, palladium grafted on natural asphalt sulfonate (Na [Pd-NAS]), was prepared and characterized using usual spectroscopy techniques. This new carbon-based heterogeneous nanocatalyst was successfully applied as an efficient catalyst for the Suzuki, Stille and Heck reactions under mild and sustainable conditions. The reaction of various aryl halides with triphenyltin chloride, phenylboronic acid or n-butyl acrylate provided the corresponding products with moderate to good yields. Na [Pd-NAS] was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma, thermogravimetric analysis techniques and N2 adsorption-desorption measurement. SEM image illustrated that the Na [Pd-NAS] has vermicular and flaky shapes. According to the IUPAC classiication, the sample exhibited IV type curves. More importantly, this ligand-free catalyst is stable under the reaction conditions. Besides, the catalyst was separated by simple filtration and reused for the several times without any deterioration in its activity. In this research we report Na[Pd-NAS] as a versatile and reusable nanocatalyst for the C-C coupling reactions.

Palladium complexes derived from benzoylthiourea ligands: Synthesis, crystal structure, and catalytic application in Suzuki C–C coupling reactions

Abstract[PdCl2(HL1‐κS)2] and [PdCl2(HL2‐κS)2] complexes were formed from neutral monodentate modes of HL1 and HL2 ligands, which are coordinated to the palladium(II) center, respectively. [Pd(L1‐κ2S,O)2] and [Pd(L2‐κ2S,O)2] complexes were obtained by recrystallization of corresponding [PdCl2(HL1‐κS)2] and [PdCl2(HL2‐κS)2] complexes as anionic bidentate coordination modes. All palladium(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, and NMR (1H and 13C) techniques. The molecular structure of [Pd(L1‐κ2S,O)2] and [Pd(L2‐κ2S,O)2] was also confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction method. The roles and behaviors of the prepared four palladium(II) complexes in catalytic investigations for the Suzuki C–C coupling reaction were examined for the first time. The complexes acted as the excellent catalyst precursor and showed highly catalytic activity for the Suzuki C–C coupling reaction of various arylhalides with phenylboronic acid at low catalyst loading (0.01 mol%).

1,2,3-Triazole framework: a strategic structure for C-H⋯X hydrogen bonding and practical design of an effective Pd-catalyst for carbonylation and carbon-carbon bond formation.

1,2,3-Triazole is an interesting N-heterocyclic framework which can act as both a hydrogen bond donor and metal chelator. In the present study, C–H hydrogen bonding of the 1,2,3-triazole ring was surveyed theoretically and the results showed a good agreement with the experimental observations. The click-modified magnetic nanocatalyst Pd@click-Fe3O4/chitosan was successfully prepared, in which the triazole moiety plays a dual role as both a strong linker and an excellent ligand and immobilizes the palladium species in the catalyst matrix. This nanostructure was well characterized and found to be an efficient catalyst for the CO gas-free formylation of aryl halides using formic acid (HCOOH) as the most convenient, inexpensive and environmentally friendly CO source. Here, the aryl halides are selectively converted to the corresponding aromatic aldehydes under mild reaction conditions and low Pd loading. The activity of this catalyst was also excellent in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of various aryl halides with phenylboronic acids in EtOH/H2O (1 : 1) at room temperature. In addition, this catalyst was stable in the reaction media and could be magnetically separated and recovered several times.

Cyclopalladated benzo[h]quinolinate complexes based on stabilized phosphonium-phosphine ylides: Synthesis, characterization, and application as catalyst in aqueous-phase Suzuki-Miyaura reaction

A series of heteroleptic mononuclear cyclopalladated benzo[h]quinolinate complexes of general formula [Pd(bzq)(Ph2PCH2PPh2C(H)C(O)C6H4-p-R)]ClO4 (bzq = 7,8-benzoquinoline; R = Cl (C1), Br (C2), NO2 (C3), OCH3(C4)), were synthesized by the reaction of [Pd(bzq)(μ-Cl)]2 with 0.5 equiv of phosphorus ylides [Ph2PCH2PPh2C(H)C(O)C6H4-p-R] in CH2Cl2 solvent at room temperature. Bridge splitting with stabilized phosphorus ylides afforded new mononuclear palladacycle derivatives with two five-membered rings. The formation of the complexes was ascertained by elemental analysis, IR, UV–visible and NMR spectroscopic methods. All of the complexes exhibited absorption bands at high energy due to the intraligand transitions [1IL π → π*] and absorptions at lower energy, which are attributed to MLCT transition [(Pd,4d) π → π* (bzq)]. The influence of the R substituent and different solvents on the UV–visible absorption of all complexes was also investigated. Furthermore, palladacycle C3 was employed as an efficient catalyst in the Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions of various aryl halides and phenylboronic acids in the mixed EtOH/H2O media.

Palladium(II)-Containing Tungstoarsenate(V), [PdII4(As2W15O56)2]16-, and Its Catalytic Properties.

We have synthesized and structurally characterized the 4-palladium(II)-containing 30-tungsto-4-arsenate(V), [Pd4(As2W15O56)2]16- (1), which represents the first palladium(II)-containing tungstoarsenate(V). The title polyanion 1 was prepared by a simple one-pot procedure in aqueous medium and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cyclic voltammetry, elemental analysis, and 183W nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopies. Polyanion 1 consists of four Pd2+ ions that are coordinated in a square-planar geometry to two trilacunary [As2W15O56]12- Wells-Dawson fragments resulting in a sandwich-type assembly. Catalytic studies on 1 revealed that it is an efficient catalyst precursor for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of various aryl halides in aqueous and nonaqueous media.

Immobilized Pd on Eggshell Membrane: A powerful and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions in water

A stable heterogeneous palladium catalysts, the waste eggshell membrane (ESM) anchored Pd complex, was synthesized by a simple and green technique. The catalyst obtained can display an outstanding catalytic activity for Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions in water media. The reactions of various aryl halides with aryl boronic acids and terminal alkenes provided the corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields. More importantly, this novel and efficient catalyst with high stability can be easily reused for at least twelve times with no decrease of the catalytic activity, performing an endurable and wide tolerance of the substrates. Facile synthesis, high catalytic activity, and recyclability make these catalysts interesting for further studies.

Facile synthesis of Pd@graphene nanocomposites with enhanced catalytic activity towards Suzuki coupling reaction

A facile and chemical specific method to synthesize highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG) and Pd (HRG@Pd) nanocomposite is presented. The HRG surfaces are tailored with amine groups using 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) as functionalizing molecules. The aromatic rings of 1-AP sit on the basal planes of HRG through π–π interactions, leaving amino groups outwards (similar like self-assembled monolayer on 2D substrates). The amino groups provide the chemically specific binding sites to the Pd nucleation which subsequently grow into nanoparticles. HRG@Pd nanocomposite demonstrated both uniform distribution of Pd nanoparticles on HRG surface as well as excellent physical stability and dispersibility. The surface functionalization was confirmed using, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infra-red and Raman spectroscopy. The size and distribution of Pd nanoparticles on the HRG and crystallinity were confirmed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalytic efficiency of highly reduced graphene oxide-pyrene-palladium nanocomposite (HRG-Py-Pd) is tested towards the Suzuki coupling reactions of various aryl halides. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction (Suzuki coupling) using HRG-Py-Pd nanocomposite was monitored using gas chromatography (GC).

Fabrication of Pd NPs on pectin-modified Fe3O4 NPs: A magnetically retrievable nanocatalyst for efficient C–C and C–N cross coupling reactions and an investigation of its cardiovascular protective effects

The present report represents the synthesis of a novel Pd NPs immobilized over a natural polysaccharide (pectin) coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite material (Fe3O4@pectin/Pd) for investigating the cardiovascular protective effects. The biomolecular functionalization not only stabilizes the ferrite nanoparticles from agglomeration but also provides an environment for the biogenic reduction of Pd2+ ions. This protocol is a promising breakthrough for the synthesis of a quasi-heterogeneous catalyst, a bridge between heterogeneous and homogeneous medium. The structure, morphology and physicochemical properties of the material were characterized utilizing various analytical techniques like FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, VSM, EDX-elemental mapping, ICP, EDX and XPS. The catalyst showed excellent reactivity in C-C and C-N cross coupling reactions via Suzuki and Buchwald-Hartwig reactions respectively. An array of different biphenyls and aryl amines were then procured by reactions of various aryl halides with phenylboronic acid or secondary amines over the catalyst affording good to excellent yields. The catalyst was easily recoverable using an external magnet and thereafter recycled for several trials with insignificant palladium leaching or loss in catalytic performance. To investigate the cardiovascular protective activities of catalyst, the MTT assay was done on Human Aortic Endothelial Cells (HAEC), Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells (HCAEC), and Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells (HPAEC) cell lines. Nanocatalyst-treated cell cutlers significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation. It raised the cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential in the high concentration of Mitoxantrone-treated HAEC, HCAEC, and HPAEC cells. According to the above findings, nanocatalyst can be administrated as a cardiovascular protective drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases after approving in the clinical trial studies in humans.

PdCl2 Immobilized on Poly(styrene-co-maleimide) as an Effective Heterogeneous Catalyst for Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction

Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) was reacted with 4-amino-6-methyl-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazine-5-one to obtain the corresponding imide [SMI] which was used as a substrate for immobilization of PdCl2 and preparation of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs). The supported PdNPs were fully characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and FTIR spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). The catalytic efficiency of the PdNPs was evaluated examined successfully in one the established and useful reaction so-called the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction involving the reaction of various aryl halides with phenylboronic acid in water. The advantages of this procedure include easy recovery and efficient reusability of the expensive PdNPs, high yields of the cross coupled products, short reaction times, and use of water as a green solvent for a wide range of substrates.

N-heterocyclic carbene bearing thermoresponsive poly(NIPAM) supported palladium (II) complex: Synthetic strategy and application

In this article, we have reported the synthesis of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based palladium complex through carbene formation. The complex was synthesized from the polymer, which was obtained by SET-LRP (Single Electron Transfer - Living Radical Polymerization) technique using suitable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based initiator. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the structure of the initiator. Furthermore, NMR, FTIR and XPS studies confirmed the formation of the NHC–Pd (II) complex. Our complex possessed unique thermoresponsive characteristics in water i.e, water-soluble at below lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and water-insoluble at LCST. Hence, it can be used as a smart catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions of various aryl halides in water medium at ambient temperature (30 °C). Due to its thermoresponsive behavior, it can be easily recovered from the reaction medium simply by the elevation of temperature and reused for several cycles.

Efficient Sonogashira and A3 coupling reactions catalyzed by biosynthesized magnetic Fe3O4@Ni nanoparticles from Euphorbia maculata extract

In this work, biosynthesized Fe3O4@Ni nanoparticles using Euphorbia maculata aqueous have been used as effective catalysts in the synthesis of 2,3‐disubstituted benzo[b]furan derivatives using three component coupling of aldehydes, secondary amines and alkynes (A3 coupling reaction). Using novel nanoscale materials, the current green, practical and economical method leads to short reaction times and high yields. The biosynthesized catalyst was also successfully employed in the Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions of various aryl halides with phenylacetylene. The best performance was observed using just 20 mg of the catalyst and ethanol as a green solvent. The developed protocol provides easy workup, short reaction times and good to excellent product yields. Furthermore, since the composite is highly stable, an external permanent magnet can be easily used for separating the catalyst. Thus, the catalyst can be recycled several times without considerable loss of catalytic activity.

Cu(OAc)2 entrapped on ethylene glycol-modified melamine–formaldehyde polymer as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions

This work is described as an environmental friendly approach for Cu(OAc)2 entrapped on ethylene glycol-modified melamine–formaldehyde-based polymeric material (Cu@MCOP) which has been successfully synthesized by simple approaches using commercially available starting materials via solvothermal techniques and without using any toxic reagents and chemicals. The structural, morphological, physicochemical characteristics and catalytic activity of the heterogeneous catalyst (Cu@MCOP) were analyzed by various instrumental methods including powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, UV-DRS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SEM and elemental mapping which have been used to authenticate the polymeric materials Cu@MCOP. The catalytic performance of Cu@MCOP as solid heterogeneous catalyst was evaluated in synthesis of various biphenyl derivatives through Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of various aryl halides with substituted organoboranes under normal reaction conditions. Furthermore, the copper catalyst was easily available, low cost, cheap and best instead of palladium, which shows good catalytic activity and excellent yield (up to 86%); the catalyst can be separated easily and recycled for more than five times.

Ultrathin WO3 Nanosheets Converted from Metallic WS2 Sheets by Spontaneous Formation and Deposition of PdO Nanoclusters for Visible Light-Driven C-C Coupling Reactions.

It is not facile to obtain ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) WO3 nanosheets through the exfoliation of their bulk counterpart in solution due to strong covalent interaction between interlayers. In addition, they require additional functionalization with cocatalysts to expand their applicability in photocatalytic organic reactions owing to their insufficient conduction band edge position. Here, we report a chemical approach for the simultaneous production and functionalization of ultrathin 2D WO3 nanosheets through the direct conversion of metallic WS2 nanosheets, accomplished by the spontaneous formation and deposition of PdO nanoclusters on the nanosheet surface in H2O. When chemically exfoliated metallic WS2 nanosheets were simply mixed with K2PdCl4 in H2O under mild conditions (50 °C, 1 h), they were converted to semiconducting WO3 nanosheets on which PdO nanoclusters of a uniform size (∼3 nm) were spontaneously formed, leading to the production of PdO-functionalized ultrathin WO3 (PdO@WO3) nanohybrids. The conversion yield of WO3 nanosheets from metallic WS2 nanosheets increased with increasing coverage of PdO nanoclusters on the nanosheet surface. In addition, the conversion of WO3 nanosheets induced by PdO nanocluster formation was effective only in H2O but not in organic solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidone and acetonitrile. A mechanical study suggests that the chemisorption of hydrated Pd precursors on the chalcogens of metallic WS2 nanosheets leads to their facile oxidation by water molecules, producing WO3 nanosheets covered with PdO nanoclusters. The as-prepared PdO@WO3 nanosheets exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and recyclability in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of various aryl halides under visible light irradiation.

Pd Nanocatalyst Adorned on Magnetic Chitosan@N-Heterocyclic Carbene: Eco-Compatible Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction.

A novel magnetic-functionalized-multi-walled carbon nanotubes@chitosan N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium (M-f-MWCNTs@chitosan-NHC-Pd) nanocatalyst is developed in two steps. The first step entails the fabrication of a three-component cross-linking of chitosan utilizing the Debus–Radziszewski imidazole approach. The second step comprised the covalent grafting of prepared cross-linked chitosan to the outer walls of magnetically functionalized MWCNTs (M-f-MWCNTs) followed by introducing PdCl2 to generate the m-f-MWCNTs@cross-linked chitosan with a novel NHC ligand. The repeated units of the amino group in the chitosan polymer chain provide the synthesis of several imidazole units which also increase the number of Pd linkers thus leading to higher catalyst efficiency. The evaluation of catalytic activity was examined in the expeditious synthesis of biaryl compounds using the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of various aryl halides and aryl boronic acids; ensuing results show the general applicability of nanocatalyst with superior conversion reaction yields, high turnover frequencies (TOFs) and turnover numbers (TON). Meanwhile, nanocatalyst showed admirable potential in reusability tests, being recycled for five runs without losing significant activities under optimum reaction conditions. The successfully synthesis of catalyst and its characterization was confirmed using the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), spectrometer transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Synthesis and structural characterization of palladium(II) 2-(arylazo)naphtholate complexes and their catalytic activity in Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions

A family of five palladium(II) 2-(arylazo)naphtholate complexes, [PdCl(PPh3)(L)] (L = O, N-donor of bidentate 2-(arylazo)naphtholate ligands), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectral (FT-IR, UV–Vis, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) methods. Further, the catalytic efficiency of all the complexes have been investigated for Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reaction of various aryl halides.