Rawa Danau Research Articles

New Insight on Stratigraphy and Lithofacies of Banten Tuff Revealed from Eastern Flank of Rawa Danau Volcanic Complex, Java, Indonesia

New Insight on Stratigraphy and Lithofacies of Banten Tuff Revealed from Eastern Flank of Rawa Danau Volcanic Complex, Java, Indonesia

Conservation Education Media: Birdwatching Guidebook in the Buffer Zone of the Rawa Danau Nature Reserve

Rawa Danau Nature Reserve is a conservation area that protects various remaining flora and fauna on Java island, including birds. However, at present, Rawa Danau Nature Reserve 's existence is threatened due to changes in the structure and habitat function by the activities of the surrounding community. Therefore, it is necessary to have a solution in the form of efforts to preserve and preserve the diversity of species and their ecosystems. One form of this program is conservation education. Conservation education is a form of effort to protect biodiversity and natural resources by increasing knowledge, skills, participation, attitudes, and awareness of the importance of natural resources to sustain life. Information media is needed to facilitate the achievement of conservation education goals, one of which is the development of a birdwatching field guidebook. This study aimed to develop a birdwatching field guidebook as a medium for conservation education in the Rawa Danau Nature Reserve area The development method was used to create the field manual. The developed guidebook contains information on bird diversity, bird conservation, observation techniques, and bird observation locations, as well as bird identification sheets accompanied by bird distribution patterns in the form of descriptions and illustrative pictures or photographs of research results. The book was also developed to meet the principles of environmental education, namely to develop awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills, and participation in protecting the environment.

Online Learning Media on Biology Conservation: Rawa Danau Nature Reserve Website

The use of digital technology in education is currently important as for increased access to education through the perform various digital platforms, as well as by providing website as online learning media. The website can load text information, images, videos, animation, sound or a combination of these, and can be widely accessed. This research aims to develop an interactive website of Rawa Danau natural reserve, in Banten, to support conservation education through online learning. The 3D research and development (R & D) methodology approach was used which includes 3 stages; define, design, and develop. The define stage was the process of collecting data through the requirements analysis, curriculum analysis for biology conservation, and content analysis. The website of CARD biology conservation was developed in the design stage. In the develop stage, the website was assessed by the expert on both content material and learning media specialist. The results of the expert’s validations showed that the website was feasible to be used as online learning media for biology conservation education on both content material and learning media.

Sustainable management of freshwater swamp forest as an ecotourism destination in Indonesia: a system dynamics modeling

As a freshwater swamp forest that still remains in Java, the existence of Rawa Danau as an ecotourism destination is important to be explored, because its utilization is not yet based on sustainable management principles. For this reason, a system dynamics modeling was then made that integrates various factors in the biophysical, social, and economic dimensions to obtain the best alternative for managing the future ecotourism destinations. Management alternatives are designed in three scenarios: deep ecotourism oriented to very strong/strong sustainability; shallow ecotourism oriented to weak sustainability; and mass tourism oriented to very weak sustainability. The results showed that deep ecotourism was the most suitable scenario to be implemented. Through this scenario, the control of several parameters that were successfully carried out during the 10 years of the simulation are as follows: 1) restrain the growth rate of tourist numbers so as not to burden the environment; 2) reforesting almost all forest land converted so that the restoration of forest functions goes well; 3) increase local community income so that the community gets adequate economic benefits; 4) increase environmental investment so that stakeholders benefit economically, ecologically, and socially in an integrated manner; 5) maintaining biodiversity at a high level; 6) maintain swamp water reserves at a very good level; 7) reduce the volume of solid waste so that it does not burden the environment.

Petrography characteristics of Quaternary volcanoes in Rawa Danau Caldera, Banten Province

The caldera from volcano eruptions often been found in Indonesia. However, the caldera which has swamp and lake such as Rawa Danau, Serang, Banten is rare in Indonesia. It encompasses with a swamp at the outer part and lake on the central part. The caldera surrounded by five Quaternary volcanoes, which are Mount Karang, Mount Parakasak, Mount Aseupan at the south, and Mount Tukung-Gede along with Mount Marikangen at the north side of the swamp. The Rawa Danau location is about 50 km to the East of Krakatau Volcano, so it might have been some linkage to its rock properties. This similarity can be seen from the textures and mineral compositions of their thin sections. Most of the volcano material resulted from different volcanoes. The challenging work was how to differentiate their sources eruption in the field because the weathering rate is high. Thus, this paper aims to differentiate the products of each young volcanoes in Rawa Danau using petrography analysis. In general, young volcanoes in Rawa Danau have trachytic and porphyritic textures, with plagioclase, pyroxene, and opaque as the phenocryst and microlite plagioclase as the matrix. The plagioclase can be found around 15–30 % as the phenocryst, microlite plagioclase as the matrix. The plagioclase type is around An55 compared with Krakatau which has An58. The magma characteristics of these young volcanoes might have a similarity with the magma of Krakatau Volcano.

Quaternary volcanostratigraphy setting in Rawa Danau Caldera, Banten Province

The volcano complex in the Rawa Danau of Banten Province or called the Dano Volcano has an association with the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano, observed from the direction of the ridge lineament. The Dano volcanic eruptions occurred during the Holocene period, causing the accumulation of volcanic material deposits into the northern part of Banten Province. This research area is covering five mountains which are Mount Parakasak, Mount Marikangen, Mount Tukung-Gede, and Mount Karang (sorted from the oldest to the youngest). Field mapping method we use in accordance with previous research and literature studies, as well as the results of the analysis in the form of the senses and geomorphology, stratigraphy, geological structure, and petrography to conclude volcanic facies in the Rawa Danau and surrounding areas. The results of the study showed that there were 4 volcanic facies around the Dano Volcano area. The central facies comprise of dome of Mount Parakasak with steep morphology while the proximal facies with andesitic lava. The structural geology feature formed from sheeting joints in the Southwest-Northeast direction with azimuth of N15° E/44° and tectonic fractures with Northwest-Southeast direction with azimuth N135° E/70° with steep morphology. The medial facies is tuffs and tuff breccias with gentle slope morphology, and the distal facies only have mud deposit, clay lithology with flat morphology. Rawa Danau in this study is located in the distal zone which consists of swamp deposits resulting from the destruction of the surrounding volcanic material.

Identification of flood potential in Rawa Danau, Banten Province based morphometry and satellite image analysis

The Quaternary Volcanic Rawa Danau, Banten Province has a unique characteristic. Their deformed morphology reflects those unique characteristics. A physical characteristic of deformed morphology is able to describe the morphometry parameters of a subwatershed. It also can be analyzed using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained from satellite imagery. The lineament of geological structure can be observed from satellite images through their colour, shape, texture, and pattern. Subwatershed characteristic data can be used to calculate the flood discharge using morphometry. Some morphometry parameters can be used are river dimension, an azimuth of river segment, an azimuth of terrain lineament, river length, drainage density, and bifurcation ratio. This research can be used to identify flood potential at Rawa Danau–Banten Province. The result of the research shows that the value of Rb is less than 3, it means all of the subwatershed has deformed. At the Cidano, Ci Kaduan, Ci Bulakbaru, Ci Tawing, Ci Cangkepan, Ci Pasauran, Ci Sangkuy, Ci Carung value of Rb increased so it indicates that the deformation is quite substantial and also potentially flood.

Geostatistics analysis as a tool to create the distribution model of Rawa Danau volcano deposits, Banten Province

The eruption of an ancient volcano at the early Pleistocene had deposited volcanic material evenly, especially in the western part of Rawa Danau. Many smaller mountains emerged around Rawa Danau volcano as the Pleistocene volcano erupted. Then, at the end of the Pleistocene, the ancient volcano erupted for the second time with a very large force that destroyed most of the mountain and created a caldera. The volcanic material from the second eruption was distributed to evenly around the ancient volcano. We used geostatistical analysis with Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method to interpolate the spreading of volcanic deposits both in the first and second eruption. The objective of this research is to predict the volcanic deposits in the area which has not been researched yet and it is possible to have more eruptions in the future since geothermal manifestations such as hot springs are found in the research area. We used the outcrop data from geological mapping to interpolate the data. The output of this paper would be the interpolation map of facies deposits in Rawa Danau.

The distribution and petrography characteristics of material eruption in the south of Rawa Danau, Banten Province

Banten is an area that has geological uniqueness, particularly in Rawa Danau on the North side. The research area is a young volcanic complex surrounded by several mountains such as Mount Aseupan, Parakasak, and Karang in Serang district in Banten province. The Rawa Danau consists of swamp and lake, which is located inside an estimated Pliocene-Pleistocene caldera as the result of the ancient volcanic eruption. Based on the previous study the lithology of the lake was fine-grained fluvial sediment and swamp deposit with volcanic material. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the behaviour of the eruption in the research area and to know the area affected by the eruption using petrography analysis. The research area is dominated by pyroclastic such as breccia, tuff, and andesite in the form of lava flow and basalt that originate from M. Parakasak, M. Aseupan, and M. Karang. The mineral contents of the igneous rocks are plagioclase, pyroxene, and opaque with the microlith plagioclase as the groundmass. The degree of plagioclase extinction angle was used to differentiate between andesite rock and basalt rock. Andesite rock has more acidic plagioclase than basalt rock. The texture of andesite rock is trachytic implied that the geometry is a lava flow. The basalt rock has porphyritic texture and becomes the part of the caldera wall of Mount Parakasak.

Morphotectonic of volcanic area in Rawa Danau, Banten Province

Rawa Danau is a caldera and considered as an inactive volcano. Based on landscape characteristic the morphology was influenced from volcanic processes. However, many geological structures such as fractures were also found. Our research is trying to understand that the landscape in the Rawa Danau area whether it was controlled by tectonic activity or only by volcanic activity. The analysis of this study compared three different data: ridge linearity and river linearity that were obtained from analysis of satellite imagery. All the data then be compared with the fracture azimuth data obtained through field surveys. The three data were compared with each other by statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney U test), to test the relationship between the three. Based on the data analysis that has been carried out, it can be seen the results of the statistical analysis shows the average difference between the two independent samples, it shows that the area’s landscape is controlled by the volcanic process.

Identification characteristics of volcanic deposits in Cimarga, Southeast Banten

Volcanic eruption(s) in the past occurred around rawa danau volcanic complex is marked by the presence of a caldera and widespread volcanic deposits in the Banten Province as Tuff Banten. This study aims to determine the possible mechanism of the eruption based on volcanic deposits. Moreover, this study will also present the prolonged research process to understand the dynamics of volcanic deposits in Banten. Field study and sampling of volcanic deposits were completed followed by thorough petrographic analysis. There are three outcrops all with different characteristics. There are 6 layers in outcrop 1. Out of six layers, layer 1 (P1) until layer 5 (P5) appear similar, consisting of pumice rich (as fragment) and lapilli layer, while layer 6 (P6) consists of massive ash. In outcrop 2, there are 5 layers, which show cross and parallel laminations in each layer. Outcrop 3 contains 3 layers with the top and bottom layers consisting of lithic and pumice lapilli that are medium in size. Based on grain size from each outcrop, grain size from outcrop 1 until outcrop 2 progress into finer grains. From these characteristics outcrops 1 indicated flow deposits, outcrop 2 indicated surge deposits, and outcrop 3 indicated flow deposits. Therefore the facies from all three outcrops lean towards medial to distal with outcrop 3 as a distal facies.

The gonad maturity and fecundity of toman fish (Channami cropeltus) during rainyseason to dry season periode in Rawa Danau Panggang waters, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

This study objectives to evaluation the level of gonad maturity and fecundity of toman fish living in the habitat of swamp waters Danau Panggang, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, South Kalimantan during the transition season period (rainy to dry season). Fish sampling were carried out every month for six month from April to September 2018. The determining method of the sampling location used an analytical survey method. The result showed the ratio sex male : female = 55.8% : 44.2%, the weight range of 0.18 to 32.2 gram and the level gonad maturity varied form Gonad Maturity Level (GMI) I – IV, increase from rain season to dry season. The opportunity for have mature gonads base on weight is more than 1.90 kg. Fecundity result obtained 5.24% (rain season) to 60.35% (dry season). This data shows that toman fish can spawn throughout the year with peaks in the dry season.

PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN HUTAN DI CAGAR ALAM RAWA DANAU MENGGUNAKAN CITRA LANDSAT DAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFI

Rawa Danau Nature Reserve is an area of the old volcanic caldera located in Serang District, Banten Province about 100 km to the west of Jakarta. This area has been identified as a very important natural site on the island of Java. This is based on the fact that the main wetland ecosystem at Rawa Danau is the only remaining freshwater swamp forest ecosystem of peat swamp forests in Java Island. The objective of this study was to identify land cover classes and their changes in Rawa Danau Nature reserve area on 2006, 2011, and 2016, and also calculate degradation rate and reforestation during the time of observation. This study was conducted in April - June 2017. Data sources was generated from landat image ETM + 7 coverage year of 2006 and 2011, Image Landsat OLI 8 coverage year 2016 and other supporting digital maps. Supporting tools and instruments used were software, ArcGis 10.1, Erdas 9.1, GPS, Camera and Stationary. The result showed that land cover can be successfully classified both digital ly or visual ly and composed of secondary swamp forest, marsh bushes, fields, settlements, water body and swamp. Highest degradation during 2006-2016 occur ed on swamp forest that was converted into fields, while highest reforestation happened on fields that became swamp area . Key words: Degradation, Image Landsat, Land Cover Changes, Land Cover

Lichen diversity as indicators for monitoring ecosystem health in Rawa Danau Nature Reserve, Banten, Indonesia

Abstract. Khastini RO, Sari IJ, Herysca Y, Sulasanah S. 2018. Lichen diversity as indicators for monitoring ecosystem health in Rawa Danau Nature Reserve, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 489-496. Study on environmental changes is very important in present circumstances throughout the world. Lichen biodiversity may provide an excellent measure in bio-monitoring on the ecosystem health of nature reserve areas such as Rawa Danau in Banten Province, Indonesia. At present, this area is highly disturbed due to ecological factors and human activities such as land use for agricultural land and residential area. The objective of this research is to provide the information needed for assessing ecosystem health which will be revealed by the diversity of lichens in the study area. The study was conducted using transect-based plot in three landscapes: residential area, primary forest and secondary forest, while exploration technique was carried out in freshwater swamp area. The cover for lichen species in the substrates and the number of species present were recorded. Shannon-Wiener diversity index was also calculated. A total of 86 specimens were collected from these four areas which resulted in the occurrence of 25 species of lichens belonging to 20 genera and 14 families. Shannon-Winner’s diversity index are ranging from 1.7197 at residential area to 2.6678 at swamp area. The variation in species composition is likely associated with the abiotic and biotic factors of each landscape with the differences in lichen diversity across landscapes suggest an altered environmental condition of in Rawa Danau. The results of this study can be used as baseline information of ecosystem health of Rawa Danau Nature Reserve in the face of future environmental changes.

Ragam Liken Berdasarkan Ketinggian Dataran sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Ekosistem di Cagar Alam Rawa Danau Serang Banten

Lichen is a symbiotic organism, made up of two or more different organisms living together. Lichen biodiversity may provide an excellent system in bio-monitoring of the ecosystem health of nature reserve areas such as Rawa Danau in Banten Province, Indonesia. The study on lichen diversity was conducted on Rawa Danau based on altitude using transect based plot in three main habitats based on altitude e.g. 90 mbsl, 100-130 mbsl, 130-160 mbsl, 160-187 mbsl. A total 63 specimens were collected from these four areas which resulted in the occurrence of 19 species of lichens belonging to 17 genera and 13 families. Shannon–Winner’s diversity index from 1.494 to 2.6678. The variation in species composition was related to the environmental habitat variables and lichens demonstrated a condition of environmental alteration.

Effect of aeration in simple photobioreactor system for biomass production of synechococcus sp. (cyanobacteria) HS-7 and HS-9 as biofuel feedstock

People have been searching toward to biofuel as a prominent alternative to replace oil fuel. Microalgae biomass, specifically from the genus Synechococcus, has been used as the biofuel’s feedstock as it’s able to grow faster than the other groups at cyanobacteria. Strains being used were isolated from Ciseeng hot spring (HS-7) and Rawa Danau Banten hot spring (HS-9). The intensity of aeration (IA) were given as high (330 bubbles/min) and low (220 bubbles/min) to understand its influence on feedstock growth. Change in growth was observed microscopically using direct methods over fourteen days. At the end of the experiment, result demonstrate that high IA gaves rise to Synechococcus biomass density at 125,21 × 106 cell/ml and 100,63 × 106 cell/ml for HS-7 & HS-9 respectively. Meanwhile, low IA gaves rise to Synechococcus biomass density at 21,7 × 106 cell/ml and 10,61 × 106 cell/ml for HS-7 & HS-9 accordingly. Positive trend also follows the growth at Synechococcus biomass with high IA, but did not apply to the system with low IA. The difference in biomass production occurred because of discrepancies in cell and nutrient distribution inside the photobioreactor system. Therefore, it implies that proper controlling of IA would affect the yielding of feedstock for producing biofuels.

<b>ANALISIS PERUBAHAN IKLIM LOKAL DAN DEBIT SUNGAI DI DAS CIDANAU</b><br><i>ANALYSIS OF LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISCHARGE IN CIDANAU WATERSHED</i>

<em>Climate change causes uncertainty in water availability. The change may include annual rainfall, evapotranspiration and the shift of rainy and dry seasons, thus, it affects hydrological response in the region. Water demand will increase over time with population, industrial and business growth but the water availability has not been ascertained to sustainably satisfy those needs. Cidanau Watershed has wetland ecosystem so-called the Rawa Danau (Caldera), with an area of around 2,500 ha. This watershed receives average annual rainfall around 2,500 mm. Climate change especially the local climate in the region of Cidanau was analyzed to illustrate how the relationship with Cidanau river discharge. It is expected that climate change does not affect the water availability in the watershed. In this study, the analysis of local climate change and its impact on the availability of water resources on Cidanau Watershed was based on climate trends, water balance analysis, and estimation of discharge of Cidanau Watershed. This research was carried out using climate data and discharge from 1996 until 2010. The results showed that climate variables have changed from 1996 to 2010. This change mainly occurred in temperature, annual rainfall, and evapotranspiration. Based on the analysis, the discharge of Cidanau Watershed will decrease due to changes in rainfall and evapotranspiration. The estimated minimum river discharge of Cidanau Watershed ranges from 0.5 to 1 m<sup>3</sup>/s until 2050.</em>

Distribution of combined monosaccharides in sediments from the Lake Rawa Danau, West Java, Indonesia: Sources and diagenetic fate of carbohydrates in a tropical wetland

Monosaccharide compositions were determined for a sediment core (RD-1) collected from a tropical wetland, Rawa Danau, West Java, Indonesia (location 6°11′ S and 105°59′ E) to assess the sources and diagenetic fate of carbohydrates in a tropical wetland based on the acid-hydrolysis monosaccharide compositions. Total monosaccharides (TCHO; normalized to organic carbon) and individual monosaccharide abundances were variable and mostly dominated by glucose through out all depths. The high TCHO, uneqimolar monosaccharide compositions and relatively low deoxysugars/pentoses ratio indicated that carbohydrates were preserved under reducing conditions. The monosaccharide compositional data and diagnostic parameters show that sources of sedimentary carbohydrates changes due to changes in terrigenous plant material which predominantly comprised of angiosperm plants. There are also few transitions between terrestrial and aquatic sources as the most dominant source of sedimentary carbohydrates. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the monosaccharide composition of potential source organisms and RD-1 samples revealed that sources of carbohydrates can be distinguished from the factor loading values. A cross plot of principal component one (PC1) and two (PC2) clearly separated terrestrial and aquatic sources since PC2 has positive values for terrestrial sources and negative values for aquatic sources. Vertical profile of PC2 indicated few major changes in sources of carbohydrates in Rawa Danau wetland associated to changes in local environment. Therefore, combination of monosaccharides composition to PCA is applicable for investigating the sources and fate of carbohydrates in natural environments.

Monitoring Agricultural Expansion during the Economic Crisis in Indonesia: A Case Study of the Rawa Danau Nature Reserve

Monitoring Agricultural Expansion during the Economic Crisis in Indonesia: A Case Study of the Rawa Danau Nature Reserve

Isotope and lignin signatures in tropical peat core (Rawa Danau, Indonesia): An approach to reconstruct past vegetation and climate changes

Peat samples from a 3.60 m core collected from Rawa Danau, West Java, Indonesia, were studied to reconstruct past vegetation and climate changes. The study carried out combining visual observations, elemental analyses, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses as well as CuO oxidation of lignin residues. Variations of total organic carbon (TOC: 55.53-3.18 %, mean 23.31 %), total nitrogen (TN: 2.52-0.06 %, mean 0.94 %) and water content (WC: 46.8-93.2 %, mean 79.0 %) with core lithology reflected dry and wet cycles. Vertical profiles for TOC, TN, WC and core lithology also had signatures of heavy precipitations and consequent land sliding at the abrupt change of climate (wet cycles). Variations of (C/N)a (15-93, mean 27) and δ13C (-27.0 to -30.1 ‰, mean -28.5 ‰) of organic matter (OM) in the peat core indicated that the organic material was comprised of terrestrial C3 plant material. The direct input of aquatic plant matter was small or overwhelmed by high terrestrial input, although changes in lake productivity due to decreasing/increasing nutrient availability were reflected in δ15N profile. At low elevations in the tropical area, a large shift in vegetation zones was not likely observed. Most species might persist at the site when small-scale localized environmental changes and human disturbances or natural forest fires occurred, but the abundances of particular species might change, depending on the natural conditions in which a species could grow. However, vegetation changes associated with periodical sequence of dry and wet microenvironment were inferred from the total lignin phenol (TLP) profile.