Reached Room Temperature Research Articles

Preliminary study of mixing used cooking oil and lemon peel essential oil as an alternative fuel to replace biodiesel

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly renewable bio-energy with many advantages over diesel fuel. The disadvantage of biodiesel is that the price is still relatively expensive so it cannot compete with diesel fuel. This high price is due to the high cost of raw materials and manufacturing process costs. Raw materials such as palm oil, methanol and methyl acetate are expensive, and the transesterification and interesterification processes require long process stages that require a lot of energy supply. The solution to overcome this problem is to use cheap raw materials and a simple manufacturing process. Used cooking oil is household waste that has prospects as a raw material. Another ingredient used is lemon essential oil. Lemon essential oil can be made yourself by extracting lemon peel waste using a boiling or steaming process. The lemon essential oil used is also small, namely a maximum of 5% of the mass of used cooking oil. It is hoped that mixing used cooking oil with lemon essential oil can replace biodiesel. Lemon essential oil is a bio-additive that can improve the quality of used cooking oil to approach the physical properties of biodiesel. With this new process, it is hoped that it can produce fuel that is cheap but of good quality. The aim of the research is to obtain a new fuel to replace biodiesel that is cheaper and more efficient, namely with cheap raw materials and fewer process stages so that it will reduce production costs. The research began with the activation of zeolite as an adsorbent for purifying used cooking oil with variables including zeolite mass of 400 grams, calcination temperature of 300⁰C, activation time of 2 hours and zeolite size > 80 mesh. The second stage of the research was purifying used cooking oil with zeolite using a variable volume of 3 liters of used cooking oil and a purification time of 1 hour. The third stage of the research was mixing purified used cooking oil with lemon essential oil with variable volume of essential oil (3, 4, 5, 6, 7% oil volume) and mixing temperature (30, 40, 50⁰C), mixing time 60 minutes, stirring speed 500 rpm and oil volume 150 mL. After the mixing time and the sample temperature reached room temperature, an analysis of the density, acid number, viscosity and FFA of used cooking oil with bio-additive lemon essential oil was carried out. The analysis results are compared with the biodiesel standard SNI 7182-2015 to see whether the product/sample approaches the physical properties of biodiesel

Giant Carrier Mobility in a Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic VSi2N4 Monolayer.

Using density functional theory (DFT), we investigate that two possible phases of VSi2N4 (VSN) may be realized, one called the "H phase" corresponding to what is known from calculation and herein the other new "T phase" being stabilized by a biaxial tensile strain of 3%. Significantly, the H phase is predicted to display a giant carrier mobility of 1 × 106 cm2 V-1 s-1, which exceeds that for most 2D magnetic materials, with a Curie temperature (TC) exceeding room temperature and a band gap of 2.01 eV at the K point. Following the H-T phase transition, the direct band gap shifts to the Γ point and increases to 2.59 eV. The Monte Carlo (MC) simulations also indicate that TC of the T phase VSN can be effectively modulated by strain, reaching room temperature under a biaxial strain of -4%. These results show that VSN should be a promising functional material for future nanoelectronics.

The behavior of reinforced concrete frames exposed to high temperature under cyclic load effect

Continued use of the structure through minor renovations and repairs without a complete and accurate determination of the extent of damage to the structure and its elements exposed to high temperature effects due to fire, etc. will cause more loss of life and property in the event of an earthquake that may occur later. The aim of this study is to determine the losses on the lateral load and energy damping capacities and stiffness of reinforced concrete frames exposed to 200, 400, 600 and 800 ℃ high temperatures for 60, 120 and 180 min. For this purpose, 13 reinforced concrete frame test elements with the same concrete and steel material properties and dimensions were produced. All reinforced concrete frame test members were brought to the specified target temperature within one hour and exposed to high temperature effects for 60, 120 and 180 min at these target temperatures. The test members then allowed cooling down on their own and when they reached room temperature, they removed from the oven and subjected to cyclic lateral loading tests. The data obtained from the cyclic lateral loading tests processed to obtain lateral load - horizontal displacement, stiffness - horizontal displacement, cumulative energy consumption - horizontal displacement and strength envelope curves for each test element. According to the results of the cyclic lateral loading tests, it was determined that the lateral load carrying capacities of the test members exposed to high temperature for 60, 120 and 180 min decreased by 24 %, 33.33 % and 36 % in push, and by 25.76 %, 37.6 % and 38.72 % in pull, respectively. In addition, the energy consumption of the test elements exposed to high temperature for 60, 120 and 180 min decreased by 30.98 %, 42.41 % and 39.62 %, respectively, compared to the reference test element. The initial stiffness of all test elements exposed to the high temperature effect decreased compared to the initial stiffness of the reference test element not exposed to the high temperature effect. According to these results, the effect of high temperature causes losses in many parameters that are of vital importance in the building elements, but also highly affects the earthquake behavior of the building.

Theoretical simulation of pre-sintering effect and improvement of electrical transport properties of La0.7Ca0.18Sr0.12MnO3 film prepared by spin coating method

Perovskite manganites Lax(Ca1-ySry)1-xMnO3 have drawn the plentiful attention owing to their distinctive physical properties. Their unique properties make them an ideal candidate for high-sensitivity and uncooled bolometric applications. Optimized La0.7Ca0.18Sr0.12MnO3 (LCSMO) films were grown on (00l) LaAlO3 substrate at different pre-sintering temperature (Tps) via sol–gel spin coating method. According to the test results of microstructure, internal strain, Mn ion valences and surface morphology, electrical transport properties are restricted by MnO6 octahedron distortion and film crystallinity affected by the change in Tps. The microstructure growth was improved and the surface morphology tended to grow in a cross-like structure with high crystallinity by optimizing Tps. Double exchange mechanism and internal strain were enhanced with the increase in Tps. Thereby, due to the enlarging MnOMn bond angle and enhancing MnO covalency, the temperature (Tk) corresponding to temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) was increased gradually as Tps increased. The TCR value of LCSMO film reached a maximum value (10.82 %/K) and Tk reached room temperature (302.03 K) at Tps = 1123 K. The theoretical foundation of the pre-sintering effect has been supplemented, helping to understand the influence of pre-sintering on film growth and electrical transport properties.

Experimental study on post-fire mechanical properties of Grade 12.9 high-strength bolts

This paper aims to experimentally investigate the post-fire mechanical properties of Grade 12.9 high-strength bolts. To evaluate the effects of elevated temperatures and the bolt diameter on the post-fire mechanical properties, seven different diameters of the Grade 12.9 bolts were heated based on a standard temperature–time diagram with the ranges of 20 to 900 °C. Upon air-cooling and reaching room temperature (a heating and cooling cycle), 105 bolt specimens were subjected to the standard tensile test. The experimental results, including the post-fire stress–strain curve, yield strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and ductility, were presented. The results indicated that changes in mechanical properties were noticeable for temperatures higher than 400 °C. Although the post-fire modulus of elasticity did not significantly change, the post-fire yield and tensile strengths decreased substantially if the maximum temperature exceeded 400 °C. After heating up to 900 °C and then cooling down and reaching ambient temperature, Grade 12.9 steel bolts showed a 60% reduction in strength. The comparison of the results showed that the effect of diameter on the post-fire yield and tensile strengths of Grade 12.9 bolts was insignificant and could be neglected, but on elastic modulus and ductility, the diameter effect needs to be considered. In addition, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated that the elevated temperatures remarkably changed the microstructural characteristics of the Grade 12.9 bolts. Finally, based on the test results, the prediction equations of the post-fire mechanical properties of the Grade 12.9 high-strength bolts were proposed.

Effect of sub-zero treatments on hardness and corrosion properties of low-alloy nickel steel

<abstract><p>Low alloy nickel steel was chosen for this experiment because it is suitable for grinding balls application due to its high hardness and corrosion resistance. This study aimed to see the effect of different sub-zero treatments on the hardness, fractography and corrosion properties of low alloy nickel steel. The prepared specimens were heated to the austenitizing temperature of 980 ℃ in a furnace for one hour and water-quenched until they reached room temperature. Furthermore, the quenched specimens were chilled in liquid nitrogen for a variated time of 10, 60 or 360 min, followed by tempering treatment at 200 ℃ for one hour. According to the hardness test, the sub-zero treatment is effective in hardening materials, where the hardness value increases as the sub-zero treatment time increases, ranging from 204.93 to 417.98 HV. The fractography test indicated ductile fracture characterized by dimples at the fractured surface. Moreover, the corrosion test showed an enhancement of corrosion resistance with increased sub-zero treatment time.</p></abstract>

Structural, electrical and magnetic transport properties of Pr1−xSrxMnO3 (0.30 ≤ x ≤ 0.35) ceramics prepared by sol-gel method

In order to promote practical application of Pr1−xSrxMnO3 (PSMO, 0.30 ≤ x ≤ 0.35) ceramics in uncooled infrared bolometer, the effect of Sr content on the microstructure, surface morphologies, ionic valence, electrical and magnetic transport properties was investigated in detail. The crystal structure parameters such as, cell volume, MnO bond length increased as x rose, while the MnOMn bond angle decreased. In terms of electrical transport properties, more Sr content was beneficial to increase in Tp (metal-insulator (M-I) transition temperature) and Mn4+ ion concentration, the percentage of Mn4+ was increased from 18.71% to 23.33%. The Tp increased gradually as amount of Sr doping rose, which also led to the increase of peak temperature corresponding to temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR). The reduction in resistivity was beneficial to improve TCR values. These phenomena could be explained by the double exchange (DE) interaction mechanism and the Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion effect. The increase in Tp is a result of enhanced DE interactions. The TCR peak temperature (Tk) of Pr0.65Sr0.35MnO3 ceramic was reached room temperature (5.77% K−1; 298.63 K), which is suitable for use in Pr-based uncooled infrared bolometers and is worthy of further investigation.

EFFECT OF THERMAL ANNEALING ON PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND ORDERING OF THE MAGNETIC TEXTURE OF Fe3O4/Nd2O3 NANOCOMPOSITES

The paper presents the results of a study of the effect of thermal annealing on the phase transformations and subsequent ordering of the magnetic texture and superfine magnetic parameters in Fe3O4/Nd2O3 nanocomposites obtained by chemical deposition and subsequent mechanochemical synthesis. X-ray phase analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to characterize the properties of the obtained Fe3O4/Nd2O3 nanocomposites. Thermal annealing was carried out in an oxygen-containing medium in the temperature range of 400°C - 1000°C for 5 hours followed by cooling for 24 hours until reaching room temperature. The phase transformation dynamics of Fe2O3/NdFeO3 → NdFeO3 >>Fe2O3→ NdFeO3 type was established using X-ray phase analysis. According to the data of Mössbauer spectroscopy it was established that the domination of the NdFeO3 phase in the nanocomposite structure at annealing temperatures above 800°С leads to an ordering of the magnetic texture and an increase in the value of the superfine magnetic field to 502.8 kOe, approaching the values characteristic of the Fe2O3 structure (513 kOe).

Achievement of zero thermal expansion covering room temperature in the La(Fe,Al)13-based bulks with reduced annealing time

In this paper, we adopt copper-mould casting to prepare the compound with nominal composition of LaFe10·3Al2.7, which has been reported to exhibit isotropic zero thermal expansion (ZTE). The rapid cooling rate provided by copper-mould makes the α-Fe phases in both as-cast and annealed sheets have similar size and homogeneously distributed. This improvement is helpful to prepare bulks with uniform and stable thermal expansion. On the other hand, the rapid cooling rate reduces the size of the α-Fe phases in the as-cast sheet. It facilitates the formation of NaZn13 phase during annealing. For the sheet with thickness = 2 mm, annealing time can be shorten to be 2 days. Moreover, we add Co in the composition to enhance the magnetic ordering-disordering temperature of the NaZn13 phase. The ZTE temperature region is successfully enlarged to room temperature. Our results provide a strategy to design LaFe13-xAlx bulks with ZTE reaching room temperature.

Temperature and Tumor Microenvironment Dual Responsive Mesoporous Magnetic Nanospheres for Magnetothermal Effect-Induced Cancer Theranostics

Temperature and Tumor Microenvironment Dual Responsive Mesoporous Magnetic Nanospheres for Magnetothermal Effect-Induced Cancer Theranostics

Characterization and Viability Prediction of Commercial Probiotic Supplements under Temperature and Concentration Conditioning Factors by NIR Spectroscopy

The quality of probiotics has been associated with bacteria and yeast strains’ contents and their stability against conditioning factors. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), as a non-destructive, fast, real-time, and cost-effective analytical technique, can provide some advantages over more traditional food quality control methods in quality evaluation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the applicability of NIRS to the characterization and viability prediction of three commercial probiotic food supplement powders containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) subjected to concentration and temperature conditioning factors. For each probiotic, 3 different concentrations were considered, and besides normal preparation (25 °C, control), samples were subjected to heat treatment at 60 or 90 °C and left to cool down until reaching room temperature prior to further analysis. Overall, after applying chemometrics to the NIR spectra, the obtained principal component analysis-based linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) classification models showed a high accuracy in both recognition and prediction. The temperature has an important impact on the discrimination of samples. According to the concentration, the best models were identified for the 90 °C temperature treatment, reaching 100% average correct classification for recognition and over 90% for prediction. However, the prediction accuracy decreased substantially at lower temperatures. For the 25 °C temperature treatment, the prediction accuracy decreased to nearly 60% for 2 of the 3 probiotics. Moreover, according to the temperature level, both the recognition and prediction accuracies were close to 100%. Additionally, the partial least square regression (PLSR) model achieved respectable values for the prediction of the colony-forming units (log CFU/g) of the probiotic samples, with a determination coefficient for prediction (R2Pr) of 0.82 and root mean square error for prediction (RMSEP) of 0.64. The results of our study show that NIRS is a fast, reliable, and promising alternative to the conventional microbiology technique for the characterization and prediction of the viability of probiotic supplement drink preparations.

Room-Temperature Superconductivity in Yb/Lu Substituted Clathrate Hexahydrides under Moderate Pressure.

Room temperature superconductivity is a dream that mankind has been chasing for a century. In recent years, the synthesis of H3S, LaH10, and C-S-H compounds under high pressures has gradually made that dream become a reality. But the extreme high pressure required for stabilization of hydrogen-based superconductors limit their applications. So, the next challenge is to achieve room-temperature superconductivity at significantly low pressures, even ambient pressure. In this work, we design a series of high temperature superconductors that can be stable at moderate pressures by incorporating heavy rare earth elements Yb/Lu into sodalite-like clathrate hexahydrides. In particular, the critical temperatures (Tc) of Y3LuH24, YLuH12, and YLu3H24 can reach 283 K at 120 GPa, 275 K at 140 GPa, and 288 K at 110 GPa, respectively. Their critical temperatures are close to or have reached room temperature, and minimum stable pressures are significantly lower than that of reported room temperature superconductors. Our work provides an effective method for the rational design of low-pressure stabilized hydrogen-based superconductors with room-temperature superconductivity simultaneously and will stimulate further experimental exploration.

A method to remove cellulose from rich organic samples to analyse microplastics

Knowing the amount of microplastics that currently reach wastewater is extremely important today. Furthermore, carrying out a good quantification and detection of the type of plastic provides valuable information. However, the wastewater is loaded, in addition to a high concentration of organic matter, with a high concentration of cellulose at the treatment plant influent, which seriously hinders detection, quantification and classification of microplastics. The abundance of cellulose materials makes them possible to become false positives for microplastics. Numerous studies on the analysis of microplastics in different matrices show how to remove organic matter from samples, but there are very few studies on the removal of cellulose, which is also found in the samples and hinders their analysis. This study offers a method that combines, for the analysis of microplastics, the already known advanced oxidation treatments for the elimination of organic matter with the novel cellulose removal treatment of the samples with the aim of reducing the amount of cellulose in the influent samples of conventional wastewater treatment plants. To remove the cellulose, 40 mL of a solution of urea 8%, sodium hydroxide 8% and thiourea 6.5% (by weight) were added for every 100 mg of dry sample. The beakers were placed in the freezer at minus 20 °C for 40 min and were then placed in agitation until they reached room temperature. After that, the samples were passed through a 53 μm mesh sieve. They were washed 15 times with 30 mL of ultra-pure water. The method is called UTS because of the acronym of its reagents (Urea/Thiourea/Sodium Hydroxide). By using the UTS method it is possible to reduce almost completely the cellulose residues from the influent sewage, and sludge samples by 97.6% in a second UTS treatment and 98.2% in a third UTS treatment. In all cases analyzed, the microplastics were identified as high density polyethylene (HDPE) with correlation indices higher than 0.97, which shows that the treatment is harmless for this type of plastic material. The UTS method in combination with the WPO is an efficient and effective method for the analysis of microplastics in different matrices where cellulose and organic matter may cause possible interferences.

Effect of Prior Austenite Grain-Size on the Annealing Twin Density and Hardness in the Austenitic Stainless Steel

The present study examined the effect of prior austenite grain size on twin density and hardness of austenitic stainless steels (ASS). The 253 MA and 316L ASS were subjected to multi-pass cold rolling to reduce thickness up to 2.3 mm. Subsequently, the rolled steels were heat treated at 1100°C at 0, 900, 1800, 2700, and 3600 seconds in a tubular furnace in a hydrogen atmosphere. At the end of the annealing time, the rolled steel was quenched in the cooled zone of the tubular furnace until it reached room temperature in a hydrogen atmosphere. Then, microstructure observation of ASS was done to identify the austenitic grain size and annealing twin, and a hardness test was performed using the micro-Vickers hardness scale. The line intercept method was used to measure the changes in 253 MA and 316L austenitic grain sizes. ImageJ software was used to measure grain size and twin length. The results showed that austenite grains of both steels grew normally; 253 MA ASS had a lower SFE and K value than 316L ASS, which indicated that 253 MA ASS had sluggish grain growth, smaller grains, more easily formed annealing twins, and higher twin density. The Hall–Petch coefficient, K’, of 253 MA ASS was higher than 316L ASS, which resulted in a higher hardness value. The Sellars, Pande and Hall-Petch models were shown to predict austenite grain sizes, twin density, and hardness in 253 MA and 316L ASS.

Biological control of turfgrass diseases with organic composts enriched with Trichoderma atroviride

The increasing demand of natural products for the control of plant diseases has led to the search for biological control agents, namely fungi, often isolated from composts of organic residues. By composting two different mixes of agro-industrial residues, P1 and P2 composts were obtained, from where a known antagonist, Trichoderma atroviride, was isolated. Later, a second composting process was performed and when the composting mix reached room temperature, the previously isolated T. atroviride was inoculated in both composts to enrich its population (E) and named as P1E and P2E. The suppressive capacity of these two composts against Sclerotium rolfsii, Clarireedia spp. and Rhizoctonia solani was tested two weeks after T. atroviride inoculation, in 100 mL pots with turfgrass seeded with Agrostis stolonifera. The tested treatments were: composts P1 and P2 without any treatment; thermally treated P1 and P2 (P1t, P2t); P1 and P2 enriched without and with previous thermic treatment (P1E, P2E, P1tE, P2tE), and a commercial peat-based substrate, natural (P) and thermally treated (Pt), enriched (PE) and enriched after thermal treatment (PtE). Enriched composts achieved the highest disease control. P1E was more effective in controlling Clarireedia spp.; pots with infected plants grown on P1E, showed 53.5% less affected area compared to P1t. P2E was more effective against R. solani; results showed 69.3% less affected area compared to P2t and both were effective in S. rolfsii control, with a reduction of 38.5% in P1E and 43.5% in P2E. The larger population of Trichoderma spp. observed in the enriched substrates associated to the greater enzyme activity, namely and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, standing out in P2E, will have contributed strongly to the biocontrol of the studied diseases. An increase in some macro and micronutrients was observed in the enriched heat-treated substrates.

Second group of high-pressure high-temperature lanthanide polyhydride superconductors

Rare-earth polyhydrides formed under pressure are promising conventional superconductors, with the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ in compressed ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{10}$ almost reaching room temperature. Here, we report a systematic computational investigation of the structural and superconducting properties of rare-earth (RE) polyhydrides formed under pressure across the whole lanthanide series. Analyses of the electronic and dynamical properties and electron-phonon coupling interaction for the most hydrogen-rich hydrides ${\mathrm{REH}}_{n}$ ($n=8,9,10$) that can be stabilized below 400 GPa show that enhanced ${T}_{c}$ correlates with a high density of H $s$ states and low number of RE $f$ states at the Fermi level. In addition to previously predicted and measured ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{10}$ and ${\mathrm{CeH}}_{9}$, we suggest ${\mathrm{YbH}}_{10}$ and ${\mathrm{LuH}}_{8}$ as additional potential high-${T}_{c}$ superconducters. They form a ``second island'' of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity amongst the late lanthanide polyhydrides, with an estimated ${T}_{c}$ of 102 K for ${\mathrm{YbH}}_{10}$ at 250 GPa.

Research Note: Comparison of 3 methods used for estimating cook loss in broiler breast meat

The objective of this study was to evaluate different methods used for estimating cook loss in broiler breast fillets (pectoralis major). Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, intact fillets were weighed, cooked to 75°C, and then subjected to 1 of 3 postcook handling treatments: cooling for 5 min at room temperature before reweighing (5-minute), cooling at room temperature until they reached room temperature before reweighing (RT), or cooling in ice water until they reached room temperature before reweighing (IW). In the second experiment, breast fillet portions were used to compare the effects of endpoint temperature (53°C, 57°C, 68°C, 75°C, or 90°C) on cook loss estimation by the 5-minute and RT methods. Breast fillets were collected from local chicken processing plants and trimmed to similar weight prior to cooking. Cook loss, cook loss retention, and total cook loss after 24 h in cooked fillets were measured for comparisons. Data showed that cook loss (<17%) and total loss (19.3%) estimated with the IW method were lower (P < 0.05) than those with the 5-minute and RT methods (19–21% for cook loss and 21.1–21.3% for total loss), which did not differ from each other. When the endpoint temperature was ≥75°C, no differences in cook loss estimates or moisture loss were noted between the 5 min and RT methods (after 3 h cooling). However, when the temperatures were 53°C to 75°C, cook loss estimations were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the 5 min and RT methods (more than 4%). Reduced endpoint temperature resulted in increasing differences (from less than 5% to more than 9%) in cook loss estimates. These results demonstrate that endpoint cooking temperature and postcooking sample handling methods may affect cook loss estimates in broiler breast meat.

Role of Thermolysin in Catalytic-Controlled Self-Assembly of Fmoc-Dipeptides

In recent years, short peptide self-assembled materials, prepared under the control of the thermolysin catalyst, have been investigated extensively and shown to acquire various morphologies and fun...

Effect of the seed maturation stage and pre-germination treatments on emergence of Erythrina crista-galli L.

The main goals of this study were to verify the existence of integumentary seed dormancy in Erythrina crista-galli seeds from mature pods and evaluate the seedling emergence from newly collected seeds in two stages of physiological maturation. Methods of overcoming dormancy were tested by comparing seedling emergence rate, mean emergence time and emergence index, with treatments: TC – control; T1– sanded and soaked in water for 48 h; T2 – sanded and soaked in water for 24 h; T3 – soaked in water without heating at the initial temperature of 60 °C, until reaching room temperature; T4 – only sanded; T5 – immature seeds. The results indicate that: i) newly collected seeds from mature pods do not require treatment to overcome dormancy; ii) immature seeds have germination similar to newly collected mature seeds.

Tunable thermal radiation surface based on the K-doped manganite

The adaptive feedback of a thermal control system to the variation in the environmental temperature is challenging. We synthesized K-doped La0·7Ca0.3-xKxMnO3 (LCKMO, x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) thermochromic materials by the conventional solid reaction method, exhibiting comparable responsiveness of their emittance values to the temperature change. The crystal structure, surface microtopography, and optical–thermal properties were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the K+ ion doping improved the emissivity and the phase transition temperature of the materials; however, it reduced the adjustability of the emissivity values of the samples. The results also revealed that when the doping level was x = 0.20, the phase transition temperature reached room temperature, and the emissivity increased from 0.3 to 0.7 in the temperature range of 173–373 K. Based on the thermal images photographed from 253 K to 373 K, it could be concluded that the sample with x = 0.20 had self-heat-regulating ability. These findings exhibited that the LCKMO system has immense potential for application in spacecraft thermal systems, owing to its excellent thermal radiation properties.