Energy Reallocation Research Articles

Microbial consortia inoculants differently shape ecophysiological and systemic defence responses of field-grown grapevine cuttings

Despite microbe-based products for grapevine protection and growth improvement are available, only a few of them contain microbes directly isolated from vine tissues. Here, a collection of endophytic bacterial isolates obtained from grapevine woody tissues was used for producing an ad-hoc inoculum. Bacterial isolates were tested in biocontrol assays against some of the main grapevine pathogens and the seven most performing as biological control agents were selected for a consortium development (SynCom). Before putting them in field, a group of cuttings was inoculated with the developed SynCom, whereas a second one was inoculated with a commercial consortium formed by a mixed inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and a rhizosphere Bacillus coagulans bacterial strain (B). After the transplanting in field, eco-physiological parameters were monitored, and samples for biochemical and molecular analyses were collected at the end of the experiment. Integration of physiological data with metabolite and transcriptome profiles have been performed. Results showed that the SynCom slowed down photosynthesis, suggesting a reallocation of energy towards defence pathways. Conversely, the AMF+B treatment led to more balanced physiological performances. Metabarcoding analysis revealed that SynCom-treated plants had a significantly lower abundance of wood-decay pathogens than control or AMF+B plants. Collectively, our findings provide information useful for enabling microbial inoculation exploitation with a refined awareness.

Two-Stage Optimization of Mobile Energy Storage Sizing, Pre-Positioning, and Re-Allocation for Resilient Networked Microgrids with Dynamic Boundaries

Networked microgrids (NMGs) enhance the resilience of power systems by enabling mutual support among microgrids via dynamic boundaries. While previous research has optimized the locations of mobile energy storage (MES) devices, the critical aspect of MES capacity sizing has been largely neglected, despite its direct impact on costs. This paper introduces a two-stage optimization framework for MES sizing, pre-positioning, and re-allocation within NMGs. In the first stage, the capacity sizing and pre-positioning of MES devices are optimized before a natural disaster. In the second stage, the re-allocation and active power output of MES devices are adjusted post-disaster, with boundary switches operated based on the damage scenarios. The framework restores unserved loads by either forming isolated microgrids using MES or re-establishing connections between microgrids via smart switches. The proposed framework is modeled mathematically and solved using a customized progressive hedging algorithm. Extensive experiments on modified IEEE 33-node and 69-node systems demonstrate the model’s effectiveness and applicability in improving system resilience.

Brainwave Patterns and Metabolic Adaptations in Rowers Crossing the Atlantic: A Case Series Pilot Study.

This pilot study was designed to test the hypothesis that quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) measurements reflect physiological adaptations for brain energy reallocation. The study focused on a team of three well-matched male rowers participating in a 30-day, 2,650-mile continuous transatlantic rowing competition, examining the effects of extreme, prolonged stress on brain function and metabolic adaptations. Measurements at the start and finish lines included body weight, height, waist circumference, body fat, and a panel of hormones and biochemical markers. Post-race qEEG parameters were recorded under eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. qEEG data were compared to a reference population (ages 6-90 years) and to an age-matched 27-year-old male medical student serving as a control subject. qEEG analysis evaluated voltage amplitudes, wave distribution patterns, theta-to-beta ratios (TBR), and coherence levels. Hormonal changes and oxidative stress markers were also assessed before and after race. Two rowers exhibited post-race dominance of high-frequency beta activity, while one displayed co-dominance of delta and beta waves. Compared to the control subject (TBR = 1.25), the rowers' low TBRs (< 0.2) indicated high vigilance and low relaxation during EC conditions. Cortisol levels increased in all rowers and were associated with beta coherence >1 SD above the reference mean. Testosterone decreased in two rowers but increased in one; the smallest cortisol increase corresponded with the largest testosterone decrement. Decreases in oxidative stress markers correlated with a shift from right- to left-sided alpha asymmetry, consistent with redistribution of alpha wave energy to the nondominant hemisphere. This pattern was also observed in the control subject. Increased testosterone in one rower was linked to a decrease in the percentage of sites exhibiting normal theta frequencies, indicating a potential role for testosterone in brain energy reallocation. The findings suggest that qEEG measurements reflect physiological adaptations in response to extreme stress, supporting the hypothesis that metabolic energy is reallocated to optimize vigilance and performance. The observed correlations between hormonal changes, oxidative stress markers, and qEEG parameters provide preliminary evidence of mechanisms for brain energy reallocation. These insights highlight the potential for qEEG to identify biomarkers of stress adaptation and lay the groundwork for larger studies to further elucidate these mechanisms.

Influence of back pressure adjustment of porous media on cavity flow noise control

Control of self-sustained oscillation and noise reduction poses a significant challenge. The present study employs Implicit Large Eddy Simulation at a Mach number of 0.85 to investigate the influence of a porous cavity floor on flow dynamics. By substituting the solid floor with porous media, the fundamental pressure–velocity relationship within the medium is established according to Darcy's law. Findings reveal marked suppression of wall pulsations, accompanied by a 10 dB decrease in sound pressure levels. The porous medium induces blowing and suction effects, effectively modulating large-scale re-circulation and mitigating shear layer instability, thereby approximating free mixing layer characteristics and suppressing cavity flow oscillations. At an optimized porosity for maximum noise reduction, altering back pressure at the cavity floor induces a transition in the local flow regime from suction-dominated to blowing-dominated state. Excessive reduction of back pressure promotes suction; conversely, increased pressure intensifies blowing, further attenuating feedback mechanisms and enhancing noise reduction. To explore noise reduction mechanisms, mode decomposition analyses demonstrate the efficacy of porous media in disrupting large-scale coherence structures within shear layer and redistributing energy from dominant modes to a broader frequency spectrum that engages smaller flow structures. This energy reallocation mechanism contributes to the mitigation of cavity flow noise and deepens insights into the role of porous media in flow modulation and noise control.

What if? The macroeconomic and distributional effects for Germany of a stop of energy imports from Russia

AbstractThis paper discusses the economic effects of a potential cut‐off of the German economy from Russian energy imports. We use a multi‐sector open‐economy model and a simplified approach based on an aggregate production function to estimate the effects of a shock to energy inputs. We show that the effects are likely to be substantial but manageable because of substitution of energy imports and reallocation along the production chain. In the short run, a stop of Russian energy imports would lead to an output loss relative to the baseline situation, without the energy cut‐off, in the range 0.5% to 3% of GDP.

Abating carbon emissions at negative costs: Optimal energy reallocation in China's industry

Industry in China is an essential pillar of the economy and a major source of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Energy misallocation across industrial sectors exacerbates energy consumption and carbon emissions. This study uses stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to estimate the contribution and efficiency of capital, labor, and energy inputs to China's production between 2010 and 2020. Under the assumption of optimal allocation in a perfectly competitive market, we estimated the optimal energy input using the SFA results. The counterfactual results demonstrated considerable potential for energy savings, carbon abatement, and production increase under synergistic governance. According to the estimation, China's industry could save 4–24% of its energy input. The energy allocation adjustment varies across industry subsectors. Specifically, heavy industries have tremendous energy-saving potential, whereas the power production and supply subsectors require more energy. The overall energy conservation would have a synergistic effect of 0.3 to 1.4 billion tons of carbon reduction along with an extra 3.26 and 6.52 trillion Yuan output value. Such reallocation would also have the co-benefit of transforming the industry's energy mix, specifically, reducing its dependence on coal while increasing the share of electricity, which are both very critical in the process of carbon neutrality. The government could apply this method to guide the synergistic governance of industrial energy savings, carbon reduction, and production.

Multi-omics responses of barley seedlings to low and high linear energy transfer irradiation

Barley is a resilient crop with high nutritional value and adaptability, making it a promising candidate for phytoremediation and space agriculture. The study presents a comprehensive multi-omics analysis of the impact of ionising radiation (IR) on barley seedlings, intending to identify candidate pathways for creating radiation-resilient barley plants. We found that different IR treatments (gamma, electron, proton, neutron) increased the intensity of protein catabolism and led to the attenuation of translation. The impact of IRs on protein synthesis and degradation was accompanied by rearrangements in energy metabolism and reallocation of nitrogen, probably due to enhanced protein catabolism. At least partially, those changes seem to fuel secondary metabolites production, including riboflavin, various phytoalexins, phytosiderophores, ferulic and sinapic acids, kaempferol, quercetin, nictoflorin, gallate, and podophyllotoxin. Many of these compounds have antioxidant or radioprotective properties. To focus on possible targets for gene editing, we identified genes differentially regulated after all types of IR exposure and potential transcription factors regulating secondary metabolism, including AP2/ERF, WRKY, bHLH, bZIP, MYB, and NAC families.

Study of the Genetic Adaptation Mechanisms of Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) Regarding Climatic Stresses Based on Dendrogenomic Analysis

Dendrogenomics is a new interdisciplinary approach that allows joint analysis of dendrological and genomic data and opens up new ways to study the temporal dynamics of forest treelines, delineate spatial and temporal population structures, decipher individual tree responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, and evaluate the adaptive genetic potential of forest tree populations. These data are needed for the prediction of climate change effects and mitigation of the negative effects. We present here an association analysis of the variation of 27 individual tree traits, including adaptive dendrophenotypes reflecting the individual responses of trees to drought stress, such as the resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc), resilience (Rs), and relative resilience (RRs) indexes measured in 136 Siberian larch trees in 5 populations in the foothills of the Batenevsky Ridge (Kuznetsk Alatau, Republic of Khakassia, Russia), with variation of 9742 SNPs genotyped using ddRADseq in the same trees. The population structure of five closely located Siberian larch populations was relatively weak (FST = 0.018). We found that the level of individual heterozygosity positively correlated with the Rc and RR indices for the five studied drought periods and partly with the Rs indices for three drought periods. It seems that higher individual heterozygosity improves the adaptive capabilities of the tree. We also discovered a significant negative relationship between individual heterozygosity and the Rt index in four out of five periods, which means that growth slows down during droughts more in trees with higher individual heterozygosity and is likely associated with energy and internal resource reallocation toward more efficient water and energy usage and optimization of larch growth during drought years. We found 371 SNPs with potentially adaptive variations significantly associated with the variation of adaptive dendrophenotypes based on all three different methods of association analysis. Among them, 26 SNPs were located in genomic regions carrying functional genes: 21 in intergenic regions and 5 in gene-coding regions. Based on the obtained results, it can be assumed that these populations of Siberian larch have relatively high standing adaptive genetic variation and adaptive potential underlying the adaptations of larch to various climatic conditions.

Comprehensive investigation of a broadband wearable energy harvester using adaptive kinetic energy reallocation mechanism

Energy harvesting technology has become a crucial way to accomplish battery-free wireless sensor networks. Although the output power of the wearable energy harvester has been significantly improved, the bandwidth of the energy harvester is still a key issue that hinders the applications of the energy harvester since the output power could dramatically fluctuate within a small excitation range. In this paper, adaptive kinetic energy reallocation (AKER) mechanism is proposed to stabilize the output power of the wearable energy harvester. In contrast to potential energy-based method, the AKER utilizes a pre-programmable and variable frequency-up converter to manipulate the kinetic energy transfer. Thus, the kinetic energy is adaptively controlled to enhance system response such that the output power can be stabilized. A mathematical model is built to predict the system performance and assess the feasibility of AKER mechanism. To validate the AKER, a prototype is fabricated and tested under single pendulum and simulated limb swinging excitations. Both the theoretical and experimental results show that the AKER can effectively stabilize the output power for all the excitation conditions. Compared with conventional energy harvester, the AKER can reduce the power ratio by up to 42 % and generate maximum power of 1.48 mW under single pendulum excitation. Moreover, under simulated limb swinging excitation, the AKER cuts down the power ratio decrease by 46 % and the maximum power reaches 1.47 mW. Based on these results, the AKER demonstrates great advantage in improving the output power stability and provides a novel method to enhance the bandwidth of the energy harvester.

Enhanced Operation of Ice Storage System for Peak Load Management in Shopping Malls across Diverse Climate Zones

There exists a notable research gap concerning the application of ice storage systems in shopping mall settings at the urban scale. The characteristics of large pedestrian flow, high energy consumption, and high peak loads in shopping malls make their advantages in energy conservation. This study researches sustainable cooling solutions by undertaking an economic analysis of the ice storage systems within shopping malls across 11 distinct cities, each system operating under varied electricity pricing frameworks. The methodology begins with creating baseline mall models using AutoBPS and refining them with OpenStudio. Before starting to adjust the model, measured data were used to verify the accuracy of the baseline model, the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error (CVRMSE) and normalized mean bias error (NMBE) metrics were calculated for the model energy consumption, with CVRMSE values of 8.6% and NMBE values of 1.57% for the electricity consumption, while the metrics for the gas consumption were 12.9% and 1.24%, respectively. The study extends its inquiry to encompass comprehensive economic evaluations based on the unique electricity pricing of each city. This rigorous assessment discerns the relationship between capacity, operational strategies, and economic performance. Particularly striking are the so-called peak-shaving and valley-filling effects verified in regions characterized by lower latitudes and substantial cooling loads. The interaction between ice storage capacity and operational schedules significantly influences both economic viability and cooling efficiency. Based on the temporal dynamics of time-of-use (TOU) power pricing, a finely calibrated operational schedule for the ice storage system is proposed. This operational strategy entails charging during periods of reduced electricity pricing to undertake cooling loads during peak electricity pricing intervals, culminating in substantial reductions in electricity charges of buildings. Moreover, the strategic reallocation of energy, characterized by a reduced chiller capacity and a corresponding elevation in ice storage system capacity, augments cooling efficiency and diminishes cooling-related electricity expenses. This study offers valuable insights for optimizing and deploying ice storage systems in diverse climatic regions, particularly for shopping malls. As a guiding reference, this paper provides stakeholders with a framework to reasonably apply and adjust ice storage systems, ushering in an era of energy-efficient and environmentally conscious cooling solutions tailored to shopping mall environments.

Investigation on the flow characteristics near the duct of a pump-jet propulsion under different advance coefficient conditions

The flow near the duct is very important for the efficiency and stable operation of a pump-jet propulsion. To study the flow near the outer surface and outlet of a duct, the larger-eddy simulation (LES) method is used to analyze the flow characteristics under different operating conditions. Cv on different lines in the swirling-jet flow obtained by the LES method fits well with that of the laser Doppler velocimeter experiment. Based on the reliable results of numerical simulation, it was found that lower inflow velocity delays the generation of separation vortex on the duct's outer surface. When the developing separation vortex interacts with the swirling-jet flow, the strong interaction may destroy the structure of the tip leakage vortex and has a huge influence on the swirling-jet flow with the increasing advance coefficient. As a result, the stronger interaction makes the downstream swirling-jet flow even more complicated. In addition, the strongest intensity of the hub vortex occurs when the advance coefficient is 1.4. ui′uj′‾ is very important for the reallocation of the time-average fluctuation kinetic energy. Therefore, it is selected for further flow analysis. Compared with others terms, uz′uz′‾ has larger magnitude and is consistent with the distribution of Ck.

Evidence for energy reallocation, not oxygen limitation, driving the deceleration in growth of adult fish.

The lifetime growth of almost all fishes follows a biphasic relationship - juvenile growth is rapid and adult growth subsequently decelerates. For a trend that is so ubiquitous, there is no general agreement as to the underlying mechanisms causing adult growth to decelerate. Ongoing theories argue that adult growth slows because either the gills fail to supply the body with surplus oxygen needed for continued somatic gain (i.e. oxygen limited), or sexual maturation induces a switch in energy allocation towards reproduction and away from growth (i.e. energy limited). Here, we empirically tested these notions by tracking the individual growth trajectories of ∼100 female Galaxias maculatus, ranging in size, during their first 3 months of adulthood. At a summer temperature of 20°C, we provided subsets of fish with additional energy (fed once versus twice a day), supplementary oxygen (normoxia versus hyperoxia), or a combination of the two, to assess whether we could change the trajectory of adult growth. We found that growth improved marginally with additional energy, yet remained unaffected by supplementary oxygen, thereby providing evidence for a role for energy reallocation in the deceleration of adult growth. Interestingly, additional dietary energy had a disproportionately larger effect on the growth of fish that matured at a greater size, revealing size-dependent variance in energy acquisition and/or allocation budgets at summer temperatures. Overall, these findings contribute towards understanding the mechanisms driving widespread declines in the body size of fish with climate warming.

Biphasic versus monophasic growth curve equation, an application to common sole (Solea solea, L.) in the northern and central Adriatic Sea

Traditionally, growth patterns are described as constant throughout life using von Bertalanffy's equation. However, a change in growth due to a reallocation of energy during an individual’s lifespan is to be expected. Following this hypothesis, back-calculation measurements obtained from SoleMon survey data were used to fit and compare monophasic and biphasic growth curves for common sole in the northern and central Adriatic Sea. Moreover, individual variability in growth was considered through nonlinear mixed-effect models in which the individual parameters were considered as a random effect. The analyses performed in this study revealed systematic age-specific discrepancies in the monophasic curve and demonstrated that the fit of the biphasic curve was superior (Δ AIC: 329; Δ BIC: 310), confirming the theory that growth in size would decrease as a consequence of reproductive effort. Finally, since common sole is routinely assessed using models that rely on growth to derive assessment estimates and related management reference points, a stock assessment simulation was performed to compare the two growth alternatives. The results showed how the biphasic alternative was preferable to the conventional alternative and how the use of the monophasic pattern would result in an overly optimistic view of stock status (+40% in SSB/SSBtarget and −35% in F/Ftarget compared to the biphasic pattern), thereby increasing the risk of overfishing.

Increased Food Resources Help Eastern Oyster Mitigate the Negative Impacts of Coastal Acidification.

Oceanic absorption of atmospheric CO2 results in alterations of carbonate chemistry, a process coined ocean acidification (OA). The economically and ecologically important eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is vulnerable to these changes because low pH hampers CaCO3 precipitation needed for shell formation. Organisms have a range of physiological mechanisms to cope with altered carbonate chemistry; however, these processes can be energetically expensive and necessitate energy reallocation. Here, the hypothesis that resilience to low pH is related to energy resources was tested. In laboratory experiments, oysters were reared or maintained at ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (1300 ppm) pCO2 levels during larval and adult stages, respectively, before the effect of acidification on metabolism was evaluated. Results showed that oysters exposed to elevated pCO2 had significantly greater respiration. Subsequent experiments evaluated if food abundance influences oyster response to elevated pCO2. Under high food and elevated pCO2 conditions, oysters had less mortality and grew larger, suggesting that food can offset adverse impacts of elevated pCO2, while low food exacerbates the negative effects. Results also demonstrated that OA induced an increase in oyster ability to select their food particles, likely representing an adaptive strategy to enhance energy gains. While oysters appeared to have mechanisms conferring resilience to elevated pCO2, these came at the cost of depleting energy stores, which can limit the available energy for other physiological processes. Taken together, these results show that resilience to OA is at least partially dependent on energy availability, and oysters can enhance their tolerance to adverse conditions under optimal feeding regimes.

Elucidating colony bloom formation mechanism of a harmful alga Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) using metaproteomics

Phaeocystis is a globally distributed Prymnesiophyte genus and usually forms massive harmful colony blooms, which impact marine ecosystem, mariculture, human health, and even threaten coastal nuclear power plant safety. However, the mechanisms behind the colony formation from the solitary cells remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated metabolic processes of both solitary and non-flagellated colonial cells of Phaeocystis globosa at different colony bloom stages in the subtropical Beibu Gulf using a metaproteomic approach. Temperature was significantly correlated with Phaeocystis colony bloom formation, and the flagellated motile solitary cells with abundant flagellum-associated proteins, such as tubulin and dynein, were the exclusive cellular morphotype at the solitary cell stage featured with temperatures ≥21 °C. When the temperature decreased to <21 °C, tiny colonies appeared and the flagellum-associated proteins were down-regulated in both solitary and non-flagellated colonial cells, while proteins involved in biosynthesis, chain polymerization and aggregation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a key constituent of gelatinous matrix, were up-regulated, indicating the central role of active GAG biosynthesis during the colony formation. Furthermore, light utilization, carbon fixation, nitrogen assimilation, and amino acid and protein synthesis were also enhanced to provide sufficient energy and substrates for GAG biosynthesis. This study highlighted that temperature induced re-allocation of energy and substances toward GAG biosynthesis is essential for colony bloom formation of P. globosa.

Assessing the role of the energy reallocation mechanism and hybrid generation in reducing risks to the Brazilian electricity grid

Assessing the role of the energy reallocation mechanism and hybrid generation in reducing risks to the Brazilian electricity grid

Assessing the role of the energy reallocation mechanism and hybrid generation in reducing risks to the Brazilian electricity grid

Assessing the role of the energy reallocation mechanism and hybrid generation in reducing risks to the Brazilian electricity grid

Species-Specific Effects of Planktonic Bacteria on the Predator-Induced Life-History Defense of Daphnia: Based on Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Structural Equation Model.

Planktonic bacteria are an important part of aquatic ecosystems and interact with zooplankton. However, it is still unclear whether different planktonic bacteria differentially interfere with the responses of zooplankton to their predators. Here, we investigated the effects of different planktonic bacteria, which were isolated and purified from natural lakes, on the anti-predation (Rhodeus ocellatus as the predator) defense responses of Daphnia magna. Our results showed that the effects of planktonic bacteria on the induced life-history defenses of Daphnia were species-specific. Bacteria which increased (e.g., Escherichia coli, Citrobacter braakii) Daphnia body size also promoted the induced defense of body size, whereas bacteria which decreased (e.g., Pseudomonas spp.) Daphnia body size also inhibited the induced defense of body size. In addition, the same bacteria had different effects on induced defense traits. Some bacteria (e.g., E. coli) promoted the induced defense of body size but reduced the induced defense of offspring number, whereas other bacteria (e.g., Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronas) weakened the induced defense of body size but had no significant effect on the induced defense of offspring number. Moreover, the differential effects of planktonic bacteria on Daphnia's induced defenses were not related to the bacterial degradation of kairomone. This study illustrated, for the first time, the species-specific effects of planktonic bacteria on predator-induced responses of Daphnia. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to reveal the differential effects of different species of planktonic bacteria on fish kairomone-induced defense traits and energy redistribution in Daphnia. Our results not only help deepen the understanding of Daphnia's inducible defenses in environments containing a variety of bacteria but also provide insights into the energy reallocation involved in anti-predator defenses.

High-Resolution Range Profile Feature Transformation Method Based on Amplitude-Phase Modulation Metasurface

Time-modulated metasurfaces have attracted much attention due to their flexible manipulation of electromagnetic waves. Time-varying response leads to spread-spectrum and reallocation of energy. Thus, an amplitude-phase joint modulation (TAJM) method is proposed based on a time-modulated active polarization conversion metasurface (APCM). Taking radar high resolution range profile (HRRP) as the object, the distance transformation and multi-target phenomena are further discovered. The proposed method achieves a flexible manipulation of target amplitude and phase. The relationship between the modulation parameters and HRRP feature is studied. It is revealed that the absorption depth is the dominant factor for the energy distribution of TAJM. The method can be applied to multi-target generation and target feature manipulation.

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation response overrides glucocorticoid-induced stress in a reptile.

Stress hormones and their impacts on whole organism metabolic rates are usually considered as appropriate proxies for animal energy budget that is the foundation of numerous concepts and models aiming at predicting individual and population responses to environmental stress. However, the dynamics of energy re-allocation under stress make the link between metabolism and corticosterone complex and still unclear. Using ectopic application of corticosterone for 3, 11 and 21days, we estimated a time effect of stress in a lizard (Zootoca vivipara). We then investigated whole organism metabolism, muscle cellular O2 consumption and liver mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation processes (O2 consumption and ATP production) and ROS production. The data showed that while skeletal muscle is not impacted, stress regulates the liver mitochondrial functionality in a time-dependent manner with opposing pictures between the different time expositions to corticosterone. While 3days exposition is characterized by lower ATP synthesis rate and high H2O2 release with no change in the rate of oxygen consumption, the 11days exposition reduced all three fluxes of about 50%. Oxidative phosphorylation capacities in liver mitochondria of lizard treated with corticosterone for 21days was similar to the hepatic mitochondrial capacities in lizards that received no corticosterone treatment but with 40% decrease in H2O2 production. This new mitochondrial functioning allows a better capacity to respond to the energetic demands imposed by the environment but do not influence whole organism metabolism. In conclusion, global mitochondrial functioning has to be considered to better understand the proximal causes of the energy budget under stressful periods.