Raw Materials Research Articles

Degradation of Acid Orange II by FeOCl/Biochar-Catalyzed Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidation

In recent years, the rapid development of industry has led to the discharge of large quantities of pollutants, including harmful dyes, into water sources, thereby posing potential threats to human health and the environment. FeOCl and biochar have their own shortcomings as a mediator in the heterogeneous Fenton process. To make both materials useful, FeOCl supported on bamboo biochar (FeOCl/BC) was prepared by calcination using FeCl3·6H2O and bamboo powder as raw materials, and the composite’s catalytic activities were explored with acid orange II (AO-II) as the target pollutant. The degradation efficiency of FeOCl/BC composites on AO-II was determined by testing the mass ratio of FeOCl and BC, initial pH, temperature, H2O2 concentration, catalyst addition, addition of coexisting inorganic anions, and natural organic matter. The addition of biochar to FeOCl increased the activation of H2O2 to generate •OH for the removal of AO-II and accelerated the cycle of Fe3+/Fe2+. The removal rate of AO-II by the Fe1C0.2 composite was 97.1% when the mass ratio of FeOCl and BC was 1:0.2 (Fe1C0.2), which was higher than that of the pure components (FeOCl or BC) at pH = 6.1. Moreover, after five reuses, the Fe1C0.2 composite still showed high degradation activity for AO-II, with 83.3% degradation and low activity loss. The capture experiments on the active material showed that the removal of AO-II by the Fe1C0.2 composite was mainly dominated by •OH; however, •O2− and h+ played minor roles. The synthesized Fe1C0.2 composite could be applied for organic contaminants such as AO-II with high removal efficiency.

Fabrication and characterization of high filled tea oil camellia shells/polypropylene composites: Effect of high filler and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene

AbstractTea oil camellia shells (TOCS), a significant biomass waste with an annual production exceeding 3 million tons in China, are increasingly being employed as industrial raw materials. In this study, TOCS/polypropylene composites with high filler contents (50–90%) were fabricated using an extrusion pelletizing‐hot pressing method, with 5% talcum added as an additional filler. The results indicated that the composites with 90% filler content exhibited the highest residue, and the composites containing 50% filler demonstrated the highest tensile strength and flexural strength. Although the 24‐hour water absorption and thickness swelling rates increased with higher filler content, the incorporation of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) significantly enhanced the water resistance of the composites. Specifically, the 24‐hour thickness swelling rate of composites with 80% filler and 18% MAPP was controlled at 6.03%. Additionally, the maximum flexural modulus was achieved with the composites fabricated by 80% filler and 12% MAPP. Microscopic analysis revealed that the addition of MAPP facilitated the formation of a cross‐linked network structure between the TOCS fibers and the polypropylene matrix. Cost analysis demonstrated that increasing the filler content in the composites can substantially reduce material costs, thereby offering a product with improved economic efficiency.Highlights Fabrication of up to 90% filled TOCS/polypropylene composites. MAPP inhibited the thickness swelling of the composites when absorbing water. Insights for low‐cost biomass composites production.

Mesoporous Enhanced Heterostructured Halide Solid Electrolytes with High Air Stability and High Abundance for Sustainable Sodium Metal Batteries.

Chlorides and fluorides solid-state electrolytes (SEs) exhibitcontrasting extremes in ionic conductivity and moisture sensitivity. In light of these conflicting factors, we introduce a NaCl-based SE reinforced by mesoporous α-AlF3(denoted as HS-AlF3), leading to a heterostructure halide architecture, designated as NHxy (where x/y represents the mass ratio of NaCl to HS-AlF3). The high dispersion of NaCl and HS-AlF3 duringmechanochemical process enables the generation of defective and amorphous structures and nanodomains in NHxy along with F-Cl anion substitution effect at grain boundaries. These factors collectively promoteNa-ion transport in NHxy, especially along the NaCl-based heterostructures with AlF3 and NaF. This class of SEs achieves high ionic conductivity approaching 10-4 S/cm at 30 °C. Specifically, NH54 exhibits excellent long-term air stability at 35% relative humidity, maintaining high ion-conductivity without degradation. The raw material cost of this Na-based electrolyte is less than $10 USD/kg when considering the production in a large scale. The corresponding Na//Na symmetric cells demonstrate the stable cycling for at least 1000 h at 0.1 mA/cm2. The Na//Na3V2(PO4)3 cells assembled with the NH54 after air exposure exhibit the remarkable longevity, sustaining over 400 cycles at 60 °C. The conversion-type Na/NH54/FeF3 cells deliver a high capacity of 500 mAh/g.

An In-Depth Analysis of Sustainable Sourcing Practices and Their Environmental Impact in the Cosmetics Industry: A Case Study of L’Oréal USA and Unilever USA

The pursuit of enhanced appearance has driven the evolution of beauty practices from natural ingredients to processed and packaged products. However, this progression has significantly impacted the environment through pollution and waste. The cosmetics business has a significant environmental impact because it relies on natural resources, energy consumption, and packaging waste. An increasing number of consumers are demanding sustainable products. Thus, significant cosmetics businesses like Unilever and L’Oréal have committed to more sustainable sourcing procedures. This study looks at Unilever and L’Oréal’s sustainability activities and ambitions for sourcing cosmetic ingredients in the U.S. between 2019 and 2023. It concludes that both businesses have made significant strides. Unilever has committed to sourcing all of its agricultural raw materials sustainably by 2025 and to using plastic packaging that is fully recyclable or compostable by 2030, while L’Oréal wants to source all of its palm oil sustainably by 2025 and reduce emissions by 25% per finished product by 2030. The study highlights that both companies have implemented various strategies, including partnerships with sustainable suppliers, renewable energy use, reduced packaging waste, and deforestation-free certifications. Despite these developments, problems with waste management, transparency, inefficient corporate social responsibility (CSR), increasing the price of sustainable components, and satisfying consumer demand still exist. The study highlights that despite notable advancements and industry acclaim for their sustainability initiatives, Unilever and L’Oréal still encounter challenges in pursuing more sustainably sourced cosmetic ingredients. Their progress is a benchmark and inspiration for the broader cosmetics industry, demonstrating a commitment to a sustainable future.

Changes of Major Chemical Compositions During Industrial Fermentation of Domestic Cigar Tobacco and Comparative Analysis with Imported Cigar Leaves

Chemical substances of tobacco raw materials are closely related to product style and aroma quality. In this experiment, the alkaloid content, amino acid content, non-volatile organic acids and aroma-causing substances of domestic cigar tobacco were dynamically tested by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and compared with those of Dominican cigar tobacco during the fermentation process. Under the proposed fermentation conditions, the alkaloid content of domestic cigar tobacco showed an overall decreasing trend, and the alkaloid content at the end of fermentation was lower than that of Dominican cigar tobacco, with a difference of 5.74%; the amino acid content at the end of fermentation was lower than that of the pre-fermentation by 90.60%, with a difference of 0.11% with that of the Dominican cigar tobacco; and the content of non-volatile organic acid was higher than that of the pre-fermentation by 20.74% at the end of fermentation, with a difference of 5.74% with that of the Dominican cigar tobacco. Dominican cigar leaf; carotenoid degradation products increased by 244.26% at the end of fermentation, which was not much different from Dominican cigar leaf; other aroma-causing products increased by 5.81% at the end of fermentation compared to pre-fermentation, which was 0.23% higher compared to Dominican cigar leaf.

Dual functionality of malt bagasse-based carbonaceous material for obtaining carbon dots and adsorbent: removing and detecting tetracycline.

Malt bagasse was used as a precursor to produce a carbonaceous material (CM) with dual functionality: adsorbing tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solutions and serving as raw material for carbon dots (CDs) capable of detecting TC qualitatively. A 23 experimental design evaluated the effects of temperature (200-500°C), heating rate (2-8°C/min), and carbonization time (30-180min) on the adsorption capacity of CM and the quantum yield of CDs. Adsorption capacity was evaluated in an aqueous solution of tetracycline (30mg/L) and 1g/L of CM. The use of CD as a qualitative sensor was studied in TC solutions (30μM), based on the comparison of the areas under the fluorescence spectrum between samples with and without the antibiotic. Temperature was the most significant factor, followed by carbonization time. The material obtained at 350°C for 30min with a heating rate of 5°C/min had a TC adsorption capacity of 7.0mg/g ± 0.6mg/g and a quantum yield ranging from 4.90% to 7.62%. These samples also achieved TC detection above 58%. This material had a heterogeneous mesoporous structure, with low graphitization and a greater presence of defects and/or disorder. Additionally, the CD particles exhibit an almost spherical morphology and good dispersion, with an average diameter ranging between 1nm and 3nm. These results demonstrate the innovative use of malt bagasse as a precursor for multi-functional carbonaceous materials. The results highlight the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as a versatile and sustainable resource for environmental applications, paving the way for future advances in integrated pollutant management strategies.

Green Ekonomi Sebagai Dasar dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Industri Kreatif Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

The green economy is a concept that supports human welfare and cares about both the sustainability of the environment and the ecosystems in economic development. To grow economic welfare, society produces written and hand-woven Batik Gedog in the creative industry. The production process requires the main raw materials that are from natural products, so effort is needed to keep the survival of plants from becoming extinct and return to green. This research is qualitative and uses a descriptive analysis approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze the green economy as the basis for making decisions in the control of the raw materials inventory in the creative industry of written and hand-woven Batik Gedog Sekar Ayu Wilujeng Kedungharjo, Kerek Tuban. The data was obtained through interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that the creative industry of written and hand-woven Batik Gedog Sekar Ayu Wilujeng implements a green economy through conservation and replanting Brown Silk-cotton Tree, natural dyes of Indigo, Soga, and Tunjung wood prevent extinction. It’s consistent with Islamic teachings and the Islamic economic goal, with sustainability, production can be maintained, and the economic welfare of creative industrial actors can be achieved.

PEMANFAATAN GULMA ECENG GONDOK BATANG PENDEK DI WILAYAH WADUK JATILUHUR SEBAGAI MATERIAL BIOKOMPOSIT UNTUK PRODUK TAS WANITA

Water hyacinth is as an invasive weed, can cause various problems in the water ecosystem. In the Jatiluhur Reservoir, the accumulation of short-stemmed water hyacinths has become a serious issue as they cannot be utilized as raw materials for woven products, as traditionally done by the local community, rendering them useless plants that pollute the environment.The use of water hyacinth weed as a biocomposite material aims to provide innovation in the processing of water hyacinth in the realm of crafts, which so far has only been processed by making woven. Apart from that, the processing of water hyacinth into biocomposite sheets is also carried out in order to obtain a more artistic visual that can be applied to various applied products with the aim that craftsmen can market their products at a more reasonable price than The method used for the process of utilizing into biocomposite material includes steps such as: (1) Understanding the characteristics of the raw material used as biocomposite filler and selecting a suitable matrix material to produce the desired type of material. (2) Material exploration process; which includes experimental processing processes with various ingredient composition measurements, coloring processes and simultaneous administration processes. (3) Material testing. Material durability test is carried out which includes a tensile test, heat resistance test and water resistance test. (4) Product design. After the right material composition has been found and trials have been carried out on the durability of the material, the process of designing a suitable product is continued in accordance with the results of material trials and in accordance with the properties and characteristics of the biocomposite material.

Peningkatan Kapasitas Kewirausahaan Melalui Teknologi Tepat Guna Dan Strategi Pemasaran Digital Pada UMKM Industri Sirup Di Kudus

Kudus is one of the districts on the north coast of Central Java which has a prominent entrepreneurial tradition. There are also many types of factories and MSME businesses. All of this gives Kudus Regency its own style as a city of industry and trade. One of the MSME industries that also promotes the local wisdom culture of the city of Kudus is the herbal ginger and parijoto syrup industry typical of the Muria mountains, namely the UMKM UD Yogas Delima and CV Seleksi Alam Muria. The aim of this service activity is to encourage the development of SMEs in increasing competitiveness and improving product quality with digital marketing-based information technology, handling aspects of production, human resources, management, administration and production, as well as improving the skills of entrepreneurs, improving quality and quantity, and management. good management. The implementation method prioritizes product improvements by exploring raw materials, product design, marketing, improving HR soft skills and marketing. Implementation of activities includes mentoring, training and creation of appropriate technological tools as well as procedures and use of appropriate technological tools which are transferred to partners

Analysis of the Influence of Different Plasticizing Systems in a Single-Screw Extruder on the Extrusion-Cooking Process and on Selected Physical Properties of Snack Pellets Enriched with Selected Oilseed Pomace

By-products generated in the agri-food industry are frequently regarded as waste, despite their significant potential for reutilization as valuable raw materials with both nutritional and functional properties. Nigella and flaxseed pomace, as rich sources of bioactive compounds, have the capacity to enhance the nutritional profile and functional characteristics of extruded products while simultaneously contributing to the reduction in food waste. Uniquely, the present study analyzed the effect of extrusion-cooking process conditions on the efficiency, energy consumption, and selected physical properties of extrudates enriched with nigella and flaxseed pomace. The samples were made using a single-screw extruder-cooker. Two plasticizing (L/D 16 and 20) systems were compared. The highest efficiency, 23.16 kg/h, was reached using 20% nigella pomace with the L/D 16 system. During the whole process, the specific mechanical energy ranged from 0.006 to 0.105 kWh/kg. New information was obtained on the interaction between pomace content and the physical properties of the extrudates. The results showed that the use of 10% nigella pomace maximized the WAI 4.90 and WSI 11.73% for pellets with 30% of nigella seed pomace in the L/D 20 and influenced the change in bulk density, indicating a double innovation: an improvement in extrudate quality and the efficient use of by-products.

Biochar as a Feedstock for Sustainable Fertilizers: Recent Advances and Perspectives

The increase in the world population exerts significant pressure on expanding global agricultural production. To achieve this, the use of fertilizers is fundamental. However, highly soluble traditional chemical fertilizers can be easily leached and volatilized, causing environmental damage. Therefore, reducing the use of these fertilizers and developing new and smart fertilizers is crucial. Biochar, a solid and carbon-rich pyrolysis product, has been studied both as a standalone fertilizer and as a raw material for sustainable fertilizers. Recently, a wide variety of materials and techniques have been used in the production of biochar-based fertilizers (BBFs) and need to be grouped and critically evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to conduct a literature review on new biochar-based fertilizers, involving different routes for biochar-based fertilizer synthesis and their effects on various crops. Recent results indicate the growing interest in nanomaterials and microbial processes for producing new fertilizers. Most assessed studies use biochar to produce slow-release fertilizers. The results also indicate that these new biochar-based fertilizers increase crop yields and reduce the leaching and volatilization of nutrients in soil, demonstrating significant potential as an alternative to traditional fertilizers. Therefore, the agricultural use of biochar holds environmental importance by reducing the negative impacts caused by the use of highly soluble traditional fertilizers. However, long-term field experiments and the economic feasibility of BBF production routes must be carefully studied.

Development of Sustainable Polymer Composites Containing Waste Glass and Natural Fibers for Strengthening Purposes

This study investigates the development of sustainable polymer composites for structural strengthening by incorporating waste glass fibers and natural fibers (flax and hemp) into an epoxy matrix, in response to the growing environmental concerns. Mechanical, thermal, and durability-related properties were evaluated through tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water absorption, and water immersion aging tests. Results showed that incorporating waste glass fibers enhanced the tensile strength and thermal decomposition temperature by 88% and 5.4%, respectively, compared to composites reinforced with solely natural fibers. Water absorption tests indicated that waste glass fiber-reinforced hybrid composites exhibited lower water uptake than flax and hemp fiber-reinforced composites. After water immersion, the tensile strength loss was recorded as 22, 25, and 8.5% for the composites reinforced with hemp, flax, and waste glass fiber, respectively. The findings confirm that incorporating waste glass fibers into natural fiber composites effectively mitigates moisture sensitivity and improves mechanical performance. Hybridizing flax and hemp fibers with waste glass fibers provides a practical and sustainable approach to enhancing composite performance, making them a viable alternative for strengthening reinforced concrete structures requiring long-term resistance. The recycled waste glass fibers employed in this study offered comparable mechanical performance while drastically lowering raw material consumption and environmental impact, in contrast to virgin glass fibers frequently used in earlier investigations. This demonstrates how recycling-oriented composite design can provide both sustainability and performance benefits.

Characterisation of recycled aggregate processed through pre-soaking, mechanical grinding and layered coating of aggregates: a three-stage processing technique

ABSTRACT To produce RA of good quality, this research proposed a new three-step processing method. First, soak the raw material in a moderate acetic acid solution. The second step is to grind the aggregate physically using an LA abrasion machine. Finally, the third step is to coat the aggregate with a cement silica fume slurry to seal any pores. There are seven distinct types of triple processed recycled aggregates (TPRAs): TPRA(0RVNs), TPRA(100RVNs), TPRA(200RVNs), TPRA(300RVNs), TPRA(400RVNs), TPRA(500RVNs), and TPRA(600RVNs). This study examined the effects of TPRAs by varying the amounts of TPRAs added to an M40 grade control mix in place of NA (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). Experiments were conducted to investigate the properties of TPRA-created concrete, including its workability, strength, and durability. Under conditions where TPRA (500 RVNs) replaces 60% of the NA in the mix, the compressive strength drops by 12.84%, but the RCPT value rises by 34%. This means that structural concrete should have TPRA (500 RVNs) replaced with 60% NA. Additionally, for the best results while making TPRA, it is recommended to soak it for 24 h in a moderate acetic acid solution, then run it through 500 revolutions per minute (RPM) on the LA abrasion machine. Finally, cover it with a layer of cement silica fume slurry.

Toxicokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Aflatoxin B1 in Plasma, Feces, and Urine of Male Donkeys

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widely present in raw materials for food and feedstock, posing a significant threat to the health of humans and animals. This study explored the toxicokinetics of a single oral administration of AFB1 at a dose of 100 µg·kg−1 BW (body weight). Donkey blood samples were gathered at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min and at 1.5 h, 2 h, 2.5 h, 3 h, 3.5 h, 4 h, 4.5 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 120 h through jugular vein sampling needles at intervals. Fecal and urinary samples were collected at 0 h and every 6 h thereafter until 120 h. The concentrations of AFB1 and AFM1 in plasma, urine, and feces were quantitatively analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The maximum concentrations of AFB1 and AFM1 in plasma were 13.10 ± 6.35 µg·L−1 and 0.72 ± 0.33 µg·L−1, occurring at 1.38 ± 0.89 h and 2.25 ± 1.57 h after oral administration, respectively. The AFB1 and AFM1 elimination half-lives (T1/2Elim) were 6.65 ± 2.84 h and 5.85 ± 3.00 h, respectively. The total clearances (CL) of AFB1 and AFM1 were 163 ± 52.2 L·kg−1 BW−1·h−1 and 3210 ± 2450 L·kg−1 BW−1·h−1, and the volumes of distribution (Vd) for AFB1 were 1440 ± 417 L·kg−1·BW and 22,400 ± 14,800 L·kg−1·BW, respectively. In addition, the total amounts of AFB1 and AFM1 excreted over 120 h through urine and feces accounted for 3.38 ± 0.92% and 3.44 ± 1.45% of the total intake, respectively (calculated by material mass). Furthermore, the research showed that the absorption and metabolism of AFB1 were rapid in male donkeys, with the tissue exhibiting a wide distribution and long duration.

Adoption Of Green Marketing Driven By Sustainable Environmental Initiatives In The Food And Beverage Sector

This study explores the adoption of green marketing strategies in the food and beverage industry within Bogor City, Indonesia. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 146 industry managers across six sub-districts. The study evaluates the implementation of the green marketing mix—green product, green price, green place, and green promotion—using a holistic multiple case study design. Findings reveal a strong commitment to environmental sustainability, demonstrated by the use of eco-friendly raw materials, recyclable packaging, and environmentally focused promotional strategies. This research contributes to the existing literature by focusing on a specific industrial sector in a developing country context. It also emphasizes the growing role of consumer awareness in driving sustainable business practices. Keywords: Green Marketing, Sustainable Environmental Efforts, Environmental Impact, food and beverage industry

Critical and Strategic Raw Materials for Energy Storage Devices

The performance and scalability of energy storage systems play a key role in the transition toward intermittent renewable energy systems and the achievement of decarbonization targets through means of resilient electrical grids. Despite significant research and technology advancements, the scalability of innovative energy storage systems remains challenging due to the scarcity of raw materials (used for the production of energy storage media, cathodes, anodes, separators, conductive agents, and electrolytes). The European Commission has identified certain raw materials as both economically important and subject to supply risks, designating them as critical and strategic raw materials. In this review, a comprehensive analysis is conducted regarding 28 raw materials and rare earth elements which are essential for the production of batteries, supercapacitors, and other storage systems, emphasizing their criticality, strategic importance, supply chain vulnerabilities, and associated environmental and social impacts. This study also addresses potential substitute materials for energy storage devices and innovations that make these devices recyclable. Future trends are briefly discussed, including advancements in alternative chemistries and innovations to improve energy density in advanced batteries and supercapacitors, paving the way for hybrid energy solutions.

Sustainable Approaches in Viticulture: From Wastes and Side Streams to High-Value Products.

In the context of climate change, resource scarcity, and a growing global population, sustainable processes and the efficient use of raw materials are imperative. Developing best practices to guide the transition toward a circular economy with minimized waste is essential. Agricultural processes offer inspiration, as they traditionally emphasize the utilization of all parts of cultivated plants. Today, however, there is a pressing need to go beyond basic utilization and focus on the upcycling and valorization of agricultural side streams into high-value products. This chapter examines the wine and grape industry, which generates substantial volumes of side streams, including grape pomace, seeds, stems, and wine lees. In recent years, these material streams have attracted attention for their potential as raw materials rich in bioactive compounds - such as diverse polyphenols, dietary fibers, and organic acids - that can be applied across various sectors, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and bioenergy. Key methodologies such as extraction, fermentation, and bioconversion are discussed as pathways to recover and enhance these compounds. Case studies of successful valorization initiatives are presented, demonstrating practical applications of side streams for high-value product creation. An example is the BMBF-funded project "Sustainable Beverages" focusing on the development of fermented drinks made from vine leaves that can be offered as a non-alcoholic alternative to wine. By providing an overview of the current research and technologies in wine waste valorization, this chapter serves as a valuable resource for academics, industry professionals, and policymakers seeking to advance sustainable practices within the wine sector. Ultimately, the upcycling of wine industry residues not only reduces environmental impact but also creates new revenue opportunities, driving innovation and sustainability in the industry.

CO2-Based Polypropylene Carbonates with High-Stretch and Self-Healing Properties

Carbon dioxide-based copolymers such as polypropylene carbonate (PPC) can offer the double environmental benefit of capturing CO2 and replacing oil-based raw materials in the plastics industry with renewable ones. However, their production at an industrial level is still limited by the range of applications in which their physicochemical properties are competitive and ideally surpass those of fossil-based polymeric commodities. This work introduces PPC materials with high-stretch and self-healing properties that were prepared by copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide using tailored Zn glutarate catalysts. The PPC materials were analyzed in terms of composition, molecular weight, thermal and mechanical behavior, particularly focusing on their tensile properties, strain recovery, creep response, and self-healing ability. All the prepared PPC materials showed good ductility and self-healing properties. The most promising ones achieved excellent and fast recovery of extremely high elongations (>700%), still reaching remarkable values (>600%) after proper self-healing. These high-stretch and self-healing PPC materials are completely amorphous, present good optical transparency, and can be processed using techniques normally used for other thermoplastics. Therefore, they are promising for a variety of applications, including shrink films and self-healing packaging, thus providing new, valuable perspectives for the industrialization of these CO2-based polymers.

Characteristics of Peanut Protein-Derived Carbon Dots and Their Application in Cell Imaging and Sensing of Metronidazole

In this paper, peanut protein (PP) was used as the sole raw material for the preparation of fluorescent carbon dots (PP-CDs) by hydrothermal method. The PP-CDs exhibit good dispersibility, spherical-like shapes, and uniform sizes; the average particle size of the PP-CDs was 3.18 ± 0.17 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results show that the surface of PP-CDs is rich in hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and amide groups. The PP-CDs exhibit good fluorescence emission properties and excitation wavelength dependence, with the optimal excitation wavelength and emission wavelength at 348 nm and 452 nm, respectively. According to the fluorescence quenching effect of metronidazole (MTZ) and tinidazole (TDZ) on PP-CDs, a highly linear fluorescence sensor was established, with a concentration range of 0.10–60.0 µM, and the detection limits of MTZ and TDZ are 32.0 nM and 48.0 nM, respectively. The result of CCK-8 test and imaging of HepG-2 cells and onion epidermal cells reveal that PP-CDs have good membrane permeability, biocompatibility and imaging ability.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РИСКАМИ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ ПРЕПАРАТОВ ИЗ ПЛАЗМЫ КРОВИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА: СТАРТЕГИЯ, АНАЛИЗ И РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

The article presents a strategy for the implementation and continuous development of a risk management system aimed at minimizing potential threats related to the biological nature of raw materials and the complexity of multi-stage technological processes faced by a pharmaceutical company manufacturing medicines from human blood plasma. A survey was conducted with the participation of 30 employees from various departments of the company. Based on the collected data, ten hypotheses were formulated and tested on issues such as employee awareness of regulatory documents, involvement in risk analysis processes, staff training, and the integration of risk management into daily activities. The study identified important areas for the risk management system, including increasing employee awareness, increasing management engagement, improving access to instructions and regulations, and integrating risk management into routine activities. Recommendations were proposed for building a system with an emphasis on improving product quality, ensuring safety and compliance with regulatory requirements. This study highlights the importance of continuous development of the risk management system and quality management system in a pharmaceutical company, as well as the importance of an integrated approach to risk analysis, including both quantitative and qualitative methods. The implementation of the strategy proposed in the study will allow: 1. Improve the sustainability of production processes and the level of control at all stages of the product lifecycle; 2. Minimize production risks and the likelihood of critical deviations; 3. Ensure compliance with international standards; 4. To increase the level of patient health protection.