Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Research Articles

Review of literature on methods and processes to produce bioethanol from banana peels for disinfection and sanitation of the environment in communities, central region of Mozambique

The demand for alcohol for human health and as an energy resource has attracted the attention of many researchers who have identified accessible and sustainable raw materials for bioethanol production at low cost and with reduced environmental impact. Among the variety of raw material for bioethanol, most come from agricultural and livestock products, in this case banana peel. The feedstock should not disequilibria food safety and should be sourced with adequate efficiency without involving too many complex procedures. Thus, the present research, through a literature review, seeks to discuss efficient methods and procedures to produce bioethanol from banana peels as agricultural waste, for application as a disinfectant of products, in human health and as energy source for households, in the context of rural areas. Many studies point to banana peels as an alternative feedstock for bioethanol production, however communities in Mozambique despite having this resource in abundance, still do not explore systematically in maximum efficiency due to the culture issues and anthropogenic knowledge. The results to maximize the efficiency are among control of production parameters, alkaline pretreatment with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), saccharification in a plastic reservoir with less than 10% of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) for hydrolysis, enzymatic fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, distillation at controlled temperatures from 80 up to 120 0C.

Amino acid metabolism and MAP kinase signaling pathway play opposite roles in the regulation of ethanol production during fermentation of sugarcane molasses in budding yeast

Sugarcane molasses is one of the main raw materials for bioethanol production, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the major biofuel-producing organism. In this study, a batch fermentation model has been used to examine ethanol titers of deletion mutants for all yeast nonessential genes in this yeast genome. A total of 42 genes are identified to be involved in ethanol production during fermentation of sugarcane molasses. Deletion mutants of seventeen genes show increased ethanol titers, while deletion mutants for twenty-five genes exhibit reduced ethanol titers. Two MAP kinases Hog1 and Kss1 controlling the high osmolarity and glycerol (HOG) signaling and the filamentous growth, respectively, are negatively involved in the regulation of ethanol production. In addition, twelve genes involved in amino acid metabolism are crucial for ethanol production during fermentation. Our findings provide novel targets and strategies for genetically engineering industrial yeast strains to improve ethanol titer during fermentation of sugarcane molasses.

Response surface methodology based optimization studies about bioethanol production by Candida boidinii from pumpkin residues

For sustainable bioethanol production, the investigation of novel fermentative microorganisms and feedstocks is crucial. In this context, the goals of the current study are suggesting pumpkin residues as new raw material for bioethanol production and investigating the fermentative capacity of the Candida boidinii, which is a newly isolated yeast from sugar factory wastes. Response surface methodology was used to determine the effect of enzyme (cellulase and hemicellulase) concentration and enzymatic hydrolysis time. The maximum bioethanol concentration was 29.19 g/L when fermentation parameters were optimized. However, it is revealed that enzymatic hydrolysis and hydrolysis duration (48-72 h) have significant effects on reducing sugar concentration. The highest reducing sugar was 108.86 g/L when the 20% initial pumpkin residue was hydrolyzed at 37.5 FPU/g substrate cellulase and 37.5 U/mL hemicellulase at the end of 72 h. Under these optimized conditions, the bioethanol production of C. boidinii increased by 22.91% and reached 35.88 g/L. This study shows pumpkin residues are promising feedstocks and C. boidinii is a suitable microorganism for efficient bioethanol production.

PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL DARI BATANG KELAPA SAWIT (Elais Guineensis Jacq.) MELALUI PROSES PRETREATMENT MENGGUNAKAN H2SO4 DAN FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN RAGI ROTI (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Unproductive oil palm stems can produce Umbut which is the raw material for bioethanol production. In general, the production process of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials includes oil palm stalks. The bioethanol production process goes through several stages of physical, chemical or biological pretreatment, polymer saccharification, sugar fermentation, and ethanol separation and purification. This study aims to determine the production of bioethanol from oil palm stems (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) through a pretreatment process using H2S04 and fermentation using baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The method used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Non Factorial with 3 treatment levels and 1 control, and 3 repetitions (Triplo) with a total sample of 12 samples. The resulting bioethanol is then tested (moisture content, yield, and pH). The resulting data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test. Based on the results of this study, the best treatment was found in the H0 treatment with a yield of 34.5%, 1.52% moisture content and 5,6 % pH

Influencing factors and environmental feasibility analysis of agricultural waste preprocessing routes towards biofuel production – A review

Valorizing the production of massive amounts of agricultural waste into valuable products is an immediate concern for environmental protection and bioeconomy advancement. Recently, agricultural waste has become a popular raw material for bioethanol production could reduce environmental pollution and strengthen the local circular bioeconomy. Its preprocessing is an essential and critical step in making the free carbohydrate molecules for the final conversion. Major influencing preprocessing factors are the nature of biomass, feed loading, operating pH, temperature, and time. The merits and demerits of each preprocessing method in different aspects should be well studied before selecting them to obtain a maximum yield of fermentable sugars. Hence, this review provides comprehensive information on potential agricultural waste availability, chemical composition, and various preprocessing techniques. In addition, the essential factors influencing preprocessing performance and the environmental feasibility of biomass conversion into value-added products are discussed in detail.

Advancements and prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for abiotic and biotic stresses in sugar beet.

Sugar beet is a crop with high sucrose content, known for sugar production and recently being considered as an emerging raw material for bioethanol production. This crop is also utilized as cattle feed, mainly when animal green fodder is scarce. Bioethanol and hydrogen gas production from this crop is an essential source of clean energy. Environmental stresses (abiotic/biotic) severely affect the productivity of this crop. Over the past few decades, the molecular mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stress responses in sugar beet have been investigated using next-generation sequencing, gene editing/silencing, and over-expression approaches. This information can be efficiently utilized through CRISPR/Cas 9 technology to mitigate the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses in sugar beet cultivation. This review highlights the potential use of CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for abiotic and biotic stress management in sugar beet. Beet genes known to be involved in response to alkaline, cold, and heavy metal stresses can be precisely modified via CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for enhancing sugar beet's resilience to abiotic stresses with minimal off-target effects. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology can help generate insect-resistant sugar beet varieties by targeting susceptibility-related genes, whereas incorporating Cry1Ab and Cry1C genes may provide defense against lepidopteron insects. Overall, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology may help enhance sugar beet's adaptability to challenging environments, ensuring sustainable, high-yield production.

Utilization of Coconut Pulp as Raw Material for Bioethanol Production

South Sulawesi has potential in the development of bioethanol from biomass because it has a plantation sector which is a mainstay sector with various types of commodities that can produce biomass. One biomass that has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol is coconut pulp. The reason for choosing coconut pulp as raw material for bioethanol production is because the cellulose rate is 36.08%; hemicellulose is 12.58%, besides that coconut is the main commodity crop in the plantation sector in South Sulawesi and its utilization will not interfere with food needs so that it will ensure smooth production of bioethanol. This study aims to produce bioethanol with coconut pulp raw materials using physical pretreatment namely autoclave. Autoclave pretreatment results are followed by fermentation using yeast for 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days anaerobically and adding urea and NPK as nitrogen sources during the fermentation process. The result of fermentation was then distilled to obtain bioethanol for 12-72 hours. The highest bioethanol content was obtained after 13 days of fermentation which was 6,2683%. This pretreatment uses the influence of temperature and pressure to degrade lignin in coconut pulp to optimize fermentation results. Based on mapping the amount of coconut pulp, a coconut pulp supply network model can be produced at the upstream level including supply sources, depots and bioethanol plants.

Optimization of the Hydrolysis Process of Microalgae Porphyridium cruentum Biomass with Variations of Hydrochloric Acid Concentration, Temperature, and Time using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Microalgae Porphyridium cruentum has potential as a raw material for bioethanol production because it has a high carbohydrate content. These carbohydrates can be broken down into reducing sugars through the hydrolysis process. The reducing sugar obtained will be used as a substrate in the production of bioethanol. This study aimed to produce a substrate with the best-reducing sugar indicator and to determine the optimum conditions for hydrolysis of P. cruentum microalgae biomass following the Box-Behnken statistical experimental design, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The parameters of the optimized hydrolysis process were HCl concentration (2 - 0.2 N), temperature (60 -120 ˚C), and hydrolysis time (30-180 min). The optimum conditions that have been achieved using RSM are an HCl concentration of 1.91 N, a temperature of 60 °C, and a hydrolysis time of 180 min were predicted a maximum total reducing sugar production of 810 mg/L. The experimental result of total reducing sugar obtained at optimum conditions was 895 mg/L, which was well close to the predicted value, verifying the appropriateness of the model.Abstract is informed about the statements of the problem, methods, scientific finding results and conclusion concisely

Fermentation of Tacca leontopetaloides starch with ragi tapai for bioethanol production

This study investigates the potential of Tacca leontopetaloides starch as an alternative raw material for bioethanol production. Ragi tapai was used as the saccharification and fermentation agent and different origin of ragi tapai was evaluated for the highest glucose production. Ragi tapai from Sabah (RTSab) produced significantly higher glucose as compared to other origins of ragi tapai and was then used in the rest of the study. Fermentation of ragi tapai with T. leontopetaloides starch was compared with the fermentation of ragi tapai - Saccharomyces cerivisiae co-culture. Glucose and ethanol concentrations were measured by spectrophotometric method. It was found that ragi tapai alone is more efficient in producing bioethanol as the concentration was the highest (17.4% v/v) with productivity reaching 4.5 g/l/h in comparison to only 3.7 g/l/h for co-culture fermentation. Glucose concentration also varied at higher level throughout the fermentation and peaked at 84.28 g/L. This study concludes that T. leontopetaloides starch is a potential raw material for bioethanol and use of ragi tapai is effective in producing bioethanol.

The paradoxical availability of raw materials in the bioethanol production

The production of bioethanol is influenced by economic, social, political, and technological aspects. Technology has contributed to improving and simplifying the production process. On the other hand, the global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, better known as Covid-19, has affected the market as its price has substantially increased. Raw material and transportation costs have also impacted the international market. Therefore, more efforts are being dedicated to finding alternative raw materials for bioethanol production. Agricultural waste or starches that are not used entirely for human consumption have the potential to produce bioethanol, but paradoxically, they cannot be commercialized. This report focuses on potential raw materials for bioethanol production and how their possible commercial exploitation declines when they acquire a cost for their transformation into higher value-added products. Price increases discourage investment in the diversification of these raw materials. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v17i3.1225

PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM BANANA PEEL (Musa paradisiaca l.) USING SULFURIC ACID CATALYST

.Bioethanol is a pure alcoholic compound consisting of ethanol and is produced through a biomass fermentation process with the help of microorganisms. Making bioethanol can be done using plants that contain starch, carbohydrates, glucose, and cellulose. One option is kepok banana peels. Utilization of kepok banana peels can increase the variety of raw materials for bioethanol production which are cost-effective and easy to obtain. This research has been done before, what has never been done is the manufacture of bioethanol using various catalysts H2SO4, hydrolysis temperature and fermentation time. This research method uses hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation with variations in hydrolysis temperatures of 80°C, 90°C and 100°C, variations in catalyst concentration H2SO4 1 M, 2 M, 3 M with fermentation times of 5, 7, 9 days. Results of this study the highest yield and density were obtained at the hydrolysis temperature of 90°C, the catalyst concentration of 3 M H2SO4 with a fermentation time of 9 days was 5.0432% and 0.8346 gr/ml, and the highest bioethanol content was at the hydrolysis temperature of 90°C, the catalyst concentration 2 M H2SO4 with 9 days fermentation time of 0.2884%. The size of a grade is influenced by the length of time of fermentation and the amount of catalyst given. The density value of the bioethanol obtained meets the Indonesian National Standard. The results of the GC (Gas-Chromatography) test based on the highest glucose content and fermentation time at each temperature variation showed that the bioethanol content with a glucose content of 5.2%, 12.2% and 14.1% respectively at a hydrolysis temperature of 80°C , 90°C and 100°C with catalyst concentration H2SO4 3 M and a fermentation time of 9 days, namely 1.783%, 4.024% and 5.030%. The greater the catalytic agent used, the greater the level of glucose produced and the longer the fermentation period given, the more optimal the product will be.

Box–Behnken Design-Based Optimization of the Saccharification of Primary Paper-Mill Sludge as a Renewable Raw Material for Bioethanol Production

In this study, the primary paper-mill sludge characterized as containing 51% glucan was used to optimize the enzymatic saccharification process for the production of bioethanol using a Box–Behnken design (BBD). Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG-4000) surfactant-assisted enzymatic saccharification of dried primary sludge (DPS) showed a 12.8% improvement in saccharification efficiency. There was a statistically significant effect of solid enzyme loading and saccharification time on the enzymatic saccharification of DPS at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The optimum levels of 10.4% w/w DPS solid loading, 2.03% enzyme loading (10 FPU g/DPS), and 1% (w/w DPS) PEG-4000 loading for a saccharification efficiency of 57.66% were validated experimentally and found to be non-significant with regard to the lack of fit with the predicted saccharification efficiency of 56.76%. Furthermore, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented the saccharified sugars into ethanol (9.35 g/L) with a sugar-to-ethanol conversion yield of 91.6% compared with the theoretical maximum. Therefore, DPS is a more suitable renewable biomass for determining the presence of fermentable sugar and for the production of ethanol.

UTILIZATION OF PINEAPPLE WASTE AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR BIOETHANOL

Indonesia has large natural vegetable resources to be able to provide a promising and environmentally friendly alternative fuel to replace petroleum, namely bioethanol. Bioethanol is a biochemical liquid from the process of fermenting sugar from carbohydrate sources using the help of microorganisms. Bioethanol is produced from biomass containing sugar, starch and cellulose. One of the raw materials for bioethanol which is environmental waste is pineapple skin and pineapple hump. In this literature review , 15 articles were collected relating to the utilization of fruit waste as a raw material for bioethanol production and its effectiveness. The results from the literature review show that pineapple waste has suitable characteristics to be used as raw material for making bioethanol which is useful for environmentally friendly alternative fuels.

Potential Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material for Bioethanol Production

Bagasse has the potential to generate alternative energy resources such as bioethanol owing to its lignocellulose structure. This research aims for utilizing bagasse as the raw material for producing bioethanol. The process for producing bioethanol consists of delignification, hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation using biocatalyst namely Fungi Dekkera bruxellensis and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Delignification was conducted at the substrate variation of 5, 10, 15 grams and 3, 5, 7 days contact time. The hydrolysis process used H2SO4 2% with 30, 45, 60 minutes contact time. Fermentation used concentration ratio for fungi and yeast at 1:1 with 3, 5, 7 days contact time. The distillation process went through the temperature of 78-80°C to obtain ethanol. The gravimetric analysis shows the optimum removal efficiency at 10.90% using 5 gram substrates with 3 days contact time. The hydrolysis process shows the highest glucose concentration at 16.64 g/L for each contact time using 15 gram substrates and H2SO4 2%. The highest amount of ethanol was 3.1% with the ratio of substrates 1:1 and 3 days contact time. This research shows that bagasse can produce bioethanol by the utilization of Fungi Dekkera bruxellensis and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Kinetic study on hydrolysis of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) stem dregs with cocktail enzymes in bioethanol production

Sweet sorghum stem dregs have potential as an alternative raw material for bioethanol production due to its high sugar content. The purpose of this study is to examine the hydrolysis kinetics of sweet sorghum stem dregs with cocktail enzymes using several models, namely the Valjamae, Kopelman, and Gompertz models. The hydrolysis was carried out at a concentration of 1/16.7 g/mL, a temperature of 50°C, and at variations of time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 minutes). The cocktail enzyme used was Multifect CL, which contains endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases and has the potential to convert lignocellulose. The reactor used is CSTR (Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor). The study results indicated that the hydrolysis kinetics of the Valjamae and Kopelman models were very suitable. The value of reaction rate constant and exponential fractal for the Valjamae model are 0.077 L/hour and 0.434 and for the Kopelman model are 0.044 L/hour and 0.415. The hydrolysis kinetics for the Gompertz model is not suitable. These hydrolysis kinetic parameters can be utilized in the bioreactors planning that will be used in the preliminary design of the biomass-based bioethanol industry.

Genetic Engineering of Starch Biosynthesis in Maize Seeds for Efficient Enzymatic Digestion of Starch during Bioethanol Production.

Maize accumulates large amounts of starch in seeds which have been used as food for human and animals. Maize starch is an importantly industrial raw material for bioethanol production. One critical step in bioethanol production is degrading starch to oligosaccharides and glucose by α-amylase and glucoamylase. This step usually requires high temperature and additional equipment, leading to an increased production cost. Currently, there remains a lack of specially designed maize cultivars with optimized starch (amylose and amylopectin) compositions for bioethanol production. We discussed the features of starch granules suitable for efficient enzymatic digestion. Thus far, great advances have been made in molecular characterization of the key proteins involved in starch metabolism in maize seeds. The review explores how these proteins affect starch metabolism pathway, especially in controlling the composition, size and features of starch. We highlight the roles of key enzymes in controlling amylose/amylopectin ratio and granules architecture. Based on current technological process of bioethanol production using maize starch, we propose that several key enzymes can be modified in abundance or activities via genetic engineering to synthesize easily degraded starch granules in maize seeds. The review provides a clue for developing special maize cultivars as raw material in the bioethanol industry.

Bioethanol Production From Tropical Marine Microalgae Ambon Bay Navicula sp. of The Inner Ambon Bay Strain

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that contain carbohydrates can be converted into glucose through a hydrolysis process so that they can be used as raw materials for bioethanol production. Navicula sp. strain TAD is a type of marine microalgae that is spread in the inner Ambon Bay (TAD) sea waters and is used to manufacture bioethanol. This study aims to determine the content of carbohydrates and bioethanol produced from tropical marine microalgae Ambon bay Navicula sp. strain TAD. The research was conducted through several stages, namely the cultivation of Navicula sp. strain TAD to obtain biomass, determine carbohydrate content in biomass, hydrolyze biomass and manufacture bioethanol through a fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that Navicula sp. strain TAD cultivation for seven days had the highest cell density of 72.167 × 105 ± 0.946 cells mL-1 with dry biomass of 0.933 ± 0.062 g and productivity of 0.166 ± 0.011 gL-1 hour-1. The sulfuric acid hydrolysis process was analyzed for a sugar content of 146.5695 ± 0.758 mg. A fermentation process follows the results of the hydrolysis to produce bioethanol. The bioethanol content obtained was 6.357%. These indicated that Navicula sp. strain TAD has the potential to produce bioethanol

Design of Experimental Lab Scale Vertical Mass Flow Type Bioreactor for Bioethanol Production by Co-Culture Strategy from Cassava Waste

Due to a surge in demand and cost, there is a requirement for alternative energy sources by devising strategies for the efficient production of biofuels. Immobilized microbial systems for the conversion of biomass to fuels have become progressively important. Cassava (Manihot esculentum) processing waste, a massive byproduct of starch processing is utilized in this work for bioethanol production. This study was an attempt to design and develop an experimental lab-scale Vertical Mass-Flow type Bioreactor (VMFB) demarcated into aerobic and anaerobic zones to produce bioethanol. The upper aerobic zone was meant for saccharification and the lower anaerobic zone for fermentation, the technique is called Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). The feasibility of co-immobilizing saccharification strains (A. awamori and D. bruxellensis) and fermentation strains (Z. mobilis) for bioethanol production through SSF from cassava agro-waste were tested. Polyurethane foam was used in the aerobic reaction zone and calcium-alginate beads immobilized microorganisms in the anaerobic reaction zone were employed as carriers for the immobilization. The main objective of this study was to understand the usability of agricultural waste, especially cassava processing waste as raw material for bioethanol production, using SSF technology a concentration of 8 % w/w ethanol was obtained.

Effect of Time, pH, and Yeast Concentration on Bioethanol Levels in the Ulva sp. Fermentation Process

Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that is used to reduce dependence on the use of fossil fuels which cause various negative impacts on the environment. Ulva sp. contains high carbohydrates so it has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol production. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions of the fermentation process with the variables used time, pH, and yeast concentration. This study used the results of hydrolysis of Ulva sp. with optimum operating conditions of 0.1 N HCl concentration, 80 mesh particle size, and 450 watt microwave power. Measurement of bioethanol levels was carried out using an alcoholmeter. The results showed that the optimal conditions for fermentation were 7 days of fermentation, pH 5.5, and yeast concentration of 1.5% which resulted in a bioethanol content of 7.55%.

Ammonia Pre-Treated Cotton Stalks for Bioethanol Production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae CP11

Cotton stalks are good raw material for bioethanol production due to its availability throughout the world, abundance, high carbohydrate content and not involved in any food chain. Due to recalcitrant nature of cotton stalks pre-treatment, hydrolysis were not effective. In the present study pre-treatment with ammonia at room temperature for 1 week period and 121oC for 60min were attempted and it is compared with the standard 0.2M NaOH treatment. 1.5% ammonia pre-treatment at room temperature for 1 week found to remove 86% of lignin and subsequently undergone 75.92% acid hydrolysis. The acid hydrolysate obtained consists less lignin and furfurals and fermented to 5.75% ethanol with 91% fermentation efficiency with saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hence dilute ammonia pre-treatment for a week was found to be effective for bioethanol production using cotton stalks.