Reaction Conditions In Order Research Articles

Sustainable C-H Methylation Employing Dimethyl Carbonate.

The use of CO2 and CO2-derived chemicals offers society sustainable and biocompatible chemistry for a variety of applications, ranging from materials to medicines. In this context, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) stands out owing to its low toxicity, high biodegradability, tunable reactivity, and sustainable production. Further, the ability of DMC to act as an ambient electrophile at varied temperatures and reaction conditions in order to produce methoxycarbonylated (via BAC2) and methylated products (via BAL2) is very promising. While the methylation of hetero-H (N-, O-, and S-methylation) with DMC is established and well-reviewed, the C-H methylation reaction with DMC is limited, and there is no specific literature detailing the C-methylation reaction using DMC, creating new opportunities as well as challenges in the same domain. In this context, the present perspective focuses on the new breakthroughs, recent advances, and trends in C-H methylation reactions employing DMC. A critical analysis of the mechanistic course of reactions under each category was undertaken. We believe this timely perspective will offer an in-depth analysis of existing literature with critical remarks, which will certainly inspire fellow researchers across disciplines to understand and pursue cutting-edge research in the area of C-H methylation (alkylation) using DMC and related organic carbonates.

Preparation and characterization of ion-exchanged Ni-Na-β”-Al2O3 and Fe-Na-β”-Al2O3 solid electrolytes for applications in liquid metals

Accurate determinations of the thermochemical properties for the steel alloying elements (Fe, Cr, Ni, Co and Mn) dissolved as corrosion product impurities in Pb and Pb–Bi alloy (LBE) are relevant for the development of Lead-Cooled Fast Nuclear Reactors (LFRs). Ion-selective solid electrolytes are suitable for an electrochemical characterization of the dissolved impurities. Among these, ion-exchanged Ni-β”-Al2O3 and Fe-β”-Al2O3 are promising solid electrolytes for the selective detection of Ni and Fe dissolved in HLMs. In the present works we proposed a preliminary test of liquid and vapor ion-exchanges on commercial polycrystalline Na-β”-Al2O3 tubes at different conditions of temperature and reaction time with NiCl2 and FeCl2 salts, characterizing the effects on the material microstructure. The resulting Ni-Na-β”-Al2O3 and Fe-Na-β”-Al2O3 samples were only partially replaced by nickel or iron, extremely porous, damaged by molten salt corrosion, and contaminated by residual chlorides. When tested as selective sensors in molten LBE, they failed in detecting dissolved nickel or iron. Thus, ion-exchange procedure on polycrystalline Na-β”-Al2O3 substrates still needs to be improved by properly combining the liquid and vapor ion-exchange with optimized reaction conditions in order to increase the sodium replacement yield. Alternatively, efforts may be focused on the preparation and application of other different nickel and iron solid electrolytes.

To Be or Not To Be… Cooperative? Trimetallic Catalysts for the Ring‐Opening Polymerisation of Cyclic Esters

AbstractMultimetallic catalysts have emerged as a promising route to enhance catalyst performance in cyclic ester ring‐opening polymerisation (ROP), as these complexes can outperform the monometallic analogues in terms of reactivity and/or polymerisation control. Such enhancements are often attributed to “multimetallic cooperativity”, yet the origins of this cooperativity often remain unclear. Here, we report the synthesis and characterisation of two trimetallic Al‐salen complexes (L1(AlMe)3 and L1(AlEt)3), containing three Al‐salen subunits in close proximity, and their monometallic analogues (L2(AlMe) and L2(AlEt)). These complexes have been applied as catalysts for cyclic ester ROP under a range of conditions, to probe their potential for cooperative behaviour. Trimetallic L1(AlMe)3 and L1(AlEt)3 both display high activities in rac‐lactide ROP, giving kobs values of up to 11×10−3 min−1. Yet careful benchmarking against the monometallic complexes reveals that whether these systems display multimetallic cooperativity or not depends upon the reaction conditions. Detailed kinetic and spectroscopic studies into the origins of cooperativity revealed that the neighbouring metals play a key role in the initiation step, rather than propagation. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of understanding the reaction conditions in order to accurately define whether a catalyst displays multimetallic cooperativity.

Exploring the role of mixed micelles and promoters for alcohol oxidation: A green catalytic approach and insights into micellar chemistry

Oxidation of 1-butanol at 30 °C was carried out using chromic acid in an aqueous medium, employing pseudo 1st order reaction conditions. The resultant 1-butanal was isolated through fractional distillation. Surfactant micelles, acting as tiny templates or nano-reactors, play a vital role in generating nano-structured materials with desired attributes. These micelles have shown promise as effective catalysts, including mixed anionic-nonionic micelles like SDS-TX 100. In the pursuit of enhancing the rate of oxidation, micelle catalysts were tested in conjunction with various promoters. Astonishingly, these combinations displayed an impressive rate acceleration. To validate the products and interactions, comprehensive analyses were conducted using techniques such as IR, NMR, and UV. The formation of mixed micelles was also established through DLS analysis. Interestingly, among the catalytic paths, mixed micelles combined with 2, 2́-Bipyridine (Bpy) promoter exhibited the highest oxidation rate, overshadowing other combinations. Further insight was gained by observing the rate constants: kobs (SDS) > kobs (TX 100) and kobs (Phen) > kobs (Bpy) > kobs (PA) for promoted reactions in single micelle catalysis. For SDS micelles and mixed micelles, the order was kobs (Bpy) > kobs (Phen) > kobs (PA), whereas in TX 100 micelles, it was kobs (Phen) > kobs (Bpy) > kobs (PA).

Ozonation products of purine derivatives, the basic structures of antiviral micropollutants

Purine and its nucleobases adenine and guanine are the basic structures of a large group of antiviral agents such as acyclovir and penciclovir. Hence, their ozonation is of interest with regard to wastewater treatment due to the formation of products that could affect the aquatic environment.In this study, the transformation products of the mentioned substances are investigated under different defined reaction conditions in order to gain insight into the ozonation characteristics of this compound class.Results show that examining related molecules significantly improves product screening by compiling known products and analogues leading to comprehensive candidate lists, for the purines with a total number of >120 candidates (including possible duplicates for several purines) of which 49 were detected for the derivatives studied. One product, cyanuric acid, which was previously postulated for adenine, was tentatively confirmed and quantified for the first time for the reaction of purine and adenine with ozone. In addition, two prioritisation approaches are presented to identify the major products that are either formed under specific reaction conditions or are potentially relevant for structurally related pollutants. First, principal component analysis allowed the prioritisation of the products formed according to reaction conditions. In the analysis of guanine and the two antivirals, this approach showed that at neutral and basic pH the 2-imino-5-oxoimidazoline products dominated while at acidic pH either analogues of 5-amino-2,4-imidazolidinedione or 2,4-diamino-1,3-oxazol-5-(2H)-one were abundant. A second approach prioritising common products in the ozonation of all three basic structures revealed the formation of two products that had not been reported before: C4H8O3 and C3H2N2O3, presumably oxalylurea. Both molecules or their analogues may also be formed from related micropollutants. Overall, examining basic structures and exemplary micropollutants in combination was shown to be a worthwhile approach to gain knowledge on the ozonation of a whole range of compounds.

Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrate over Immobilized Nanocatalysts in a Multi-Phase Continuous Reaction System: System Performance, Characterization and Optimization

Nitrate catalytic reduction in a continuous system was studied in the presence of Pd-Cu macrostructured catalysts synthesized through a novel washcoating methodology of the pre-formed bimetallic powder catalyst. The present work aims to understand the behavior of the macrostructured bimetallic catalyst in the presence of different reaction conditions in order to achieve the design of an optimized facility that can produce the best catalytic results: maximum NO3− conversion with enhanced N2 selectivity. The residence time of the inlet solution and the catalyst concentration in the reactor proved to be the parameters that most influenced the conversion and selectivity due to the important role that these parameters play in the hydrodynamic conditions of the reactor. A higher loading of catalyst and lower inlet flow rates allow promoting a higher contact time between the three phases that participate in the reaction (G-L-S). The most efficient reaction conditions (three pieces of the macrostructured catalyst, liquid flow rate of 10 mL min−1, and a total gas flow rate of 200 Ncm3 min−1 (1:1 H2:CO2)) allowed obtaining an NO3− conversion of 51% with a corresponding N2 selectivity of 23%. Also, the conversion results strongly depended on the total gas flow rate used during the reaction since this assists the mixing between the three phases and promotes a greater contact that will contribute to enhanced catalytic results.

Bioactivity, molecular docking and anticancer behavior of pyrrolidine based Pt(II) complexes: Their kinetics, DNA and BSA binding study by spectroscopic methods

The complex [Pt(AEP)Cl2]; C-1 (where, AEP = 1-(2-Aminoethyl) pyrrolidine) and its hydrolyzed diaqua form cis-[Pt(AEP)(H2O)2]2+; C-2 were synthesized for their bioactivity and in vitro kinetic study with bioactive thiol group (-SH) containing ligands (like; L- cysteine and N-ac-L- cysteine) for their biological importance for 'drug reservoir' activity. The Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was executed to confirm about the weight loss due to coordinated water molecules at high temperature range. At pH 4.0, the substitution behavior of C-2 with the thiols was studied in pseudo-first order reaction condition. The interaction mechanism of thiols with complex C-2 to their corresponding thiol substituted C-3 [Pt(AEP)(L-cys)] and C-4 [Pt(AEP)(N-ac-L-cys)] (where L-cys = L-cysteine and N-ac-L-cys = N-ac-L- cysteine) were proposed from their thermodynamical activation parameters (ΔH≠ and ΔS≠), which were obtained from Eyring equation. DNA and BSA binding activity of the complexes C-1 to C-4 were investigated by gel electrophoresis technique, spectroscopic titration and viscosity methods. The binding activity of the complexes with DNA and BSA was evaluated using a theoretical approach molecular docking study. The drug-like nature of the complexes is supported by the prediction of activity spectra for substance (PASS) from 2D structure of the Pt(II) complexes. Structural optimization, HOMO-LUMO energy calculation, Molecular electrostatic potential surface, NBO and TD-DFT calculation were executed by using density functional theory (DFT) with Gaussian 09 software package to pre-assessment of biological activity of the complexes. DFT-based descriptors were determined from the HOMO-LUMA energy to be related with the ability of binding affinity of Pt(II) complexes towards DNA and BSA to the formation of their corresponding adducts. The anticancer property of the design complexes were examined on HCT116 (colorectal carcinoma) cancer cell lines and as well as human normal cell NKE (Normal Kidney Epithelial) and compared with the recognised anticancer drug cisplatin. The Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production was assessed by DCFDA assay in presence of the Pt(II) complexes.

Electrochemical synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives in deep eutectic solvents

• Synthesis of pyrans under electrochemical conditions in deep eutectic solvents. • Pyrans are formed in high yields, pure forms and under shorter reaction times. • The use of DES eliminated the need for supporting electrolyte. • The procedure described is highly efficient, catalyst-free and eco-friendly. The current work reported the first synthesis of 4 H -pyran derivatives via one pot reaction of dimedone, malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes under electrochemical (EC) synthesis conditions in deep eutectic solvents (DES). The effects of different experimental factors like; solvent, electrodes, supporting electrolytes, temperature and reaction time were studied to optimize the reaction conditions in order to maximize the products yield. The reaction proceeded completely using different substituted aldehydes except for hydroxybenzaldehydes where oxidation seems to hinder the formation of the target reaction product. Combining EC and DES afforded the pyran derivatives in high yields within short reaction times and in highly pure forms. Moreover, the use of DES eliminated the need for supporting electrolyte. The DES have been recycled two times without a significant loss in the catalytic activity. The procedure was highly efficient, catalyst-free and eco-friendly as evident from the calculations of the green chemistry metrics.

Rate enhancement of ‘in water’ organic transformation by anionic‐nonionic mixed micelle

AbstractMicellar medium has already promising uses in organic transformations. In the present experiment, mixture of anionic and neutral surfactants (SDS and TX‐100 respectively) has been discovered as a good reaction medium for the organic transformations. The kinetics of propanal oxidation by Cr(VI) has been studied in mixed micellar medium spectrophotometrically maintaining pseudo first order reaction condition at 30 °C. The kinetics of the same reactions promoted by three hetero‐aromatic bases (Phen, PA and Bpy) have already been studied in single as well as mixed micellar medium. The valid spectroscopic evidence of formation of the product and mixed micelle formation have been provided with necessary mechanistic pathways.

Anionic micelles and their ideal binary mixture: Worth media for sustainable oxidation of hydrophobic alcohol

It is an endeavour to oxidise a long chain hydrophobic alcohol in water with predominant assistance of micellar substances. In the experiment, kinetics of 1-octanol oxidation by Ce(IV) has been recorded spectrophotometrically in single micellar media (anionic as well as cationic) and anionic-anionic mixed micellar medium at 30 °C (±0.1 °C) maintaining a pseudo 1st order reaction condition. Effective catalytic effects of trivalent ruthenium and iridium metal salts in both single (anionic only) and mixed micellar media have also been observed. Spectral evidences of the product formation and experimental observations have been produced.

Experimental study and kinetics on CO2 mineral sequestration by the direct aqueous carbonation of pepper stalk ash

While carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is recognized as a highly promising technology for large-scale CO2 reduction from power and chemical industries, there have not been many investigative efforts on CCUS using biomass feedstock such as pepper stalk ash (PSA). Therefore, in this study, the direct carbonation of incinerated PSA via an aqueous route was studied under low-medium pressure conditions in an autoclave reactor. To optimize the reaction conditions in order to achieve the maximum carbonation efficiency, the complex effects of various operating parameters, such as the reaction temperature, liquid–solid (L/S) ratio, reaction time, pressure, and reaction gas, on the CO2 sequestration characteristics were systematically investigated. Under the theoretical framework of the shrinking core model (SCM) and assuming that the diffusion coefficient is a function of time, a new kinetic equation was proposed to provide a more precise fit to the experimental data of the heterogeneous direct carbonation. In addition to solid carbonates, PSA carbonation yielded dry residues from liquid products, which included 58.03 wt% potassium oxide and hence can potentially be used as feedstock for potassium fertilizers.

Heterogeneous polymer supported and soluble tantalum metal complex catalysts for acylation reaction: A kinetic study

New soluble and insoluble Tantalum pentachloride complex catalysts are prepared by simple procedures using pyridine and polymer-supported cross-linked (poly-4-vinyl pyridine) beads (PSCPVP) respectively as supports and Tantalum pentachloride as a catalytic moiety (TaCl5). The prepared soluble Py-TaCl5 and insoluble bead-shaped PSCPVP-TaCl5 catalysts have been characterized with FT-IR, UV-Vis, SEM, TGA and elemental analysis techniques. The catalytic efficiency of these catalysts has been examined through acylation of ethanol as a model reaction under identical pseudo first order reaction condition. From the calculated kobs values, it has been noticed that both the catalysts are active and however, Py-TaCl5shown 1.65 fold has increased activity (kobs =11.42x103 min-1) than insoluble PSCPVP-TaCl5 catalyst (kobs= 6.98x103, min-1). Although, PSCPVP-TaCl5 has shown lesser activity than soluble due to its lower cost, recyclability and reusable nature up to third cycle, it has received greater recognition. Hence, in order to utilize this insoluble bead-shaped PSCPVP-TaCl5 catalyst to pack in column reactor and to carry out the same reaction for continuous mode operation at industrial level, detailed kinetics study for acylation of ethanol has been conducted under pseudo first order condition by varying the different experimental parameters and has observed that each parameter has influenced the reaction. The obtained kobs value reveals that reaction rates increase with the increase in the stirring speed, [substrate], [catalyst] and temperature. The thermodynamic parameters viz., activation energy (Ea), entropy (∆S), enthalpy (∆H) and free energy (∆G#) for the reaction are also calculated for the first time and their observed values are 35.2 kJmol-1, -64.6 kJ-1mol-1, 37.7 kJmol-1and 57.3 kJmol-1 respectively. The prepared insoluble catalyst is stable even after its use for three times in acylation without losing its efficiency, thus it is better suited for industrial applications.

Micellar and Transition Metal Ion Catalysed Oxidation of Pentanol in Aqueous Medium

Abstract Micelles and 4d- or 5d-transition metal ions have been proved to be effective catalysts for the oxidation of 1-pentanol by Ce(IV) in aqueous medium under pseudo 1st order reaction conditions at 258C. Although cationic micelles show a speed retarding effect, anionic SDS micelles accelerate the reaction rate. The Ir(III) and Ru(III) catalysed reactions show shorter half-lives at micromolar concentration. Active Ce(IV) species are also identified and an explanation of the different catalytic activities of metal ions and micelles is presented. The accumulation of the substrate in the Stern-layer of the SDS micelles is detected. The reaction product is confirmed by melting point analysis, a 2,4-DNP test, and by IR and NMR studies.

Optimization of the collagen extraction from Nile tilapia skin (Oreochromis niloticus) and its hydrogel with hyaluronic acid

Nile tilapia skin, an abundant waste from fish processing, can be used for collagen extraction, which has a high aggregated value for biomedical applications. Collagen extraction was conducted under different reaction conditions (time, temperature, and concentration of acetic acid) in order to optimize the yield without compromising the integrity of the collagen. Temperature and time were responsible for increased yield. The extraction at 4 and 20 °C produced the acid-solubilized collagen (ASC) with the intact triple helix and was analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD). The optimized ASC (which used 0.35 mol/L of acetic acid at 20 °C) was consumed to obtain for the first-time fish-based hydrogels with hyaluronic acid (HA) crosslinked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropryl carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The hydrogel was characterized by FT-IR, rheology, swelling, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming that cross-linking was accomplished. It possesses a robust organized network, swells 255 % in PBS and bears interconnected pores with a diameter in the range of 10−100 μm. Until now, col-HA hydrogels crosslinked with EDC/NHS have not been reported in literature with collagen from Nile Tilapia skin. Fish collagen can be a better option than those from land-based animals (cow and pig).

Mixed anionic-nonionic micelle catalysed oxidation of aliphatic alcohol in aqueous medium

Oxidation of isoamyl alcohol was carried out under pseudo 1st order reaction condition in aqueous medium by chromic acid. In addition to single micelle, mixed anionic-nonionic micelle (SDS-TX 100) was found to be effective catalyst. Promoters in presence of micelle catalyst showed almost million fold rate acceleration. The product was confirmed by IR and NMR study. UV and NMR analysis were carried out to establish the formation of mixed micelle. Formation of active oxidant was confirmed by fluorescence measurement. Interactions between surfactant and substrate were analysed by NMR spectra. In addition to SDS catalysed Bpy promoted reaction combination of mixed micelle with Bpy promoter was found to show higher rate of oxidation. For single micelle catalysed path the observed rate constants follow the order kobs (SDS) > kobs (TX 100) and kobs (Phen) > kobs (Bpy) > kobs (PA) was observed for promoted reactions. In SDS micelle and mixed micelle kobs (Bpy) > kobs (Phen) > kobs (PA) was observed while in TX 100 micelle kobs (Phen) > kobs (Bpy) > kobs (PA) was found.

Kinetic Study of the Pyridine-Catalyzed Selenolactonization of 4-Pentenoic Acid

The kinetics and mechanism of the pyridine-catalyzed cyclofunctionalization of 4-pentenoic acid by means of PhSeX (X = Cl, Br) have been investigated spectrophotometrically, under pseudo-first order reaction conditions. The influence of the reaction temperature, the type of cyclization reagent and used catalyst on the reaction rate and mechanism was examined. The obtained data have showed that rate constants go on increasing as the temperatures go up and with use of PhSeCl as reagent. Also, the reaction rate is directly depended on the type of the catalyst used—stronger bases with higher tendency for hydrogen bond formation (DN) are promoting reaction in more efficient way.

DeNOx of Nano-Catalyst of Selective Catalytic Reduction Using Active Carbon Loading MnOx-Cu at Low Temperature

With the improvement of environmental protection standards, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has become the mainstream technology of flue gas deNOx. Especially, the low-temperature SCR nano-catalyst has attracted more and more attention at home and abroad because of its potential performance and economy in industrial applications. In this paper, low-temperature SCR catalysts were prepared using the activated carbon loading MnOx-Cu. Then, the catalysts were packed into the fiedbed stainless steel micro-reactor to evaluate the selective catalytic reduction of NO performance. The influence of reaction conditions was investigated on the catalytic reaction, including the MnOx-Cu loading amount, calcination and reaction temperature, etc. The experimental results indicate that SCR catalysts show the highest catalytic activity for NO conversion when the calcination temperature is 350 °C, MnOx loading amount is 5%, Cu loading amount is 3%, and reaction temperature is 200 °C. Under such conditions, the NO conversion arrives at 96.82% and the selectivity to N2 is almost 99%. It is of great significance to investigate the influence of reaction conditions in order to provide references for industrial application.

Promotional Effect of Cu, Fe and Pt on the Performance of Ni/Al2O3 in the Deoxygenation of Used Cooking Oil to Fuel-Like Hydrocarbons

Inexpensive Ni-based catalysts can afford comparable performance to costly precious metal formulations in the conversion of fat, oil, or greases (FOG) to fuel-like hydrocarbons via decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx). While the addition of certain metals has been observed to promote Ni-based deCOx catalysts, the steady-state performance of bimetallic formulations must be ascertained using industrially relevant feeds and reaction conditions in order to make meaningful comparisons. In the present work, used cooking oil (UCO) was upgraded to renewable diesel via deCOx over Ni/Al2O3 promoted with Cu, Fe, or Pt in a fixed-bed reactor at 375 °C using a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1 h−1. Although all catalysts fully deoxygenated the feed to hydrocarbons throughout the entire 76 h duration of these experiments, the cracking activity (and the evolution thereof) was distinct for each formulation. Indeed, that of the Ni-Cu catalyst was low and relatively stable, that of the Ni-Fe formulation was initially high but progressively dropped to become negligible, and that of the Ni-Pt catalyst started as moderate, varied considerably, and finished high. Analysis of the spent catalysts suggests that the evolution of the cracking activity can be mainly ascribed to changes in the composition of the metal particles.

Operando Insight into the Correlation between the Structure and Composition of CuZn Nanoparticles and Their Selectivity for the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction.

Bimetallic CuZn catalysts have been recently proposed as alternatives in order to achieve selectivity control during the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR). However, fundamental understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism and parameters determining the CO2RR performance is still missing. In this study, we have employed size-controlled (∼5 nm) Cu100–xZnx nanoparticles (NPs) supported on carbon to investigate the correlation between their structure and composition and catalytic performance. By tuning the concentration of Zn, a drastic increase in CH4 selectivity [∼70% Faradaic efficiency (F.E.)] could be achieved for Zn contents from 10 to 50, which was accompanied by a suppression of the H2 production. Samples containing a higher Zn concentration displayed significantly lower CH4 production and an abrupt switch in the selectivity to CO. Lack of metal leaching was observed based on quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Operando X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy measurements revealed that the alloying of Cu atoms with Zn atoms takes place under reaction conditions and plays a determining role in the product selectivity. Time-dependent XAFS analysis showed that the local structure and chemical environment around the Cu atoms continuously evolve during CO2RR for several hours. In particular, cationic Zn species initially present were found to get reduced as the reaction proceeded, leading to the formation of a CuZn alloy (brass). The evolution of the Cu–Zn interaction with time during CO2RR was found to be responsible for the change in the selectivity from CH4 over Cu-ZnO NPs to CO over CuZn alloy NPs. This study highlights the importance of having access to in depth information on the interplay between the different atomic species in bimetallic NP electrocatalysts under operando reaction conditions in order to understand and ultimately tune their reactivity.

Micellar catalysed oxidation of hydrophobic fatty alcohol in aqueous medium

Oxidation of a hydrophobic fatty alcohol was carried out under pseudo 1st order reaction condition in aqueous micellar medium efficiently. In addition to the dissolution of alcohol micelles are found to catalyse the oxidation reaction. Use of promoters further enhanced the rate of the reaction with almost instant completion of the reaction via the formation of active oxidants (AO+). The product was confirmed by IR and NMR study. Fluorescence studies and DLS measurements were done to confirm the formation of AO+. NMR studies were carried out to establish the interaction between the surfactants and 1-Octanol. Calculated activation parameters (ΔH≠, ΔS≠) also support the experimental findings.