Ray Photographs Research Articles

High‐Resolution X‐Ray Imaging of Mn Enhanced Lead‐Free Halide Scintillators in Pixelated Array Structures

AbstractX‐ray photography plays an important role in the fields of medical treatment, security inspection, and non‐destructive testing. The high image quality depends on X‐ray detectors with excellent properties. To meet the future demand for high‐performance scintillation screens, adding a new luminescent center in Cs3Cu2I5 by doping is considered. The successful incorporation of Mn brought a new luminescence peak at 565 nm. Different excitation modalities such as ultraviolet and X‐rays have the ability to tune luminescence. X‐ray can promote the energy transfer efficiency of self‐trapped excitons and non‐radiative intermediate trap states to doping Mn2+ ions. This results in a higher radioluminescence intensity of a radioluminescence light yield of 65 000 Photons MeV−1. Subsequently, a Cs3Cu2I5: Mn scintillation screen is prepared by anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The array channel structure of the AAO template strongly suppresses the internal scintillation light scattering, allowing more scintillation photons to be emitted efficiently. Under the combined effect of Mn‐enhanced radioluminescence properties and AAO template suppressed light scattering, it obtains the lowest detection limit of 49 nGyair s−1. High X‐ray imaging quality has been achieved for circuit boards, beetles, and ball‐point pens and reached a high X‐ray imaging resolution of 11.8 lp mm−1.

Preliminary insights into the population characteristics and distribution of reef (Mobula alfredi) and oceanic (M. birostris) manta rays in French Polynesia

In French Polynesia, both currently recognized manta ray species, Mobula alfredi and M. birostris, are observed. Despite being an important cultural asset and generating significant economic benefits through manta ray watching tourism, published data on the ecology and threats to these species in the region are scarce. Based on an 18-year dataset of sighting records collected by citizen scientists and during two scientific expeditions, this study provides the first insights into the population characteristics and regional distribution of the two manta ray species in French Polynesia. A total of 1347 manta ray photographs (1337 for M. alfredi and 10 for M. birostris) were examined for the period January 2001–December 2017, with photo-identification techniques leading to the successful identification of 317 individual M. alfredi and 10 individual M. birostris throughout the Society, Tuamotu and Marquesas Islands. We provide the first confirmation of sympatric distribution of both species in the Society Islands. Our results highlight strong and long-term site fidelity of M. alfredi individuals to certain aggregation sites (> 9 years for 16 individuals) and reveal some degree of connectivity between populations, with 10 individuals recorded moving between islands located up to 50 km apart. Analysis of photographs of individuals bearing sub-lethal injuries (n = 68) suggests that M. alfredi are more likely to be injured at inhabited islands (Maupiti or Bora Bora; 75% of all injured individuals) than at uninhabited islands, with 75% of injuries related to boat propeller strikes and fishing gear entanglements. Our findings emphasize the need for further research to allow for a comprehensive evaluation of population structure, size and threats to manta rays in this region.

Surgical pathology analysis of the causes of failure of 48 bioprosthetic heart valves in 40 Chinese cases

To investigate the pathological changes and related factors leading to failure of bioprosthetic valves. The surgical explanted bioprosthetic valves in Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from January 2006 to December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Calcification, cusp tears, pannus and infectious endocarditis of bioprosthetic valves were evaluated by gross examination, X ray photography and histopathological analysis. Meanwhile, the age and the site at implantation, and the tissue type of bioprosthetic valves, the implantation duration were obtained by chart review and used to be analyzed with the modes of valve failure. U test, χ(2) test and Fisher exact test were used to analyze the data. Total 48 bioprosthetic valves were collected from 40 cases with 26 females. Their age at the time of implantation was 12 to 71 years (median 58 years). The tissue types of bioprosthesis included 24 bovine pericardial valves and 24 porcine aortic valves respectively. The implantation sites included mitral in 29 valves, aortic in 14 valves and tricuspid in 5 valves. The implantation duration ranged from 5 days to 27 years (mean (111±77) months). The study showed that the commonest mode of valve failure was structural valve deterioration (32 valves, 66.7%). The fewer modes of valve failure were infectious endocarditis (9 valves, 18.7%) and non-structural valve deterioration (7 valves, 14.6%). No thrombosis was found in this series. The degree of calcification was correlated positively with implantation duration (r=0.52, P=0.000). The implantation duration of bovine pericardial valves was longer than that of porcine aortic valves ((146±74) months vs. (77±68) months, Z=-3.24, P=0.001). Porcine aortic valves had a higher incidence of cusp tears than bovine pericardial valves (66.7% vs. 16.7%, χ(2)=12.34, P=0.000) despite they had a relatively lower incidence of calcification (41.7% vs. 75.0%, χ(2)=5.37, P=0.019). For the age at the time of implantation, the patients ≤60 years old had more calcification of bioprosthetic valves compared with those >60 years old (45.1% vs. 2/17, χ(2)=5.51, P=0.019) whereas the patients ≤60 years old had fewer cusp tears (12.9% vs. 58.8%, P=0.002). Infectious endocarditis was found more frequently in the valves failure within 5 years than those failure after 5 years (6/14 vs. 8.8%, P=0.006). Structural valve deterioration is the principle cause of bioprosthetic valve failure while infectious endocarditis mainly involves the valves failure in early and middle terms after surgery. The mode of valve failure in the patients ≤60 years old is different from that in the patients >60 years old at the time of implantation. More calcification would occur in bioprosthetic valve in the younger patients.

CRECIMIENTO DEL CORAL ACROPORA PALMATA (LAMARCK, 1886) EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL CORALES DEL ROSARIO, CARIBE COLOMBIANO.

The growth rate in ten months (September 1992 - july 1993) for 30 colonies of Acropora palmata along the northern zone of the Corales del Rosario national natural park, Colombian Caribbean, was determined. Three measuring techniques were used: by hand, by staining with alizarin red, and from growth bands by X ray photography. The annual growth estimate for the species in the Park was 5.2 ± 1.3 cm and was found inversely correlated to the size of the colony (lenght, width and height). The growth presented a spatial variation. The smallest growth was found at Caleta Island and the largest at Caribaru Island. The maximum growth rate was observed in the dry season (December-February). No significant differences were found between measurement by hand and by alizarin red. The X-ray technique showed that Acropora palmata does not present discernible annual growth bands.

La Difesa Della Razza (1938–1943): Primitivism and Classicism in Fascist Italy

While recent studies on Italian Fascism have considered the regime's colonial project in Libya and Ethiopia, it is also necessary to analyze racism and its construction in the peninsula. The official magazine La difesa della razza (1938–1943) sought to provide scientific and cultural bases for Italian racism and anti-Semitism by citing anthropological studies as well as ancient sources. My paper examines its use of images, specifically the juxtaposition of classical, African, and modernist references. Thus, I focus on the ways in which classical art was represented alongside African individuals and/or sculptures in order to construct a racist ideology rooted on the civilized-primitive dichotomy. Despite the fact that La difesa della razza extolled the greatness of classical art while denigrating modern art, many of its covers recall Giorgio de Chirico's metaphysical paintings, Man Ray's photographs, and Hannah Höch's photomontages. Though the aforementioned artists utilized classical and/or African elements to question European culture, this fascist publication adopted a similar aesthetic to support its claims regarding the superiority of Italian race and culture across time. Hence, La difesa della razza demonstrates the heterogeneous and often contradictory ways in which fascist intellectuals justified the regime's racial policies, as they utilized the modernist sources they claimed endangered Italian civilization and its alleged racial purity. In any case, as with many other aspects of fascist official (and unofficial culture), modern art was at once disavowed and relied upon, thus constituting a peculiar case of modernist primitivism. Given the current existence of neo-Fascist parties within Italy, migration from Africa and the need for a more thorough reconsideration of fascist colonialism, my essay traces this nation's visual discourse on race as it emerged during the years leading up to World War II.

Analysis the Results of TOFD Inspection in Butt Joint Welds

In the application of the TOFD inspection method, the analysis of test results is the focus and aporia of the study. TOFD image analysis include: analysis of defect size, location analysis and defect map features. In order to increase people's understanding of the TOFD technique, given butt joint welds TOFD and RT detect. The paper introduces basic process of defect using the TOFD method, describes method of quantitative orientation of the defect in detail, analyzes the localization and quantification of defects in detection. Determine the qualitative of defects by Ray photographs and analyze the characteristics of the defects of this nature in the TOFD image.

A device for treatment of the spinal column

pediatric orthopedics. Early scoliosis should be distin guished from posture disorders. Posture disorders are functional defects that can be easily corrected. Scoliosis is caused by changes in the spinal column. Scoliosis requires early diagnosis and ade quate treatment. Differential diagnosis between scoliosis and posture disorders is very important. Visual medical examination fails to distinguish between scoliosis and posture disorders. Therefore, at least three X ray photo graphs of the child’s spinal column should be taken. Each X ray photograph is taken using long X ray film in supine position and under spinal column loading. Repeated X ray photographs should be taken with six month intervals to avoid exacerbation of scoliosis [2]. During X ray the child receives radiation dose 5.4 mSv per photograph (allowable dose in Belarus, 1.0 mSv/ year) [1]. Diagnosis of scoliosis requires information about the general configuration of the spinal column and vertebral torsion. The Lunar Prodigy apparatus for bone densito metry (USA) has been used so far to perform scoliosis diagnosis. This examination provides scoliosis diagnosis in children and reduces X ray radiation load. However, the Lunar Prodigy apparatus for bone densitometry does not allow examination to be performed in standing patients. The goal of this work was to describe an original device for spinal column compression in a recumbent patient simulating the load exerted by the body weight in the standing position. Spinal column loading along the body is simulated using a dynamometer and a system of belts attached to proximal parts of the patient’s body and hip. The belts are pulled using a rack with a screw. The dynamometer pro vides controlled load equal to the weight of the upper part of the patient’s body. The device (Fig. 1a) contains an X ray transparent hip panel 1 with attached perineal support 2. A rigidly attached dynamometer 3 is at the top of the perineal sup port 2. The dynamometer 3 is also rigidly attached to the center of the X ray transparent shaft 4. A screw rod 5 is attached to the top of the perineal support 2 near dynamometer 3. Two belts 7 are attached to both ends of shaft 4. The other ends of the belts are attached to underarm area 8 and vest 9 made of dense fabric with frontal angle 10 and strong ribbons 11. Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2008, pp. 162 163. Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2008, pp. 47 48. Original article submitted February 27, 2007.

The experimental study of histomorphology and biomechanical of cortical strut allograft in proximal femoral

To explore the deep-frozen allograft strut in the rabbits for the sake of finding some evidence to support the clinical practice of cortical strut allograft. Fifty deep-frozen allograft struts were implanted on the lateral side of the femur in 50 male New Zealand white rabbits. These rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups. The specimen were retrieved at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 weeks after surgeries. In each group histomorphology and biomechanic properties were studied. From the X ray photography the edge of the strut would turn blunt at the 4th week, union could be found at the 8th week, the inner side of the strut could be absorbed at the 24th week. In the early stage when the strut was implanted in the rabbit, the capillary would be found to grow into the cortical strut from the interior side of it. Then the capillaries were found to converge at the 16th week. This phenomenon is correspondent with the resorption of the dead bone and formation of the new bone. There are few neoformated capillaries on the lateral side of the strut. From the decalcificied section, allograft struts were found to unit to the host at 4 to 8th week. Osteoclast and the new bone formation could be seen at the 8th week, and 3% of the total area of what had been the allograft was replaced by the new bone at that time, 12% was replaced at the 16th week, 21% at the 24th week. There are few resorption or neoformated bone at the lateral side of the strut. The biomechanical property indicated that the strength of the strut decreased at the early time, and only 38% of its original strength remained at 16 weeks. The cortical allograft strut can unit to the host by the callus. The capillaries invading into the allograft from the interior side, new bone is formed from the interior side. The biomechanical strength of the strut decreased at early stage.

ABSTRACT: Scales of Facies Architecture in Top-truncated Lowstand Delta Lobes, Upper-Cretaceous Wall Creek Member, Frontier Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A

Abstract The Turonian Wall Creek Member (Wall Creek) has been interpreted as being deposited as an offshore bar, as storm deposited prodelta sand-sheets, and as a wave-dominated delta. An outcrop investigation was initiated in order to evaluate these varying hypotheses. This paper outlines each hypothesis' strengths and weaknesses then compares them with recent fieldwork completed during the 2000 summer field season. Fifty-nine vertical measured sections, including outcrop gamma ray scintillometry, photographs, and video were collected over a 900 square kilometer (347 square mile) area. The Wall Creek shows a mixture of different upward coarsening facies successions, associated with distinctly different overlapping sandstone bodies separated by mudstones. These are interpreted as different delta lobes. The south lobe grades upward from burrowed, to current rippled sandstones and mudstones, into structureless to flat stratified and ripple cross-laminated sandstones interpreted as delta front turbidites. These beds dip southeastward, the same direction as paleocurrents, suggesting they are delta front clinoforms. Dune-scale cross-stratified sandstones cap upward coarsening facies successions to the north. The presence of double mud drapes suggests tidal influence. In the east, the Wall Creek shows sharp-based mud-free cross-bedded sandstones, which suggest a wave-influenced shore face. Pebbles occurring at the sharp base may indicate a forced regression. Pebbles occur at the tops of sandstone bodies, including the inclined beds, all of which are truncated. Therefore, we interpret the Wall Creek as representing top-truncated lowstand deltaic deposits. We identify several scales of facies variability within the Wall Creek. Variability of different sand bodies with length scales of several kilometers to tens of kilometers represents large-scale reservoir compartments. These compartments show varying internal reservoir heterogeneity, depending on the proportion of river-, tide-, and wave-influence within lobes.

The functional anatomy of the masticatory muscles of the Malayan pangolin, Manis javanica.

The masticatory muscles of the Malayan pangolin, Manis javanica, were observed in dissection, and relative positions of the cranium and the mandible were examined under soft-X ray photographs. The M. temporalis was well-developed in the medial area of the zygomatic process of temporal bone. The M. masseter was found to consist of three large well-developed bundles between the zygomatic arch and the mandible. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the thin V-shaped mandible may act as a substantial support in the ventral portion of the oral cavity, and that the M. masseter and M. temporalis may serve to help fix the shape of mouth, when the pangolin uses the specialized tongue for feeding. We demonstrated that the M. digastricus is at least functionally able to depress and open the mandible. In addition, the welldeveloped M. mylohyoideus may contribute to the control of intraoral pressure during mastication.

Strontium/calcium ratios in modern porites corals From the Great Barrier Reef as a proxy for sea surface temperature: Calibration of the thermometer and monitoring of ENSO

High‐precision Sr/Ca ratios are reported for Porites corals from Davies Reef, at ∼19°S on the midshelf of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Skeletal growth parameters were also determined from coral slabs using X ray photographs and γ‐densitometry measurements. A calibration of the Sr/Ca thermometer has been obtained, using in situ measured sea surface temperatures, which gives Sr/Ca × 10³ = 10.48 (±0.01) − 0.0615 (±0.0004) × T, whereT is in °C. This calibration applies to different species of Porites and a large range of annual extension and calcification rates, provided sampling follows a major growth axis. Biases of 1°–2°C have been observed in the low‐density margins where growth is hampered by interfering fans of corallites. The analytical and the long‐term reproducibility of Sr/Ca‐derived temperatures are both better than ±0.3°C (2σ). Coral growth parameters such as the extension rate or density generally appear to respond to environmental changes such as rainfall but do not affect the Sr/Ca partitioning between coralline aragonite and seawater. No correlation has been found between calcification rate and Sr/Ca variations, consistent with Sr/Ca being mainly controlled by temperature. In the Great Barrier Reef, the interannual variability in SST is primarily related to the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation phenomenon and is typically marked by a cold anomaly during the winter preceding the mature warm phase. Instrumental records show that the surface waters of the Coral Sea around 19°S have experienced a significant cooling associated with the El Niños of 1965, 1972, and 1982‐1983 which the Porites corals record faithfully. The coral‐derived temperatures for the period from 1965 to 1993 show an increase of 1.3°C, which has occurred mainly since 1979. This warming is larger in magnitude but consistent with the trend for the southern hemisphere land and marine temperature records, which shows an increase of around 0.4°C.

Dose Estimates for Patients Receiving Radiation from Various Instruments Used for Measuring Bone Mass and Density

The patient dose from in vivo measurement of bone mass and density was estimated by a phantom method. The measurement methods studied were microdensitometry (MD method), single photon absorptiometry (SPA), dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA), quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and conventional X ray photography (X-P) for vertebrae, all of which have been used for mass screening or clinical examination of osteoporosis. The organ absorbed doses from the QCT and X ray photography were several mSv and these values were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those from the DEXA method. The effective dose and entrance skin dose from the QCT and X ray photography were one to two orders of magnitude higher than the DEXA, which were μSv and some ten μSv, respectively. The application of X-P and QCT, for a young population should be carefully judged

STUDIES ON THE BASALTIC SOILS OF NORTHERN IRELAND

SummaryThe fine sand separates (0.02–0.2 mm.) from five basaltic soil profiles have considerable cation‐exchange capacities (C.E.C.) ranging from 16.5 to 31.4 m.e. per cent. Only a small part of the C.E.E. is due to clay minerals (diameter > 2μ) cemented into aggregates of fine‐sand dimensions by free sesquioxides.Mineralogical studies of the fractions obtained, after separation by the bromoform technique, show all heavy mineral groups (s.g. > 2.85) to have a high content of pyroxenes (principally augite) followed by the opaque minerals (mainly magnetite). The heavy groups have small C.E.C., i.e. < 7.5 m.e. per cent., as expected from the mineralogical composition.In the light fractions (s.g. < 2.85) which account for 57–80 per cent. of the total fine‐sand separates, quartz predominates in fractions from surface horizons of the profiles. In the lower horizons where quartz is less abundant, greenish‐yellow particles (pseudo‐aggregates) predominate and comprise over 45 per cent. of the light fractions. Whilst zeolites occur only in negligible amounts and feldspars do not represent more than 10 per cent. of the light fractions, yet the C.E.C. of these fractions are considerable, ranging from 41.7 to 72.4 m.e. per cent. Refractive‐index measurement and colour indicate that the pseudo‐aggregates are mainly chlorites. They must be individual particles, since prolonged reduction failed to cause any further disruption.The calculated values for the C.E.C. of the pseudo‐aggregates range from 90 to 110 m.e. per cent.; the same order of magnitude as that for vermiculite and montmorillonite.X‐ray photographs of the isolated pseudo‐aggregates from three fine sands show that the particles are of two types: (a) principally vermiculitic under good drainage conditions, (b) principally montmorillonitic where the drainage conditions are poor. Chlorites could not be detected, but there was a small amount of kaolinite and some amorphous material.It is suggested that the pseudo‐aggregates are individual particles representing an intermediate stage in the weathering of ferromagnesian rocks to the clay minerals, vermiculite or montmorillonite.The high C.E.C. of the fine sands are due to (i) a small contribution from clay minerals (diameter < 2μ) present in the fine sands as the result of aggregation and cementation by free sesquioxides, and (ii) a major contribution from the pseudo‐aggregates, which have C.E.C. between 90 and 11O m.e. per cent.

On Shore Hardness Testers : Life of Diamond Hammers

In several new and old, domestic and foreign-made Shore hammers, the fixing of diamond in steel bodies was investigated by means of X ray photographs which showed us the interior of hammers clearly. And the influence of these fixing methods on the accuracy of hardness measurement and the life of hammers were discussed. And then, four of these hammers, which were alternately employed in the same tester of D type, were used repeatedly for many thousands of hardness measurements of hard materials. Two of these hammers were built up with taper, and the others with caulking. No different effect could be found between such two fixing methods, but it was estimated that diamond hammers would be damaged within about 1 000 times of hardness measurements for tangsten carbide, after 10 000 or more for chilled cast iron, and then more than 40 000 for hardened steel.

The plastic deformation of non-cubic metals by heating and cooling

Several pure metals were subjected to cyclic thermal treatment between 30 and 150° C. Specimens of zinc, cadmium and tin showed signs of plastic deformation which were evident after a small number of cycles, and which became more pronounced as the number of cycles increased. On the other hand, the phenomenon was not observed in lead. Evidence is brought forward to show that this deformation is due to the anisotropy of thermal expansion in the crystals of non-cubic metals. The persistence of the lattice distortions is shown by X -ray photographs, and also by recrystallization subsequent to the cyclic treatment. In certain metals, grain boundary migration is associated with the deformation. The implications of the phenomenon are particularly exemplified in a comparison of certain tin-base and lead-base bearing alloys. Some possible theoretical and practical implications of the phenomenon are discussed.

An X–Ray Criterion for Distinguishing between Lattice Curvature and Fragmentation

ASTERISM in Laue photographs and the arc–shaped smears in monochromatic X–ray photographs show that, in plastically deformed crystals, regions of different orientation are present. This may be due either to local curvatures of the lattice1,2, or to its disintegration into a mosaic of small fragments the orientations of which are independent of those of their neighbours3,4. It has been considered that X–ray methods could only reveal the existence of regions of different orientation, but could not give information as to how these regions were joined together, and thus could not tell which of the two alternatives, curvature or fragmentation, was present.

MINIATURE X RAY PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE CHEST

MINIATURE X RAY PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE CHEST

Leuco-erythroblastic anæmia

1. Three cases of leuco-erythroblastic anaemia are recorded and described. 2. In Case I it was deduced, by exclusion of other possibilities, that the associated bone pathology was myelosclerosis. 3. X-ray treatment to the enlarged spleen was not helpful, and probably resulted in a deterioration of the patient’s condition. 4. In Case I blood transfusion was the only treatment which appeared to result in improvement, but although frequent transfusions were given, the duration of the illness was only little more than a year from the first appearance of symptoms. 5. Case III was associated with osteosclerosis, as diagnosed byx-ray. This case is alive more than a year after the onset of Symptoms; although only two transfusions were given. 6. Controlledx- ray photographs, comparing the similar bones on either side, would appear to be of value in the diagnosis of cases of osteosclerosis. 7. Case II was one of leuco-erythroblastic ansemia associated with carcinomatosis of bones.

An International Exhibition of Photography

UNDER the chairmanship of Gustave Fassin, of the Bausch and Lomb Scientific Bureau, Rochester, New York, a committee has been appointed to secure and arrange exhibits for the International Exhibition “of Applied and Scientific Photography to be held in the Rundell Memorial Building at Rochester, New York, in March, under the auspices of the local section of the Photographic Society of America. This new and beautiful civic building has exceptional facilities for showing both pictures and apparatus. Men of science working in any of the following fields are invited to send exhibits to the Secretary, Mr. C. B. Neblette, Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute, Rochester, New York: astronomy, meteorology, light-sensitive substances; photomicrography, micro-photography, metallography; X-ray spectrography; cosmic ray photography and theoretical physics; press photography; high-speed photography; technique of colour photography; photography by invisible radiation; aerial photography.

Cathode Ray Photography of Random Electrical Transients

THE recent improvements in the design of cathode ray oscillographs have naturally led to an exploration of their use for the external photographic recording of recurrent electrical events and also those of a transient nature which occur at random intervals. In the case of recurrent phenomena, such photo graphy of the cathode ray trace is easy, but for random transients a satisfactory method must ensure that no event is missed and that fruitless exposures are few.