Raw Snails Research Articles

A Scoping Review of Angiostrongyliasis and Other Diseases Associated with Terrestrial Mollusks, Including Lissachatina fulica: An Overview of Case Reports and Series.

Terrestrial mollusks, including the invasive giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica), pose significant public health risks due to their role as carriers of various pathogens, such as Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Angiostrongylus costaricensis. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of diseases associated with Lissachatina fulica and other terrestrial mollusks, with a particular focus on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the PRISMA-ScR framework, we conducted a systematic search and filtered results, identifying 27 relevant case reports and series for analysis. Our findings reveal that ingesting raw or undercooked snails is the most hazardous exposure route, with a 75% mortality rate in affected adults, particularly in regions where snail consumption is culturally significant, such as France. A. cantonensis is the primary cause of eosinophilic meningitis, while A. costaricensis leads to abdominal angiostrongyliasis. The review also highlights the widespread impact of L. fulica in countries like France, the United States, Brazil, and Colombia, emphasizing the global nature of the threat. Children show consistent vulnerability across all exposure types, underscoring the need for targeted preventive strategies. This review underscores the urgent need for public health interventions, particularly educational campaigns to inform communities about the dangers of L. fulica. Additionally, it highlights the importance of enhancing diagnostic methods and expanding surveillance to better manage the risks associated with these invasive snails. The findings provide valuable insights for the scientific community and recommend a multidisciplinary approach to effectively mitigate the public health risks posed by L. fulica across diverse regions.

CHARACTERIZATION THE ALLERGENICITY AND STABILITY OF ALLERGENS OF FRESHWATER SNAIL, Pomacea canaliculata

Snail allergy is considered a serious form of food allergy with prevalence of 1.4 to 22% worldwide. However, allergy to Pomacea canaliculata, a commonly consumed local snail has not been well-described. Hence, this study aimed to characterize the allergenicity and stability of the allergenic proteins of P. canaliculata by proteomics approach. Snail flesh was treated with several thermal and non-thermal treatments prior to overnight protein extraction. The snail proteins were then subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), 2-DE immunoblotting and mass-spectrometry analysis. Raw snail demonstrated 31 protein bands between 10 to 250 kDa, with fewer protein bands in treated snails. Boiled snails had the most protein bands among thermally treated snails, while salted and dried snails showed more bands than pickled snails among non-thermal treatments. Immunoblotting of raw extract demonstrated 16 IgE-binding bands, with the 33 and 42 kDa protein bands were identified as the major. The 33 kDa allergen was highly stable to all treatments applied, while the 42 kDa was sensitive to thermal and pickling treatments. Fewer allergenic bands were present in treated snails, with allergenicity ranked as raw > boiled > roasted > fried for thermal treatments, and raw > salted > dried > pickled for non-thermal treatments. Mass spectrometry identified the 33 kDa and 42 kDa allergens as tropomyosin and actin, respectively. In conclusion, P. canaliculata has numerous allergenic proteins with varying stability.

Screening for virulent and antibiotic resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> in raw and ready-to-eat snails (<i>Arachatina marginata</i>) vended in selected markets in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

This aim of this study was to screen for virulent and antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in raw and ready-to-eat snails (Archachatina marginata) vended in selected markets within Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Proximate composition, isolation, identification and presence of virulent genes were done using standard methods. Raw snails from Choba market had Escherichia coli count ranging from 1.8x104 to 8.2x105 CFU/g, while the ready-to-eat samples were not contaminated with E. coli. Raw snails from Rumuokoro market had Escherichia counts ranging from 4.2 x104 to 6.9 x106 CFU/g while two of the ready-to-eat samples had counts of 3.602 x 103 CFU/g and 3.556 x 103 CFU/g. Raw snails from Oyigbo market had Escherichia counts ranging from 4.653 x 103 CFU/g to 5.579 x 103 CFU/g while one ready-to-eat sample had Escherichia. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 100% of Escherichia were resistant to cefuroxime, augmentin, cefixime and ceftazidime. Of the three-virulence genes (eae, ast and aggR) screened for in this study only aggR was detected in one Escherichia isolate. Proper blanching and heating should be employed during preparations of snails to curtail food poisoning.

Virulence genes detection and antibiotic resistant <i>Salmonella</i> in raw and ready-to-eat snails (<i>Arachatina marginata</i>) sold in selected markets in Port Harcourt

This study investigated the presence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistant Salmonella spp. in raw and ready-to-eat snails (Archachatina marginata) vended in selected markets within Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Proximate composition, isolation, identification and presence of virulent genes were done using standard methods. Raw snails from Choba had Salmonella counts ranging from 3.32 to 5.04 log10CFU/g. Salmonella was not detected in ready-to-eat samples from Choba. Raw snails from Rumuokoro had Salmonella counts ranging from 4.04 to 6.04 log10CFU/g while three of the ten ready-to-eat samples had counts ranging from 3.53 to 3.63 log10CFU/g. Raw snails from Oyigbo had Salmonella counts ranging from 4.71 to 6.67 log10CFU/g with two of the five ready-to-eat samples having Salmonella counts of 3.69 and 3.51 log10CFU/g. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that all the isolates were resistant to augmentin, cefuroxi and cetazidime. Ten Salmonella representing 5% possessed the antibiotics resistance genes, fliC and invA, but not sefA. The presence of Salmonella in some of the ready-to-eat samples makes it objectionable for human consumption. But more worrisome is that some possess fliC and invA genes and resistant to common antibiotics used for their management. Therefore, proper processing and maintenance of quality of processed snail meat is very essential for public health safety.

Identification of Major and Cross-reactive Allergens of Local Freshwater Snail (Pila polita) and the Impact of Thermal and Non-thermal Food Processing on Allergen Stability.

Snail allergy is rare but can be fatal. Pila polita, a freshwater snail was considered as a popular exotic food particularly in tropical countries and consumed in processed forms. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the major and cross-reactive allergens of P. polita and determine the impact of food processing on the allergen stability. SDS-PAGE fractionated raw snail extract to approximately 24 protein bands, between 9 to 245 kDa. The prominent band at 33 kDa was detected in all raw and processed snail extracts. Immunoblotting tests of the raw extract demonstrated 19 IgE-binding proteins and four of them at 30, 35, 42 and 49 kDa were revealed as the major IgE-binding proteins of P. polita. MALDI-TOF identified the 49 kDa and 42 kDa major allergens as actin, while the 30 and 35 kDa major allergens were identified as tropomyosin. Immunoblotting revealed that the raw snail had more allergenic proteins than the processed snail. The degree of allergenicity in the decreasing order was: raw > brine pickled> boiled > roasted > fried > vinegar pickled. The presence of cross-reactivity between P. polita and the shellfish tested was exhibited, with either none, complete or partial inhibitions. Actin and tropomyosin were identified as the major and cross-reactive allergens of P. polita among local patients with snail allergy. Those major allergens are highly stable to high temperatures, acidic pH and high salt, which might played a crucial role in snail allergy in this country. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Modeling and optimization of transesterification of rubber seed oil using sulfonated CaO derived from giant African land snail (Achatina fulica) catalyst by response surface methodology

Rubber seed oil (RSO) is an abundance of low-cost non-edible vegetable oil and an attractive resource for biodiesel production through transesterification. The study aims to model and optimize the transesterification of RSO to biodiesel using sulfonated CaO derived from snail shells as a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst. We prepared the raw snail shell (RSS) catalyst by calcination and sulfonated it to produce an acid-activated snail shell (AASS) catalyst. We used the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) to model and optimize the transesterification process. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) were used to characterize RSS and AASS catalysts.The results show that CaO (95.6%) is the major component of RSS. The maximum biodiesel yield of 97.6% was obtained at a 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 80 °C reaction temperature, 2.5 h reaction time, and 2.5 wt% catalyst loading with a quadratic regression model. The recyclability of the catalyst shows six runs without an appreciable decrease in biodiesel yield. The AASS catalyst can perform excellently as a bifunctional solid acid heterogeneous catalyst, and the fuel properties of the biodiesel produced compare favorably with American society for testing and materials (ASTM D6751) and European standard methods (EN 14214) standards.

Adsorptive removal of arsenate from aqueous solution by iron oxide coated calcined freshwater snail shell

ABSTRACT The primary goal of this research is to compare the efficacy of raw freshwater snail shell (Viviparus Contectus) (FSS) and iron oxide coated calcined snail shell (IOCCSS) in removing As(V) ions from aqueous solution medium via adsorption. FTIR, XRD, EDX, BET surface area analysis and SEM image methods were used to characterise the structures of the obtained solid sorbents. The effects of solution’s initial pH, initial As(V) concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, and ambient temperature parameters on the removal of As(V) ions from aqueous solution medium with FSS and IOCCSS solid sorbents were analysed, and optimum conditions were determined. The maximum efficiency of As(V) ions adsorption was measured 94.27% at a pH value of 7.0, contact time of 60 min, initial ion concentration of 2.0 mg/L, the adsorbent dose of 2.0 g/L, and the ambient temperature of 50°C. Thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG and ΔS were calculated for the removal of As(V) ions with IOCCSS solid sorbent, and the adsorption process was determined to be endothermic. The best fit was obtained by Langmuir isotherm model with maximum monolayer sorption capacity of 3.42 mg/g for arsenate. According to the obtained results, the low-cost IOCCSS solid sorbent has been proposed as a viable alternative material for the removal and preconcentration of As(V) from aqueous solutions.

Clinical, Laboratory and Radiological Features of Paragonimiasis Misdiagnosed as Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Paragonimiasis presents with nonspecific symptoms and radiologic findings, allowing for the possibility of misdiagnosis. Diagnosis is generally delayed due to lack of suspicion and presentation similar to pulmonary tuberculosis. A prospective observational study was carried out on 20 subjects at Civil Service Hospital of Nepal from March 2015 to June 2019 who presented with eosinophilia and pulmonary symptoms, and were treated empirically with Anti-tubercular therapy for suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis. The median age of the patient was 34 years. Mean blood absolute eosinophil count was 16678/ul. Fever was present in 80% (n=16). Cough was present in 90% (n=18). Pleural effusion was noticed in 100% (n=20). Chest computed tomography showed ground-glass opacities in 65% (n=13) of patients. Pleural fluid eosinophilia (>10%) was evident in all patients. Pleural fluid LDH was elevated in 85% (n=17) of patients. Similarly, ADA was high (>40U) in 75% (n= 15) of patients, and pleural fluid sugar was low in 80% (n=16) of patients. All patients (100%) gave a history of crab or snail consumption. Paragonimus egg was detected in five (25%) patients. Twenty patients fulfilled definite or probable diagnostic criteria of paragonimiasis. Ninety-five (n=19) patients responded to praziquantel. Unavailability of serologic tests or failure to demonstrate parasitic egg under the microscope should not discourage physicians to consider the diagnosis of paragonimiasis when marked eosinophilia, high LDH levels, and low glucose levels are identified in pleural fluid of a patient with a history of raw crab or snail consumption.

Quality characteristics and microstructure of boiled snail fillet meat

In order to investigate the quality characteristics of boiled snail fillets, the microstructure of fillets of farmed Cornu aspersum maximum was studied for the first time. The cylindrical specific mid-posterior region of snail fillets was used for hardness measurement with geometry 6 mm diameter and 6 mm height. Histological analysis proved that this region was uniform and hardness measurements on this part could show the difference between boiled farmed and wild species without variations from environmental and breeding conditions. In addition, hardness values showed a strong relationship with the carbohydrate content of fresh fillets and their lightness L*. Lightness and carbohydrate values of boiled farmed snail fillets had higher values compared with the wild ones. In conclusion, the hardness of the cylindrical part of the mid-posterior region of the boiled snail fillet gives important information about the lightness and the carbohydrates of raw snail meat. Finally, this study enriched the knowledge on the qualitative snail fillet profile. Practical applications It is the first time that targeted histological examination of the heat processing of snail fillets is reported. Hardness values of the specific cylindrical part of boiled fillets showed a strong relationship with L* and carbohydrate content of fresh fillets. Knowing the one value of the above parameters (hardness, L*, carbohydrates), we can calculate the other two. Correlations of color, hardness, and nutritional and microstructural data of boiled fillets are useful and meaningful for key stakeholders such as the food industry, nutritionists, dietetic associations, producers, chefs, and consumers.

Extraction and characterization of snail shell waste hydroxyapatite

Snail shells contain CaCO3 and can cause environmental problem due to the microbes and bacteria activity in the shells. However, the waste can be mitigated and used to use the high calcium content. It can be converted into hydroxyapatite (HAp). This study discusses the synthesis of hydroxyapatite from the snail shells using the hydrothermal method. XRD test showed that the phase, size, shape and bond were similar to HAp commercial. Diffraction measurements of raw snail shell powder showed the highest peak at 2θ = 33.15°, while heating at 105°C and sintering at 700°C produced highest peaks at 29.44° dan 26.24°. The SEM image shows rhombohedral and orthorhombic crystal structures. The HAp particles spanned from the smallest to the biggest were 26.9 μm–322 μm respectively. FTIR revealed the phosphate and hydroxyl functional groups as constituent groups of HAp. The characterization analysis shown similarities between the standard and synthetic HAps made of snail shells. This research provides a theoretical basis and new research directions for the synthesis of snail shell HAp as raw material and the application of synthesized HAp samples as recommendations for further research.

Survey of the African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata), intermediate host of intestinal parasites in Akure Metropolis, Ondo State

BackgroundAfrican giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) are hermaphroditic pulmonate nocturnal gastropods of the Achatinidae family. The snail is one of West Africa's largest known terrestrial snails. The majority of land snails live in Nigeria's derived guinea savannah's forest litters, which range from deep tropical high forest to bordering riparian forests. Africa's giant land snails, which are noted for their ravenous feeding habits and extensive food range, are a major reservoir and intermediate host for parasites that can infect humans.ResultsSeventy snail samples were collected from the study site in total. The parasites found is a nematode rat lung worm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis), which have a fragile, narrow, and simple mouth with no lip or buccal cavity and belong to the order Strongylida. The parasite was found to be most prevalent in small snails (52.94%), followed by medium sized snails with a frequency of 29.41%, and the giant-sized snails with the lowest prevalence of infection. The mantle parasite has the largest prevalence (48.6%), while parasites retrieved from the stomach have the highest mean intensity (2.50 ± 0.25).ConclusionThe African giant land snail can serve as a vector for zoonotic diseases, transmitting parasites to humans through raw or undercooked snails, infested vegetation, and contact with contaminated water. As a result, effective control measures for human infection should be established.

Co-occurrence of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis and Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid: Evidence from human eosinophilic meningitis after ingestion of raw snail dish in Thailand

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the main causative agent of human neuroangiostrongyliasis, is a food-borne parasitic zoonosis, particularly in Southeast Asia and Mainland China. Angiostrongylus malaysiensis, a cryptic species, has not been unequivocally identified as a causative agent for human angiostrongyliasis. Here, we investigated a local incidence of human angiostrongyliasis in Kalasin Province, northeastern part of Thailand. Field and laboratory investigations, clinical symptoms, and treatment of the disease are also discussed. Five sera and three cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken from each patient who displayed clinical symptoms of mild or severe headache without neck stiffness after ingesting a local dish containing Pila virescens. With molecular evidence using PCR and DNA sequencing approaches, we confirmed the presence of A. malaysiensis and A. cantonensis DNA in the patient samples. In addition, P. virescens and Pomacea canaliculata collected in the vicinity were also examined for the existence of angistrongylid larvae. The rate of infection in the snail population was 33.3% (18 infection out of 54 examined), with A. cantonensis as the predominant species. Notably, two snails were found to be co-infected with both A. malaysiensis and A. cantonensis. This discovery comes after several years of suspicion that it could be a zoonotic pathogen. Therefore, our findings are important for public health and clinical diagnosis since clinicians are not aware of the zoonotic potential of A. malaysiensis in humans.

Nutritional and toxicity profiles of two species of land snail, Theba pisana and Otala lactea, from Morocco

Portugal is one of the largest consumers of land snails in the world, with specifically the species Theba pisana and Otala lactea being involved. Nutritional information on these two species were evaluated as well as their potential health impact. Fat, protein, carbohydrates, dry matter, minerals, vitamin C, and pesticides were monitored in raw and cooked snails. An intake of 100 g of cooked snails of O. lactea and T. pisana species provide 34.8 kcal and 39.5 kcal, respectively, which represents 1.74 % and 1.97 % of the total energy in a 2000 kcal daily diet. The low caloric content is due to the small amount of fat and total carbohydrates, but the snails contain a healthy amount of protein and minerals. The most abundant nutritional minerals were calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc. Both species of snails also contained other important minerals such as molybdenum, chromium, nickel, cobalt, copper, selenium, and silicon, although at lower concentrations. For both species, the hazard quotient was lower than 0.3 for all target minerals. The hazard index was 0.86 and 0.70 for T. pisana and O. lactea cooked snails, respectively. None of the species showed residues of pesticides. Both snails could be an alternative to conventional livestock and their meats.

Effects of decontamination treatment combined with natural chemicals and/or ultra-high pressure on the quality and safety of ready-to-eat wine-pickled mud snails (Bullacta exarata)

Abstract Ready-to-eat wine-pickled mud snails (Bullacta exarata) typically host a large number of microorganisms and are frequently contaminated with pathogenic bacteria during processing, resulting in a higher risk for foodborne illness with consumption. In this study, the decontamination effects of different treatment methods, including the use of ultrasonic cleaning (USC), natural chemicals, and ultra-high pressure (UHP), on the quality and safety of pickled mud snails were investigated by assessing the total viable count (TVC), total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), and pH value of the products after 12 months of storage at –20 °C. Treatment with 200 W USC for 5 min was the most effective approach for reducing TVC in raw mud snails, with a minimal change in food quality. Natural chemical treatment or UHP treatment significantly inhibited the increase in TVC, pH, and TBARS and TVB-N accumulation compared with the control group; however, their combined treatment had no synergistic effect. In contrast, the combined chemical treatment was more effective in inhibiting changes in the above indices in pickled mud snails than UHP treatment alone or combined chemicals+UHP treatment. In addition, the bacterial diversity of pickled mud snails before and after 12 months of storage at –20 °C was determined using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Our results indicated that USC combined with natural chemicals can be utilized commercially to maintain the quality and safety of pickled mud snails during storage at –20 °C.

Results of bacterial diversity analyses of pickled raw mud snail

Results of bacterial diversity analyses of pickled raw mud snail

Land Snails as a Valuable Source of Fatty Acids: A Multivariate Statistical Approach.

The fatty acid (FA) profile of wild Theba pisana, Cornu aspersum, and Eobania vermiculata land snail samples, collected in Sicily (Southern Italy), before and after heat treatment at +100 °C were examined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results show a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in all of the examined raw snails samples, representing up to 48.10% of the total fatty acids contents, followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The thermal processing of the snail samples examined determined an overall reduction of PUFA levels (8.13%, 7.75%, and 4.62% for T. pisana, C. aspersum and E. vermiculata samples, respectively) and a species-specific variation of saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents. Oleic acid remained the most abundant FA of all of the snails species examined, accounting for up to 29.95% of the total FA content. A relevant decrease of ɷ3/ɷ6 ratio was found only for T. pisana samples. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed a separation of the snail samples in terms of species and heat treatment. The results of this work suggest land snails as a valuable source of MUFA and PUFA contents and boiling as appropriate treatment, according to the maintenance of healthy properties.

Valorization of snail shell (Helixaspersa) from Tangier-Tetouan region (north of Morocco): an application to eliminate methylene blue

Removal of industrial waste becomes increasingly critical for environmental protection. This study aims to search for effective and less expensive adsorbents in order to remove methylene blue (MB) commonly used in many industrial sectors. To this end, we experiment Helix aspersa snail shell as a biosorbent for the removal of MB. The raw snail shells were cleaned, smashed, and characterized afterwards using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and by X-ray diffraction. Different parameters were tested in order to identify the optimal conditions for the effective removal of MB. Our experimental results showed that, within the first ten minutes, a remarkable elimination of methylene blue dye reaching a percentage of 82%, with the following optimal conditions; 3.5 g of the adsorbent, initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L, the temperature of 15 °C, and agitation of 250 rpm. This study showed that the use of snail shell waste has inevitably a positive impact on the protection of the environment, in particular, the purification of industrial effluents.

Angiostrongylus Cantonensis-Conditioned Culture Medium Induces Myelin Basic Protein Alterations via Erk1/2 and NF-κB Activation in Rat RSC96 Schwann Cells.

Eating of excessive raw or undercooked environmental snails produces angiostrongyliasis demyelination caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2-nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in RSC96 Schwann cells treated with A. cantonensis-conditioned culture medium, which was prepared by culturing the third-stage (L3) nematode larvae in DMEM for 72 h. The supernatants were collected and filtered before use. Our results showed that MBP was produced in the RSC96 cells at 16 h to 48 h post-stimulation (PS). Phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB levels were significantly increased from 8 h to 48 h PS, as were the p-Erk1/2 levels at the same time points. Additionally, expression of p-NF-κB and MBP was significantly decreased by treatment with QNZ, an NF-κB inhibitor. Treatment with PD98059, an Erk kinase inhibitor, efficiently reduced p-Erk1/2, p-NF-κB and MBP expression in the Schwann cells. These results suggest that A. cantonensis-conditioned culture medium induced suppression of the Erk1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway leading to reduced MBP production in RSC96 Schwann cells. Thus, inhibiting this signaling intermediate involved in MBP expression may be a potential method for controlling inflammatory development of A. cantonensis-induced MBP changes in preceded demyelination.

Identification of characteristic aroma compounds in raw and thermally processed African giant snail (Achatina fulica)

BackgroundFood flavor appreciation is one of the first signals along with food appearance and texture encountered by consumers during eating of food. Also, it is well known that flavor can strongly influence consumer’s acceptability judgment. The increase in the consumption of snail meat across the world calls for the need to research into the aroma compounds responsible for the distinctive aroma notes of processed snail meat.ResultsThe odorants responsible for the unique aroma notes in thermally processed giant African snail meats were evaluated by means of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) and odor activity values (OAVs) respectively. Results revealed significant differences in the aroma profiles of the raw and thermally processed snail meats. Whilst the aroma profile of the raw snail meat was dominated with the floral-like β-ionone and β-iso-methyl ionone, sweaty/cheesy-like butanoic acid, and the mushroom-like 1-octen-3-one, the boiled and fried samples were dominated with the thermally generated odorants like 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-acetylthiazole and 2-acetylpyridine.ConclusionFinally, results have shown that sotolon, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 2-furanmethanethiol, 2-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-one, octanal, furanone, 2-methoxyphenol, 2-acetylpyridine, 2-acetylthiazole, and 2-methylpyrazine contributed to the overall aroma of the thermally processed snail meat.

Variability of microbial contamination of edible snail meat depending on species and location

Variability of microbial contamination of edible snail meat depending on species and location