Ray Pattern Research Articles

Generation of Periodic Nondiffractive Beams Along Straight and Curved Trajectories Based on 3-D-Printed Metasurface

In this paper, two kinds of periodic nondiffractive beams along arbitrary trajectories, including non-accelerating and self-acceleration types, are generated by 3D-printed all-dielectric metasurfaces. The first step is to produce continuous non-accelerating and self-acceleration beams, i.e. Bessel beam and Bessel-like beams. By an appropriate modification of the conical ray pattern of the standard Bessel beams, self-accelerating Bessel-like beams can be realized. In the second step, by removing some expanding phase equivalent circles in a periodic fashion and binary modulating of the phase masks, the central main lobe of continuous beams can be modified into pulsating ones. In the third step, we construct real physical models based on the derived theories. All phase coverage can be achieved by changing the height of the proposed cube element. Therefore, the final phase distribution can be mapped to height information of each unit cell. For demonstration, several proof-of-principle metasurfaces are printed and measured, two of which are used to generate Bessel beams along different straight directions, and two of which are used to produce Bessel-like beams along C-shaped and S-shaped trajectories. In all cases, during propagation, the intensity peak alternately switches its position between the main lobe and the outing rings. Meanwhile, the measured trajectories are highly consistent with the predefined ones. The proposed metasurfaces are expected to be utilized in numerous applications like secure communication.

'Ray Pattern' of Hand Joint Involvement.

'Ray Pattern' of Hand Joint Involvement.

Evaluation of Subclinical Hand Joint Synovitis by Ultrasonography in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis and Cutaneous Psoriasis: A Case-Control Study.

To find the frequency of subclinical hand joint synovitis (SS) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and cutaneous psoriasis (PsC) compared to healthy controls (HC), and correlation of SS with disease activity. PsA patients (n= 52), without any past/current history of hand joint arthritis, PsC patients (n= 48), and 45 HC were recruited. Grey-scale and power Doppler Ultrasonography of bilateral hand joints were performed. The proportions of hand joints with SS were estimated in each group. A wrist-ray score was devised. Correlations were obtained between the number of joints with SS and disease activity parameters. Higher proportion of PsA patients (55.8%) had SS than PsC (29.2%, p= 0.007), and HC (22.2%, p=0.001). Proportion of joints with SS was higher in PsA patients (5.38%) compared to PsC (2.92%, [p=0.0008]), and HC (1.11%, [p=0.0007]). Compared to HC, PsA patients had significantly higher bilateral ray 3 (p=0.002 and 0.01 for left and right ray 3, respectively), and right ray 4 involvement (p=0.037) and PsC patients had higher left ray 3 involvement (p=0.03). Wrist-ray score above 2.5 could distinguish patients of PsC with significant subclinical synovitis compared to controls (area under curve: 0.857, 95% confidence interval: 0.71-1.00). There was a significant correlation of SS with ESR in PsA group (p-value: 0.044), and with CRP in PsC group (p-value: 0.003), but not with other disease activity indices. SS was noted in approximately half of PsA and 1/3rd of PsC patients. Both PsA and PsC patients had a significantly higher number of hand joint SS than HC. Ray pattern of hand joint SS could be present in both PsA and PsC.

Nanodiamond-derived carbon nano-onions decorated with silver nanodendrites as an effective sensing platform for methamphetamine detection

Here, the detection of methamphetamine (MAMP) as an arousing addictive drug has been proposed based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the nanodiamond-derived carbon nano-onions (CNOs) decorated with the silver nanodendrites (AgNDs). The characterization of the embedded sensing interface (AgNDs/CNOs/GCE) as the MAMP sensor was explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, energy-dispersive X–ray (EDX) pattern, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and some electrochemical techniques. The modifier utilization amalgamates the unrivaled advantages of both porous CNOs and AgNDs to improve the quantitative assay of MAMP. High conductivity, large surface area and excellent electrocatalysis capability are unique features of the developed AgNDs/CNOs/GCE. The sensor detected MAMP over the two concentration ranges of 0.099–7.48 μM and 7.48–59.88 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 nM. The sensor presented satisfactory results for MAMP assay in some human blood serum and urine samples as the actual samples. The results confirm the proposed strategy effectivity in the MAMP sensor fabrication such that it may be beneficial in the design of other analytical tools.

Оценка результатов ретроспективного анализа применения лефлуномида при хроническом саркоидозе

Study Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of the use of leflunomide (LF) in chronic present and/or refractory sarcoidosis. Study Design: Retrospective observational non-interventional analysis. Materials and Methods. We studied the use of LF (20 mg daily) in 15 out of 1470 (1.0%) patients included into the State Sarcoidosis Clinical Database. The group included 11 female and 4 male patients aged 30 to 60 years old. 2 patients had X-ray stage I disease, 11 patients had stage II, 1 patient had stage III, and 1 patient had stage IV. All patients had histologically-proven diagnosis. We assessed the clinical condition of the patients as well as laboratory and functional data. We used SPSS-18 for statistical processing. Study Results. Stable and improved condition on a visual analogue scale was noted in 93.3% of patients. As for the forced vital respiratory capacity, a positive response was 80.0% (improvement in one out of four patient); on the ray pattern, the improvement was 934% (improvement in 66.7% of patients). Good LF tolerability was recorded in 6 patients, 7 patients reported adverse reactions which did not result in treatment discontinuation; and 2 patients discontinued the therapy in 3 months due to sacred fire which was successfully treated with antibiotics (n = 1), nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea (n = 1). Conclusion. According to the results, LF can be used as a second or third line of therapy in chronic and/or refractory sarcoidosis. Keywords: sarcoidosis, therapy, leflunomide.

Experimental study on the complementary inverse reconstruction of tree growth state data by radar detection and 3D raster scan

Three-dimensional modeling of the growth characteristics of living wood is a difficult problem. In tree growth characteristics of nondestructive testing of data, how to process the image of tree growth defect and how to reconstruct the three-dimensional model of tree growth is the key technology, so the use of radar signal detection feedback internal growth of the trunk, using 3D raster scan reverse image processing techniques reverse reconstruct the 3D shape data of standing timber, realize the radar wave nondestructive test of lumber and 3D scanning and grating surface more stitching way as complementary is the effective solution. In this study, the feedback data of radar wave detection of internal defects of trees and the feedback data of root growth condition of trees were analyzed, so as to complete the digital data collection of invisible internal growth condition of trees. In this study, 3D grating method was used to scan wood specimens for inverse surface fitting modeling, and then the surface model of tree specimens was reconstructed by splicing multi-point markers on the scanned point cloud data, and the multi-surface grouping fitting method was used to successfully reduce the splicing error. Experimental results are obtained by stocking the trunk of the growth of internal defects inspection information, analyzes the testing information after statistical data for the chart, the experimental results of 3D scanning the reverse reconstruction is to obtain the stocking complex 3D data in the form of external information, through the application of this technology, the effective of the radar wave nondestructive testing technology is obtained with 3D scanning grating reverse reconstruction technology application in tree growth data sampling method, this method can empty of wood rotting pathological monitoring, trees outside surface can be three-dimensional characteristics of surface reconstruction. This conclusion is the application of ray detection technology and pattern recognition technology in the field of wood growth monitoring.

Threshold function of ray nonsingularity for uniformly random ray pattern matrices

A complex square matrix is a ray pattern matrix if each of its nonzero entries has modulus 1. A ray pattern matrix naturally corresponds to a weighted-digraph. A ray pattern matrix A is ray nonsingular if for each entry-wise positive matrix K, is nonsingular. A random model of ray pattern matrices with order n is introduced, where a uniformly random ray pattern matrix B is defined to be the adjacency matrix of a simple random digraph whose arcs are weighted with i.i.d. random variables uniformly distributed over the unit circle in the complex plane. It is shown that is a threshold function for the random matrix M = I−B to be ray nonsingular, which is the same as the threshold function of the appearance of giant strong components in .

Ray Pattern of Pulsed Wave Field Metaparticles

The study estimates distance at which the effective transverse size of a field of metaparticle directionally radiated by an aperture source is preserved in order of magnitude during as metaparticles propagate from the aperture. Thus, the ray pattern of the radiation field of metaparticles is preserved.

Forbidden structures for ray nonsingularity among cycle tree matrices without positive cycles

A complex square matrix is called a ray nonsingular matrix (RNS matrix) if its ray pattern implies that it is nonsingular. A matrix M=I−A(W) is called a cycle tree matrix if the adjacency structure of the cycles in the arc-weighted digraph W (with no multi-arcs or loops), which is described by the cycle graph of W, is a tree. In this paper, it is shown that if there is no positive cycle in W, then the cycle tree matrix M=I−A(W) is a forbidden structure for RNS if and only if M is not RNS.

The Genome of Caenorhabditis bovis.

The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is akey laboratory model for metazoan biology. C.elegans has also become a model for parasitic nematodes despite being only distantly related to most parasitic species. All of the ∼65 Caenorhabditis species currently in culture are free-living, with most having been isolated from decaying plant or fungal matter. Caenorhabditis bovis is a particularly unusual species that has been isolated several times from the inflamed ears of Zebu cattle in Eastern Africa, where it is associated with thedisease bovine parasitic otitis. C.bovis is therefore of particular interest to researchers interested in the evolution of nematode parasitism. However, as C.bovis is not in laboratory culture, it remains little studied. Here, by sampling livestock markets and slaughterhouses in Western Kenya, we successfully reisolated C.bovis from the ear of adult female Zebu. We sequenced the genome of C.bovis using the Oxford Nanopore MinION platform in a nearby field laboratory and used the data to generate a chromosome-scaledraft genome sequence. We exploited this draft genome sequence to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of C.bovis to other Caenorhabditis species and reveal the changes in genome size and content that have occurred during its evolution. We also identified expansions in several gene families that have been implicated in parasitism in other nematode species. The high-quality draft genome and our analyses thereof represent a significant advancement in our understanding of this unusual Caenorhabditis species.

Dynamic and self-regulatory interactions among gene regulatory networks control vertebrate limb bud morphogenesis.

Vertebrate limb bud outgrowth and patterning is controlled by two instructive signaling centers, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and the polarizing region in the posterior limb bud mesenchyme. Molecular analysis of limb bud development has identified a self-regulatory signaling system that operates between the AER and mesenchyme and orchestrates the dynamic progression of limb bud outgrowth and patterning. The first focus of this review are the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and interactions that control the positioning of the fore- and hindlimb fields along the primary body axis, establish the initial axis polarity and control the precise positioning of the signaling centers. These early processes are largely controlled by activating and inhibiting interactions among types of transcriptional regulators expressed in specific territories. The second focus deals with the dynamic interactions among the GRNs that control limb bud patterning and outgrowth by responding to inputs from the self-regulatory limb bud signaling system. The final part describes the GRN interactions regulating digit morphogenesis and the Turing-type system that controls the periodicity of the digit ray pattern. This review highlights the significant progress made toward an integrative analysis and understanding of the morpho-regulatory systems that orchestrate patterning and outgrowth of vertebrate limb buds in time and space.

Occurrence of “precursors” of PKP-waves in the layered radial-symmetric Earth

It is generally accepted that PKP‑waves precursors, which are observed on a real data ahead of PKP‑waves, are explained by scattering on small-scale inhomogeneities in the lower mantle. In this paper, a stable analytical solution (without interference) was obtained for the wave field of longitudinal waves in a layered (discrete) ball of planetary size. The calculations of the total wave field, rays and travel-time curves of longitudinal waves for the spherical model of the Earth AK135 with a carrier frequency of 1 hertz are presented. The analytical solution showed that at angles smaller than 145 degrees ahead of the PKP‑waves, low-amplitude waves appear, with a higher frequency of about 1,3 hertz. Indeed, these high-frequency oscillations have the form characteristic for waves scattered at a certain object. The ray pattern and the travel-time graph show that these high-frequency oscillations are due to exclusively to the spherical geometry of the Earth. This could be explained by the interference of refracted and reflected longitudinal waves in the bottom of a discrete outer core. This field propagates even further towards smaller angles due to the interference of diffraction waves.

Ray pattern matrices requiring Perron–Frobenius properties

A ray pattern matrix is a matrix whose nonzero entries are all unimodular. An n×n ray pattern matrix A is said to require the weak Perron–Frobenius property if for any n×n entrywise positive matrix K, the spectral radius ρ(K∘A) is one of the eigenvalues of K∘A; to require the strong Perron–Frobenius property if ρ(K∘A) is an algebraically simple eigenvalue of K∘A and the left and right eigenvectors associated to ρ(K∘A) are strictly nonzero. In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions for ray pattern matrices requiring the weak/strong Perron–Frobenius property are given.

Calculation model of dense spot pattern multi-pass cells based on a spherical mirror aberration.

We report a novel calculation model for dense spot pattern multi-pass cells consisting of two common identical spherical mirrors. A modified ABCD matrix without the paraxial approximation was developed to describe the ray propagation between two spherical mirrors and the reflection on the mirror surfaces. The intrinsic aberration from the spherical curvature creates a set of intricate variants with respect to a standard Herriot circle spot pattern. A series of detailed numerical simulations are implemented to verify that the input and output beams remain the same and, hence, retrace the same ray pattern. The set of exotic spot patterns obtained with a high fill factor improves the utilization efficiency of the mirror surfaces and produces a longer total optical path length with a low mirror cost.

Ray pattern of Drazin inverses of some matrices

Let Q ( A ) be the set of complex matrices with the same ray pattern as A . For any A ˜ ∈ Q ( A ) , if the Drazin inverses of A and A ˜ have the same ray pattern, then A is said to have ray Drazin inverse . In this paper, we give some properties on matrices whose Drazin inverses or M-P inverses are ray unique , and use these properties to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for some block matrices to have ray Drazin inverses.

Crystal growth and characterization of Au3+ ion irradiated 2-amino-5-nitropyridinium hydrogen oxalate (2A5NPHO)

ABSTRACT2-amino-5-nitropyridinium hydrogen oxalate (2A5NPHO) was grown using slow evaporation and bulk crystal of 2A5NPHO was harvested from Assembled Temperature Reduction (ATR) method. Cut and polished crystal was irradiated using Au3+ ion with various fluences. Electronic loss, nuclear energy loss and penetration depth were calculated using SRIM software. It was observed in X- ray pattern that intensity of peak was reduced. Intensity of peak decreased with increase of ion fluencies from 1013 ions/cm2 to 1014 ions/cm2. Optical properties were measured using UV-Vis spectrometer. The increase of absorption was due to excited electrons which were formed by vacancies and formation of additional defects centres. Energy band gap of irradiated crystals increased with increase of ion fluence. Energy band gap of irradiated crystals were 3.39 eV, 3.42 eV, and 3.4 eV for 1013 ions/cm2, 5 × 1013 ions/cm2 and 1014 ions/cm2 respectively and increase of band gap was due to the increase of forbidden gap. Microhardness was calculated using Vicker's Hardness tester. Increase of microhardness in irradiation crystal was due to increase of high density lattice defects produced by Au3+ of 10.8 MeV. Electrical property was calculated using dielectric constant. Increase of dielectric constant was due to large polarization which caused by disorderness and rich defects in the crystalline surface. Decrease of intensity peak in fluorescence was due to transition of excited electron to intermediated energy levels from excited state which converted into vibrational energy of lattice atoms (phonon). Morphology of irradiated crystal was seen using scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed from the SEM image that surface of crystal was heavily damaged. It was also noticed that the thermal stability of the irradiated single crystal increased with increase of ion fluences. Impedance of irradiated crystal was measured. The bulk resistance and grain boundary resistance also were calculated.

Patterns of peripheral joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis-Symmetric, ray and/or row?

We sought to examine whether joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) follows a symmetric, ray, and/or row pattern using longitudinal data. Data on activity and clinical damage of the joints of the hands and feet were obtained from a PsA cohort. For each analysis (symmetry, ray or row) for each outcome (joint damage and activity) expected values for table cells under the null hypothesis that joints progress independently to damage or activity were calculated based on a logistic regression model with patient level random effects for the probability of involvement developing between clinic visits. To determine the consistency of observed with expected values, goodness-of-fit tests were performed. Data from 704 patients were available. The 511 (552) patients with no hand (foot) damage at clinic entry were used for analyses of hand (foot) damage. When considering joint damage, there was strong evidence against independence of joint involvement based on evident symmetric patterns. There was little suggestion of ray patterns of joint damage. There was considerable evidence for row pattern of involvement of joints. When considering joint activity, symmetric patterns were also evident but, unlike joint damage, there was evidence of ray patterns, most notably in the hands. There was also evidence for row pattern involvement. Patterns of peripheral joint involvement seen over time in PsA patients, demonstrate consistency with expected ray patterns of disease activity, especially in the hands, but there is also considerable evidence for symmetric and row patterns for both joint damage and activity.

The focusing effect of P-wave in the Moon's and Earth's low-velocity core. Analytical solution

The important aspect in the study of the structure of the interiors of planets is the question of the presence and state of core inside them. While for the Earth this task was solved long ago, the question of whether the core of the Moon is in a liquid or solid state up to the present is debatable up to present. If the core of the Moon is liquid, then the velocity of longitudinal waves in it should be lower than in the surrounding mantle. If the core is solid, then most likely, the velocity of longitudinal waves in it is higher than in the mantle. Numerical calculations of the wave field allow us to identify the criteria for drawing conclusions about the state of the lunar core.In this paper we consider the problem of constructing an analytical solution for wave fields in a layered sphere of arbitrary radius. A stable analytic solution is obtained for the wave fields of longitudinal waves in a three-layer sphere. Calculations of the total wave fields and rays for simplified models of the Earth and the Moon with real parameters are presented. The analytical solution and the ray pattern showed that the low-velocity cores of the Earth and the Moon possess the properties of a collecting lens. This leads to the emergence of a wave field focusing area. As a result, focused waves of considerable amplitude appear on the surface of the Earth and the Moon. In the Earth case, they appear before the first PKP-wave arrival. These are so-called “precursors”, which continue in the subsequent arrivals of waves. At the same time, for the simplified model of the Earth, the maximum amplitude growth is observed in the 147-degree region. For the Moon model, the maximum amplitude growth is around 180°.

The ray nonsingularity of certain uniformly random ray patterns

A uniformly random ray pattern matrix A with a given zero-nonzero pattern (described by a digraph D with no multi-arcs or loops) is the matrix whose nonzero entries are mutually independent random variables uniformly distributed over the unit circle S1 in the complex plane. It is shown in this paper that the probability of I−A to be ray nonsingular is completely determined by the cycle graph CG(D) of D (i.e. the adjacency structure of the directed cycles in D) if CG(D) is a tree. A formula is given to compute the probability when CG(D) is a tree, and it is also shown that as the order of CG(D) tends to infinity, the limit of the probability is 0.

Sign k-potent sign patterns and ray k-potent ray patterns that admit k-potence

We prove that for each positive integer k, all irreducible k-potent ray pattern classes allow k-potence. We construct all irreducible real (complex) k-potent matrices in an irreducible sign (ray) k-potent sign (ray) pattern class. For a given reducible sign (ray) pattern that is sign (ray) k-potent for some positive integer k, we determine necessary conditions for that pattern to allow k-potence. This generalizes recent work by Lee and Park (2015) [2] who determined necessary conditions for a sign idempotent sign pattern to allow idempotence, and who showed that every irreducible, sign k-potent sign pattern must allow k-potence.