Raw Wax Research Articles

"Valorization of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of the Raw Wax of Cuban Sugar Cane"

"Valorization of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of the Raw Wax of Cuban Sugar Cane"

Assessment of Modeled Indoor Air Concentrations of Particulate Matter, Gaseous Pollutants, and Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Candles

ABSTRACT Candle burning is regarded as an important source of airborne pollutants in indoor environments. Indoor concentrations of aldehydes, benzo(a)pyrene, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) produced from the burning of scented candles and raw materials with different melting point/oil content (50/1, 55/9, and 65/6) were predicted using a single compartment mass balance model and compared to regulatory or guideline limits. Scented candles may be responsible for indoor acrolein concentrations that could become relevant to health only in the case of chronic exposure. Indoor concentrations of fine PM and SO2 emitted from 65/6 wax burning under worst-case environmental and behavioral conditions were greater than their respective acute guideline limits. However, other waxes had levels of PM and SO2 well below the recommended values. Indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide emitted from raw wax burning should be further investigated. The degree of pureness of raw waxes significantly affected the predicted indoor concentrations of PM and SO2. In particular, 65/6 wax was criticized for its high content of impurities.

Refined Technique and Characterization of Chinese Insect Wax

For the improvement of processing and the increase of refined products of Chinese insect wax, it was carried out on the raw wax for its refining in the pilot plants. After the treatment, it was raised the melting point and reduced the acid value, iodine value, saponification value and insoluble substances of benzene significantly. The quality of final products was accord to the industrial top-grade requirement. The yield of refined wax was ranging from 72.76% to 74.30% and the whiteness was 51.8% to 56.3%. It was not observed any chemical changes of the wax during the processing.

Influence of solvent swell and bound rubber on wax solubility of carbon black‐reinforced NR composite

AbstractWax in a rubber article migrates to the surface and plays the role of an antidegradant by formation of an impervious barrier on the surface. Wax solubility of a rubber article is important for understanding migration behaviors and film formation of wax as well as for determining the proper content of wax in a rubber compound. Wax solubilities of natural rubber composites reinforced with carbon black were measured using wax solution in toluene. A variation of the wax solubility with the carbon black content was investigated. Raw wax solubility decreased with the increase of carbon black content. Solvent swell‐corrected wax solubility also decreased with the carbon black content. The raw wax solubilities were corrected with the rubber fractions, total bound rubber contents, and tightly bound rubber contents as well as the solvent swelling ratio to investigate the influencing parameters on wax solubility. It was found that the unbound and loosely bound rubber fractions as well as the solvent swelling enhanced the wax solubility while the tightly bound rubber fraction reduced it. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Analysis of wax solubility of rubber vulcanizates using wax solution in toluene and molten wax

Wax is commonly used as an antidegradant for rubber materials by formation of an impervious barrier. Wax solubilities in natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), and butadiene rubber (BR) vulcanizates were measured using wax solution in toluene and molten wax. Wax solubilities using molten wax were much higher than those using wax solution in toluene. The wax solubility of NR vulcanizate was higher than those of SBR and BR. Parameters influencing wax solubility were the solvent swell, rubber fraction and filler type as well as the rubber type. Molecular weight distribution of the dissolved wax was different from that of the raw wax; the dissolved waxes with lower molecular weights were relatively higher than the raw ones. We believe that wax solubility and molecular weight distribution of the dissolved wax can be widely used for determining the wax type and content.

Interspecific variation in beeswax as a biological construction material

Beeswax is a multicomponent material used by bees in the genus Apis to house larvae and store honey and pollen. We characterized the mechanical properties of waxes from four honeybee species: Apis mellifera L., Apis andreniformis L., Apis dorsata L. and two subspecies of Apis cerana L. In order to isolate the material effects from the architectural properties of nest comb, we formed raw wax in to right, circular cylindrical samples, and compressed them in an electromechanical tensometer. From the resulting stress-strain curves, values for yield stress, yield strain, stress and strain at the proportional limit, stiffness, and resilience were obtained. Apis dorsata wax was stiffer and had a higher yield stress and stress at the proportional limit than all of the other waxes. The waxes of A. cerana and A. mellifera had intermediate strength and stiffness, and A. andreniformis wax was the least strong, stiff and resilient. All of the waxes had similar strain values at the proportional limit and yield point. The observed differences in wax mechanical properties correlate with the nesting ecology of these species. A. mellifera and A. cerana nest in cavities that protect the nest from environmental stresses, whereas the species with the strongest and stiffest wax, A. dorsata, constructs relatively heavy nests attached to branches of tall trees, exposing them to substantially greater mechanical forces. The wax of A. andreniformis was the least strong, stiff and resilient, and their nests have low masses relative to other species in the genus and, although not built in cavities, are constructed on lower, often shielded branches that can absorb the forces of wind and rain.

Investigation of parameters affecting atmospheric extraction yields and extract qualities of two Turkish lignites

Four sets of extractions of two Turkish lignites have been performed at atmospheric pressure in Soxhlet-type extractors varying the time of extraction, particle size of the lignite, its moisture, and the solvent. Extractions performed in small-size Soxhlet extractors (capacity 90 g coal) with benzene as the solvent have shown that for the Mengen lignite the most appropriate size range is 20–60 Tyler mesh and the moisture content leading to highest yield is 10–12 per cent. For the Elbistan lignite the corresponding values are 10–60 Tyler mesh and 20 per cent moisture. Extractions carried out with benzene in a larger-size Soxhlet apparatus (capacity 1–1.5 kg coal) have shown that Mengen lignite should be extracted for 30 hours and Elbistan lignite for 24 hours for exhaustion. Most of the extractable material can be obtained in the first five hours in the case of Elbistan lignite and in the first 10 hours in the case of Mengen lignite; the difference is attributed to different porosities. Extractions carried out using various solvents in larger-size Soxhlet extractors under the most appropriate conditions as determined from the first three sets of experiments have indicated that Mengen lignite may be a promising raw material for industrial-scale montan wax production. Yields varying between 10 and 14 per cent on dry basis have been obtained from Mengen lignite with benzene—ethanol, benzene—methanol and tetrahydrofuran as solvents. Elbistan lignite gives a maximum yield of 3.5 per cent with tetrahydrofuran. Solvents characterized by a high substitution ability yield more extract. Montan waxes obtained from Mengen and Elbistan lignites are found to be richer in free acids and esters compared with commercially available ones. Infrared spectra results indicate the raw wax to be predominantly aliphatic. The melting points of the waxes obtained with various solvents are generally found to increase as the asphaltic matter content increases and resinous matter content decreases.

Systematic Analysis of Natural Raw Waxes (Carnauba Wax, Candelilla Wax and Bees Wax) and Pattern-Analysis of Carbon Chain Length of Their Components

A systematic separation of natural raw waxes, carnauba wax, candelilla wax and bees wax, has been carried out and the results of the pattern-analysis of their components are described. Both non-aqueous media anion exchange resin column and silicagel column chromatography under 45° C were used for the isolation, and the method of systematic analysis was established. The isolated substances were characterized by IR, TLC etc. The distribution of carbon chain length was determined by use of the programmed temperature gas chromatography on SE-52 as liquid-phase. Their carbon chain length was determined by the method (advanced method of vapour-phase hydrogenation and gas chromatography) developed by us in the previous paper. It was found in this study that each raw wax showed its characteristic distribution of carbon chain length.