Processing Of Raw Materials Research Articles

RECYCLING OF LITHIUM ION BATTERIES: THE BLACK SPOT OF THE GREEN DEAL

Progress towards a decarbonized economy is dependent on the development of energy storage devices enabling the deployment of new strategies in the transport and energy sectors. Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) play a key role in facilitating the shift from fossil fuels to renewables based on ubiquitous sources of decentralized energy. However, the rapidly increasing demand for batteries has generated environmental concerns regarding recycling, and raw materials depletion and exhaustion. Moreover, the level of extraction and processing of battery raw materials from local resources is almost negligible, inducing geopolitical concerns regarding potential threats to production and the stability of local manufactures. Finally, the storage and processing of hazardous wastes remains a difficult challenge in the circular economy concept. Recycling, therefore, is beneficial to the environment and has a high economic value via strengthening local supply chains. This work presents an alternative, comprehensive, and holistic review of LIB recycling technologies; from traditional metallurgy strategies to innovative, direct recycling methods and pioneering in-production and design-for-recycling approaches. It identifies new directions for making recycling efficient and techno-economically profitable and sustainable - including the vital role of robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Keywords: Lithium Ion Batteries, Recycling, Design for Recycling, In-production Recycling, Artificial Intelligence

Development and Experimental Study of an Experimental Setup for an Online Vibrating Tube Liquid Densitometer

Density is a crucial parameter for quantitatively describing the physical properties of liquids. It serves as an important indicator for scientific research, production process control, pipeline transportation, and other aspects. In oil pipeline transportation and raw material processing, the real-time online measurement of liquid density is of great significance. This paper analyzes the working principle of an online vibrating tube densitometer and derives the fitting equation for temperature, pressure, and density; it also conducts experiments with an online vibrating tube liquid densitometer and establishes a traceability chain for the experimental device. The experimental setup includes a desktop densitometer system, a multi-temperature field constant-temperature stirring system, a walk-in constant-temperature box, an automatic blowing system, and a frequency acquisition and calculation system. The uncertainty of the device’s evaluation is U = 0.08 kg/m3, k = 2. We built a set of pressure-density static test systems, statically testing the online vibrating tube’s liquid-density meter vibration frequency at different pressures; the whole set of systems can be used to assess the specific density, temperature, and pressure range of online vibrating tube liquid density meters in the experimental research to derive the standard temperature. Through the experimental research, we can accurately derive the fitting coefficients under the standard temperature, specific temperature, and pressure of online vibrating tube liquid densitometers, and calculate the fitting error of online vibrating tube liquid densitometers under different temperatures and pressures within the experimental range through fitting equations and coefficients, so as to realize the practical application of online vibrating tube liquid densitometers in engineering by utilizing straight-tube-type and curved-type online vibrating tube densitometers. A preliminary study was conducted on the effects of different densities, temperatures, and pressures on the vibrating tube system’s vibration cycle. The fit coefficient and error were calculated, and the experimental results were compared to the theoretical analysis to confirm the device’s conformity. The study verified the device’s scientific and reasonable design, and demonstrated that it is feasible to use the device for follow-up research. Using this device in subsequent experiments can verify the effects of viscosity, inlet, installation, and other factors on the online vibrating tube liquid densitometer’s metrological performance. Further experimental research on the pressure–frequency–density test system and the establishment of a wide range of temperatures and pressures within the pressure standard density test system are needed to achieve a wide range of temperatures and pressures under the standard density test.

STATE REGULATION OF THE EXTRACTION OF CRITICAL MINERALS AS A DOMINANT COMPONENT OF ACHIEVING THE GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND STRENGTHENING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE

The article states that the climate crisis and measures to mitigate it in recent years have significantly changed the energy landscape of the countries of the world and the configuration of the investment portfolio. Long-term investments in fossil fuels have been replaced by investments in environmentally friendly technologies, renewable sources of electricity, and smart systems for its distribution and storage. It is emphasized that even with full support of investments, plans for the decarburization of the electric power industry may remain unattainable, as the global reserves of «critical minerals», which are absolutely necessary for the transition to ecologically clean electric power, are noticeably decreasing and the demand continues to grow relentlessly. The scenarios developed by the International Energy Agency for the further transformation of the electric power sector to a low-carbon economy model were reviewed and briefly characterized: the scenario of declared policy (STEPS), the scenario of declared obligations (APS), and the scenario of net zero emissions by 2050 (NZE). The main aspects of each of the scenarios are outlined: the volume of demand for «critical minerals» their geographical concentration of extraction, and processing. It is emphasized that the world leader in the extraction and processing of «critical minerals» is the PRC, which dictates the «rules of the game» to the majority of the world's countries. Therefore, the issue of supplies of “critical minerals” is quite painful. It was emphasized that critical minerals market participants hope to reduce total dependence through new mining projects in different geographical regions, facilitating cross-investment opportunities between partner countries, and strengthening cooperation through initiatives such as the Mineral Security Partnership and the implementation of financial instruments. The potential of Ukraine's «critical minerals» and its ability to reduce the dependence of EU countries on the People's Republic of China are characterized. The main challenges of the development of the extractive industry in Ukraine are identified, and the main vectors of the Roadmap of the partnership between Ukraine and the EU regarding critical raw materials for 2023-2024 are outlined. It was emphasized that in order for Ukraine not to become only a supplier of raw materials, it is necessary to develop the processing of raw materials and the production of products with added value. It is emphasized that such localization requires much wider efforts of the government than the list of measures in the field of regulating the extraction of «critical minerals» defined by the latest legislative acts. The author emphasizes the need to develop a comprehensive system of incentives and introduce new opportunities for stabilization and sustainable development of Ukraine's economy in order to ensure sustainability and progress towards sustainable resource management and optimization of supply chains for critical raw materials. Proposals have been developed for climate-smart mining of «critical minerals» in Ukraine in the near future.

Assessment of grain starch content and responses to CMS-S and CMS-C in high-starch maize hybrids

Background. Increasing the production of native and modified starch from maize requires raw materials with high starch content in grain. Materials and methods. An experimental panel of 780 simple high-starch maize hybrids produced with CMS-S and CMS-C lines underwent two-year testing. Starch content in the grain of the lines and their hybrids was assessed with IR spectrometry. Native starch content in the grain of hybrids with highest yields was measured at the All-Russian Research Institute of Starch and Starch-Containing Raw Materials Processing using the method proposed by L. P. Nosovskaya with coauthors. Responses to CMS were scored according to G. S. Galeev’s scale. Results. Grain starch content was found to vary from 58% to 72% DMB throughout the tested panel. IR spectrometry helped to identify 22 hybrids with high (72.03–72.67%) starch content, and 5 hybrids promising for deep grain processing, combining high protein (10.3–13.53%) and oil (3.77–5.03%) levels with high starch content (69.02–70.4%) in their grain. Native starch extraction using L. P. Nosovskaya’s method showed that grain starch content in the best 68 hybrids ranged from 70.03 to 71.95% DMB. The collection was ranked according to the main heterotic groups: 57 lines of Iowa Dent, 26 lines of Stiff Stalk Synthetic, and 28 lines of Lancaster. For CMS-S and CMS-C types, 33 and 6 maintainers, and 9 and 8 restorers were selected, respectively. The hybrids were distributed across the following FAO maturity groups for maize: FAO 200–299 (14 hybrids), FAO 300–399 (7), FAO 400–449 (21), and FAO 450–500 (29). Conclusion. Assessing agronomic and breeding prospects of the best 68 hybrids between high-starch maize lines and sterile testers proved their potential for producing native starch to at least 70–72% DMB. Five hybrids were identified as promising for yielding native starch (69.02–70.4% DMB), as well as protein (10.3–13.5% DMB) and oil (3.77–5.03% DMB) by-products during deep grain processing.

The Dissolution Behavior of Pyrite and Chalcopyrite During Low-Temperature Pressure Oxidation: Chalcopyrite Influence on Pyrite Oxidation

The research of this paper was carried out on the low-temperature (100 ± 2 °C) pressure (0.2–0.8 MPa) leaching of pyrite, chalcopyrite and their mixture. According to experiments on chalcopyrite dissolution, increasing the oxygen pressure from 0.2 up to 0.8 MPa had a slight effect on chalcopyrite dissolution. Oxygen pressure and initial sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 10–50 g/L had the greatest positive effect on the pyrite oxidation. The SEM and EDX mappings indicate the chalcopyrite and pyrite surfaces to be passivated by elemental sulfur. The oxidation degree of pyrite in its mixture with chalcopyrite increased significantly from 54.5 up to 80.3% in 0–240 min. The reaction time is relative to the dissolution of the individual mineral, while the dissolution of chalcopyrite remained virtually unchanged. The addition of Cu (II) and Fe (III) ions does not influence pyrite dissolution when chalcopyrite is added in a leaching process, which can be explained by the formation of an electrochemical link between the minerals. The positive effect of chalcopyrite addition is associated with a decreased formation of elemental sulfur on the surface of pyrite. The described method can be used for the hydrometallurgical processing of copper raw materials with increased pyrite content, as well as for the pretreatment of copper concentrates with gold-rich pyrite concentrates to increase the recovery of gold and silver.

Design Of Safety Signs Using Ergonomic Function Deployment Method At PT.XYZ

PT. XYZ is a company engaged in manufacturing by processing raw materials into semi-finishedgoods or finished goods. Because the company routinely produces these products and involvesmachinery, it will allow small to serious work accidents to occur. Based on the hazard event dataowned by the company, there are 5 very diverse events that will be analyzed in the risk controlhierarchy to minimize hazard events. The results of the risk control hierarchy analysis have two hazardevents that have safety sign design criteria. Therefore, research was conducted to design safety signsin the area of explosive materials and loading progress in minimizing hazard events using safety signsassessment and Ergonomic Function Deployment approaches. The data needed in the design areanthropometric data, layout data, customer statements and level questionnaires interest andsatisfaction. From the results of the safe sign assessment, the signal word is obtained, determining thelocation, height, model, and material of the safety signs. The results of the safety signs assessmentwill be used for the Ergonomic Function Deployment approach. From the results of the ErgonomicFunction Deployment, the results obtained are the size of safety signs, safe reading distance, type oflayout, use of language and font size on safety signs. There are two types of designs, namely explosivematerial and loading progress safety signs. The design of safety signs refers to the ANSI Z535standard so that the design of safety signs has detailed signal words, symbols, signs, and wordmessages.

Lignin-based flame retardant via sequential purification-nanoparticle formation, and N[sbnd]P coupled chemical modification

A nonhalogenated and ecofriendly flame-retarding material was developed using lignin, one of the main components of lignocellulosic biopolymers. Lignin was purified, dissolved, and formulated as nanoparticles and implemented after processing in an ecofriendly water-based γ-valerolactone (GVL) system at different concentrations. Nitrogen‑phosphorus sequential chemical modification was performed using polyethyleneimine (PEI) and phytic acid (PA), The char residue increased by ≥10 % compared with lignin nanoparticles (LNPs). A 10 wt% lignin-based flame retardant (L-FR) based on the weight of cotton fabric was introduced using a simple dipping method. Compared to existing cotton fabrics, the combustion time of L-FR treated cotton fabrics was reduced by 6.8 s. The maximum flame height was reduced by 5.4 cm, and the charcoal residue increased by 25 %. The flame-retarding mechanism of L-FR involved low-temperature dehydration, thermal decomposition of cellulose by the phosphorus component of PA and generation of expansive gas by the nitrogen component of PEI. These results showed that lignin-based raw material processing, polymer processing, and chemical modification were biomass-based, suggesting that lignin could be converted into an ecofriendly flame retardant, highlighting the feasibility of high-value-added lignin.

Role of mineral elements in the nutrition of garden strawberry plants

Relevance. The increase in global production of garden strawberry fruit is due to the high demand for the products for fresh consumption and as raw material for processing. The leading countries are: PRC, USA, Turkey, Egypt, Mexico, Spain, Russia, Poland, South Korea, Brazil. Increase in production volumes is provided due to high productivity of new varieties and intensification of strawberry cultivation technologies and, in particular, plant nutrition. The possibility of managing the nutrition of garden strawberry plants is one of the priority tasks from the solution of which depends on the realization of the potential of plant productivity, as well as the quality of the resulting products The role of many macroand microelements in plant nutrition is not fully understood. Numerous studies are conducted to identify the mechanisms of their absorption and movement in strawberry plants. New forms of fertilizers are being studied, allowing to effectively influence the processes of growth and development of plants, minimize the impact on the environment.Results. The article is devoted to the review of the role of the main mineral macroand microelements in plant nutrition, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, silicon, molybdenum. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the influence of certain mineral elements on physiological processes associated with the growth and development of garden strawberries is considered. The data on reaction of plants to the optimal content, excess and deficiency of certain elements, possibilities of their receipt and assimilation by plants of garden strawberries are given. Application in practice of the world experience on management of mineral nutrition can significantly improve the existing technologies of strawberry cultivation in open and protected ground.

Multi-response kinetic modelling of the formation of five Strecker aldehydes during kilning of barley malt

Control of aroma formation during production of barley malt is critical to provide consistent and high-quality products for the brewing industry. Malt quality can be affected by the inherent variability of raw material and processing conditions, leading to inconsistent and/or undesirable profiles. Dried green malts were cured isothermally at 65, 78 and 90 °C for 8.4 h, and characteristic aroma compounds (Strecker aldehydes), precursors and intermediate compounds were analysed over time. By kinetic modelling of Strecker aldehydes, based on fundamental chemical pathways, we showed that degradation of Amadori rearrangement products and short-chain dicarbonyls was more sensitive to temperature change due to their higher activation energies compared to other kinetic steps. This study can help maltsters to manipulate formation of Strecker aldehydes, via raw material screening and process control, and hence optimise the organoleptic quality of malts and their products, such as non-alcoholic beers, where these aldehydes play a key role.

How does AI perform in industry chain? A patent claims analysis approach

The development trajectory of AI within the industry chain can offer valuable insights for managers and policymakers. Because the industry chain includes multiple complex nodes, it becomes difficult to showcase the subtle changes in AI at each node. Since patent claims are authoritative legal documents describing technology, we first theoretically demonstrate that integrating them with deep learning can effectively reveal the development of AI within complex nodes. And then, based on claim types and dependencies, we construct a more robust AI Recognition Multiple Attention Mechanism (A&C-Mechanism). Finally, using the battery industry chain (BIC) as a case study, the A&C-Mechanism reveals differences in AI development within the industry chain: (1) The A&C-mechanism can calculate the adjustment weights of patent claims based on variations in claim types and dependencies. Therefore, integrating the A&C-mechanism into NLP models can enhance the models' robustness and sensitivity to the nuanced variations of AI within patent claims; (2) Based on the A&C mechanism, our analysis indicates that AI indeed drives technological upgrades within four BIC nodes of mineral resource extraction (MRE), raw material processing (RMP), finished product manufacturing (FPM), usage, and recycling (UR). However, there is a phenomenon of non-uniform AI development emerging across these nodes; (3) Analyzing the patent application volume and growth rates across the four nodes, we identify that AI development progresses through distinct stages within the industrial chain: early, mid-term, and improvement. With the establishing two coefficients, the AI claim dependency variation coefficient and the AI-NE variation coefficient, we demonstrate that each stage exhibits unique characteristics. AI is used directly in the early stages. As the mid-term stage approaches, AI starts to be optimized and enhanced. During the improvement stage, AI structures, procedures, etc., are adaptively adjusted to better serve each company's goals; (4) Constructing an interaction network of AI with the four nodes based on high-frequency AI named entities within patent claims, we discover that AI development within the industrial chain exhibits iteration and continuity. Moreover, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) remain the cornerstone, serving as the foundation upon which many cutting-edge technologies are built. Digital image processing and machine learning enhance problem-solving across multiple nodes. We discuss our findings and derive implications for research, managers and policymakers.

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL-SULFUR CONCRETE PRODUCTS FROM MODIFIED SULFUR

Due to the increase in the processing of sulfur-containing hydrocarbon raw materials (oil and gas), sulfur is released as one of the large - tonnage waste. Long-term storage of large sulfur reserves has a negative impact on the environment. Composite material of sulfur modification-characterized by environmental efficiency, economic efficiency in construction. This review examines the sources of sulfur origin, properties, technology for making sulfur concrete from it and the use of sulfur-based concrete in the construction industry today. Experimental evaluation of modified sulfur concrete, other methods of preparation of mixtures were identified, and the importance of adaptation to foreign experience in the development of sulfur concrete production was shown. One of the most promising projects is the production of concrete containing sulfur binder in order to reduce the load on the environment. After all, sulfur concrete has such advantages as resistance to acid and radiation, frost resistance and the ability to recycle. The aim of the work was to study a new composition of sulfur concrete based on a bitumen composition. To conduct the study, samples of sulfur concrete with different percentage contents of the constituent components were prepared.

Change in the qualitative composition of non-metallic mineral raw materials as a result of blasting operations

Purpose. The research purpose is to study the change in the qualitative composition of granite before and after blasting operations to determine its compliance with the criteria of marketable products. Methods. X-ray phase and X-ray structural research methods are used to study changes in the mineral composition of granites before and after blasting operations. To separate magnetic and non-magnetic fractions of the selected granite samples, a three-roller RST magnetic separator is used. X-ray phase research is conducted using a DRON-3 diffractometer. Additionally, an analysis of the unit cell dimensions of the quartz crystal lattice was conducted, and the dislocation density along the corresponding crystallographic planes was studied. Findings. It has been determined that after blasting operations, granite mass is redistributed from coarse fractions of 1-20 mm to small fractions of 0-1 mm with an increase in the latter by 4.2%. It has been found that the biotite content decrea-ses naturally and consistently, and the quartz content increases correspondingly in products in the following series: magnetic separator drum (90%, 2%) → lower roller (72%, 14%) → upper roller (55%, 31%) → non-magnetic product (48%, 34%) before blasting operations. Therefore, despite significant differences in the magnetic favorability of these two mineral phases, they are present in all magnetic separation products (with the exception of quartz in the non-magnetic product): magnetic separator drum → lower roller → upper roller. Originality. It has been established that along the crystallographic directions 101 and 211, the maximum gradient of dislocation density increase in the quartz crystal lattice in granite samples before blasting operations is observed during the transition from the lower roller product to the upper roller product, amounting to 1.55·1010 and 6.63·1010 cm-2, respectively. After blasting operations, in granite samples along the same directions, the maximum gradient of dislocation density increase is observed between the upper roller product and the non-magnetic product, amounting to 3.01·1010 and 4.67·1010cm-2. As a result of the thermodynamic impact of blasting operations, the weighted average dislocation density value along crystallographic planes 101 and 211 in the quartz crystal lattice increases by 47.21 and 25.72%, respectively. Practical implications. Understanding the quality characteristics of marketable products after blasting operations will contribute to optimizing the stages of further processing of non-metallic mineral raw materials (two-, three- or four-stage crushing) and expanding the scope of granite applications. This increases its competitiveness in the building materials market by reducing the costs for additional processing with a reduction in the labor intensity of the process.

Producing food supplements by complex processing of fruits and vegetables of reduced quality using biotechnology methods

The actuality of processing of substandard by external signs fruit and vegetables is caused by their higher volumes in the processing industry and retail chains, and additionally by their high biopotentials. The aim of research is to ground complex processing of such raw materials to obtain food supplements containing natural biologically active components, and assessment of their nutritional functionality. The experiments used apples, bananas, oranges, potatoes, carrots, tomatoes and cucumbers that did not meet the freshness criteria of GOST 57976-2017, but without any signs of microbial damage. Three types of experimental mixtures were made from this raw material: fruit, vegetable and fruit-vegetable. The key processing operation was the enzymatic hydrolysis of the mixtures with various carbohydrases (cellulase, ?-glucanase, amylase and glucoamylase). The hydrolyzed mixtures were fractionated, followed by dehydration of the fractions to obtain water-soluble and water-insoluble powder supplements. During the fermentation process, the accumulation of simple sugars, dry substances in water-soluble fractions, and the yield of finished products were studied. The highest concentrations of sugars are found in water-soluble fractions from fruit mixtures. In the resulting supplements from three types of mixtures, organoleptic characteristics, chemical composition, and the content of functional food ingredients – vitamin C, substances with P-vitamin activity, and dietary fiber have been studied. The qualitative composition of dietary fiber and other polysaccharides in a water-insoluble supplement has been established using IR-spectra. Taking into account the obtained data, calculations have been made to satisfy the daily physiological needs for established biologically active substances when consuming 100 g of supplements for ordinary people and athletes. It is recommended to use supplements as enriching agents for functional purposes in specialized antioxidant, immunomodulatory and prebiotic nutrition, including as part of dietary supplements for athletes.

Characteristic of Different Chitosan Types on κ-Carrageenan Polyelectrolyte Complex (PEC) Bioplastics as Food Packaging

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research The author mentioned 4 highlights from their results research This study investigates the impact of incorporating chitosan from different sources (shrimp, crab, and fish scales) with varying molecular weights on the mechanical characteristics of bioplastics used for food packaging. The present study aims to optimize the volume ratio of κ-carrageenan and chitosan to form stable polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for bioplastic production. This study evaluates the quality of tilapia fillets wrapped with κ-carrageenan and chitosan PEC bioplastics after 24 h storage. The present study investigates the reaction mechanism involved in the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes between κ-carrageenan and chitosan for bioplastic production. Abstract Bioplastic represents an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic plastic which can be derived from natural polysaccharides like carrageenan. κ-carrageenan is noted for its gel-forming properties making it a common raw material for bioplastics. Mechanical properties values of κ-carrageenan bioplastics are usually below standard. The addition of materials such as chitosan can enhance those properties. Chitosan-carrageenan can form polyelectrolyte complexe (PEC) through electrostatic interactions without toxic crosslinking agents. Polymer’s molecular weight is a crucial factor influencing PEC formation. Chitosan's molecular weight varies based on the raw material and extraction process. This study aims to identify the most suitable type of chitosan for food packaging bioplastics using polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) method. Three types of commercial chitosan with different molecular weights were evaluated (shrimp, crab, and fish scale chitosan). Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) were used for characterization assessment of bioplastics such as thickness, tensile strength, water resistance, water vapor transmission, and biodegradation rate as well as additional tests including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, and Total Plate Count (TPC) on fish fillets.The findings indicated that crab chitosan-κ carrageenan PEC bioplastic exhibited optimal results with a thickness of 0.178 mm, tensile strength of 18.053 MPa, elongation at break at 211.73%, water resistance of 63.94%, Water Vapor Transmission (WVT) of 0,001456 g/m2/day, biodegradation rate of 3.358% over 7 days, and the lowest TPC in fish fillets after 24 h, increasing from 4.39 log CFU/g to 7.45 log CFU/g. Molecular weight of chitosan was shown to significantly influence the PEC bioplastics characteristics.

Effects of pre‐deacidification on 3‐MCPDE and GE contents of high‐acid oils during refining

SummaryCrude fats and oils may have high free fatty acid (FFA) content depending on raw material quality and processing conditions. Their refining is always a challenge due to refining loss and the formation of some process contaminants such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol esters (3‐MCPDE), and glycidyl esters (GE). In this study, crude hazelnut oil having 12.10% FFA was degummed, bleached, and pre‐deacidified by a molecular distillation (MD) unit before neutralisation and deodorisation. Changes in FFA, diglyceride(DG), 3‐MCPDE, GE, and tocopherol contents were monitored. Almost no changes were detected in FFA and DG contents during degumming and bleaching while the latter resulted in the 3‐MCPDE formation and GE reduction. Some tocopherol losses were also observed after these steps. On the other hand, a huge amount of FFA was distilled (from 12.10% to 1.71%) by the MD process performed at 200 °C, 0.25 mbar, as well as with a 53.6% loss of tocopherol. The samples were then subjected to deodorisation before (MD‐PHY) and after neutralisation (MD‐CHE) at 230 °C under 2 mbar absolute pressure for 2, 4, and 8 h. While some 3‐MCPDE and GE formations were detected during MD‐CHE, there were almost no formations in these contaminants after MD‐PHY. When the bleached oil having 12.10% FFA was also directly deodorised at given conditions, no formations but some reductions in 3‐MCPDE and GE contents of the oils were determined, possibly because of esterification of FFA with DGs that are an important precursor of these contaminants.

Improving the quality and safety of caviar products based on an internal traceability system

This article examines the regulations concerning fishery products and presents information on traceability to improve them. A method called system-analytic research is used, which involves logical analysis, comparing things, grouping them together and drawing general conclusions. The collection of information in the manufacture of caviar products is studied and given. The process of converting raw materials into the final product and selling it is described. Analyzed the process of tracing and reporting fish products at each stage of their life cycle to ensure transparency. An effective traceability system will help to determine the safety and quality control of fish products at all stages of production, storage, transport, processing and marketing of products, taking into account the requirements of national and international regulations. Traceability system allows to determine the life cycle of raw materials or products, in case of unreliability or instability helps to identify the problem, and exclude it from the chain of technological process. It has been found that the use of an internal traceability system will enhance and improve production, as well as improve the quality and safety of finished products.

PROFILING SENSORY PADA PRODUK COKELAT PT. KAKAO BHINNEKA SEJAHTERA (MOODCO FINE CHOCOLATE) DENGAN METODE RATE-ALL-THAT-APPLY (RATA)

Chocolate is a processed food product based on cocoa beans which is processed using a machine. Differences in processing raw materials can produce different sensory characteristics that can affect consumer preferences. In this study, sensory descriptive analysis was carried out using the Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) method to determine sensory profiles and to determine differences in sensory attributes of white chocolate (Kokoken Gulo Kaluku), milk chocolate (Arai), and dark chocolate (Idi' Cara'de). Based on the results, there are 4 attributes that are the same in each chocolate variant, namely glossy, snap, hardness, and mouthfeel melting. Kokoken Gulo Kaluku and Arai have the highest intensity on the mouthfeel melting attribute, while Idi' Cara'de has the highest intensity on the glossy attribute.

TREATMENT OF COPPER FLUE DUST FROM FLASH FURNACE WASTE HEAT BOILER FOR IMPURITIES CONTROL

During the pyrometallurgical processing of copper sulphide raw materials, part of the charge leaves the furnace space together with the exhaust gases in the form of dust entrainment. Volatile components also pass into the dust-gas flow, due to which it is enriched with impurities, some of which are harmful to the technological process. The formed dust-gas flow passes through dust collection equipment, where the main part of it is captured. Most often, the captured dust is recirculated, which leads to a decrease in the productivity of the furnace unit and a gradual increase in the content of impurities in the condensed products of the smelting. To overcome these disadvantages, it is necessary to take part or all the recirculating dust out of the melting cycle and process it independently to extract the valuable metals and dispose of the harmful substances. In metallurgical practice, industrial application for the processing of recirculating dust entrainment has mainly been accomplished by hydrometallurgical methods based on treating the flue dust in aqueous solutions of acid or alkaline reagents. In the present research work, laboratory results on hydrometallurgical leaching of flue dust from a flash furnace waste heat boiler (FF-WHB) are presented. The effect of the main technological parameters affecting the degrees of recovery of the main metals in solution was studied. Based on the experimental results, the optimal conditionsfor hydrometallurgical treatment of the FF-WHB flue dust were determined. By treating the dust under optimal conditions, the main tasks of the research are achieved - removal of impurities harmful to the technological process and reduction of the amount of flue dust processed in the flash furnace.

PENDAMPINGAN EDUKASI USAHA EMPING MELINJO DALAM PENGGUNAAN DIGITAL MARKETING MENUJU UMKM MAJU DAN BERSAING DI DESA TENJOLAHANG KECAMATAN JIPUT KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG

Emping melinjo is an MSME business in Tenjolahang Village. Jiput Sub-district, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, which is managed traditionally by men or women who have expertise in making melinjo chips in order to utilize the natural potential of the village and commercialize it into individual or family livelihoods. By providing several variants according to the buyer's request, both non-spicy, medium spicy, and very spicy variants which are still marketed traditionally (deposit system) without any promotion either through digital or other media. The author's method is to provide understanding to the manager of this emping melinjo how to increase sales with digital media and utilize smartphones. The author delivered orally and also practiced using social media such as Facabook, Intagram, Youtube, Tiktok and others. The result of this assistance is the emergence of a deep understanding that marketing today has been done digitally and this saves a lot of time with a range of buyers outside Tenjolahang Village. Jiput District, Pandeglang Regency. In general, emping melinjo MSMEs are very promising to support the family economy. For each manager, what must be done is license processing, repacking, and variants that attract buyers as well as technological support in processing raw materials to finished goods.

Social life cycle assessment of green hydrogen production: Evaluating a projected Portuguese industrial production plant

The increase in industrial production and energy consumption has led to excessive exploitation of non-renewable resources, resulting in serious environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions. In response, there's a growing investment in renewable energies such as hydroelectric, wind, and solar power. However, these sources are unable to fully meet demand, leading to imbalances between consumption and production. An emerging solution to this challenge is green hydrogen, produced from clean sources, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The S-LCA methodology presented in the UNEP/SETAC Guidelines for the Social Life Cycle Assessment is applied to the production of green hydrogen via the electrolytic separation of water using a proton exchange electrolyser. The process involves the extraction and processing of raw materials from the electrolyser, BOP and reverse osmosis system, the manufacture of the systems and the production of green hydrogen. The data from each stage is inventoried and entered into the PSILCA v.3.1 and SHDB 2022FV5 databases, integrated into the SimaPro software version 9.3.0.2, enabling a complete analysis of the social impacts associated with the production of green hydrogen. The data was evaluated considering 4 stakeholder categories: workers, value chain actors, society and local community. The results indicate that the extraction and processing of raw materials for the electrolyser was the primary stage responsible for the social impacts in both databases. However, the electrolyser manufacturing stage was the main contributor to the indicators “weekly working hours per employee” and “union density” in the PSILCA database. Nafion® and Iridium were identified as the major contributors among components in both databases. The study highlights the significant role played by countries like China and South Africa in social impacts, particularly in the extraction and processing of raw materials. Despite this, Portugal emerged as the largest contributor to five out of fourteen indicators in the PSILCA database, while its contributions in the SHDB database were less than 7 %. Moreover, a comparison between the two databases revealed that PSILCA exhibited a greater distribution of results across various stages, components, and countries assessed, whereas SHDB showed more centralized results. The observed discrepancies between the results obtained from different databases can be attributed to three main factors: the input-output database utilized in each S-LCA tool, the assumed risk levels for each indicator, and the equivalence between indicators and subcategories. This exploratory study offers valuable insights for guiding strategic decisions regarding the social component of sustainability, providing a detailed understanding of the social impacts associated with the specific case of green hydrogen production in a planned hub in Portugal.