Raw Material For Paper Production Research Articles

Production and characterization of pulp and paper from flax straw

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a bast fiber plant known for its long fibers, making it an excellent source of pulp for paper production. In Ethiopia, flax is primarily cultivated for oil, with the residual straw utilized for papermaking. This study focuses on pulping flax straw using the Kraft process and investigates its chemical composition, proximate analysis, and morphological properties. The proximate analysis revealed an ash content of 4.13% and moisture content of 11%. Chemical composition analysis showed cellulose at 51.34%, hemicellulose at 25.20%, lignin at 14.12%, ash at 4.13%, and extractives at 5.21%. The morphological properties included a fiber length of 1.41 mm, diameter of 16.78 μm, lumen width of 9.45 μm, and cell wall thickness of 3.77 μm. Flax straw exhibited an acceptable Runkel ratio (0.8) and flexibility coefficient (56.32), placing it within the range of non-wood fibers. SEM analysis of the pulp’s morphology was conducted to assess fiber structure, including the presence of cracks. Pulp quality and length are directly linked to paper strength. Various pulping conditions were studied using a full-factorial design, with optimum conditions being 10% alkaline, 131.74°C, and 120 min of cooking time, yielding a pulp with a Kappa number of 10.45 and a yield of 40.56%. The resulting paper demonstrated standard tensile, tearing, and burst strengths, indicating that flax straw is a promising raw material for paper production.

Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Kertas Kemasan Berbasis Ampas Kunyit dan Jahe Merah dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Natrium Hidroksida

The production of herbal beverages such as ginger, turmeric, and other spices generates waste that is commonly discarded. The cellulose content in red ginger is about 60-80%, and in turmeric, it is 50%. The high cellulose content makes red ginger and turmeric waste suitable for use as raw materials for paper production. The objective of this research is to determine the optimum conditions for making paper based on red ginger and turmeric waste. The pulp formation process was carried out using the Semi-Mechanical Method, which involves the addition of chemical solutions and grinding, on a mixture of turmeric and red ginger waste (60:40) with variations of NaOH concentration at 8%, 10%, and 13% (w/v). The papermaking process began with refining and drying the waste, cooking the pulp, adding water and kaolin filler, and then printing. Characterization included antibacterial testing, tensile strength, and grammage. Based on the pulp characterization results at the optimum NaOH concentration of 8%, the moisture content was 8.89%, cellulose content was 49.28%, and lignin content was 9.28%. These parameters comply with the national standard (SNI) for packaging paper. The paper characterization results showed a tensile index of 2.12 Nm/gram, an antibacterial inhibition zone of 5 mm, and a grammage of 13 g/m2. This research indicates that the NaOH concentration influences the moisture, cellulose, and lignin content. Furthermore, based on the characterization results, paper made from turmeric and ginger waste has the potential to be used as antimicrobial packaging paper.

Bacterial cellulose-based paper production coated with poly-ethylene oxide/poly-vinyl alcohol

Wood and non-wood cellulose are commonly used as raw materials for paper production. This study aims to produce paper from bacterial cellulose (BC). Due to its high-water binding property, BC was rod-coated with the mixture of polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The used of PEO was varied from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g (w/v) whereas the use of PVA was 0.5 g (w/v). The BC paper was characterized using SEM, FTIR, and tensometer whereas the paper quality was tested by the Indonesia National Standard (SNI). The result showed the coating treatment improved the mechanical, thermal, water barrier, and quality of the paper. The optimum composition was found in the BCpAO2 sample, where the composition of PEO in the coating solution is 1.0 g. This is due to the further addition of PEO to the coating solution, makes the coating film bind more water.

Suitability of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius as a Pulping Raw Material

The present study emphasized on wood trait indices of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius for understanding the suitability of the species for paper and pulp industries. The study was conducted at the College of Forestry, Ponnampet, Karnataka in 2020. The wood core samples were collected from the trees falling under 130 to 150 cm girth class, standing in coffee-based agroforestry systems of Kodagu, Karnataka, India. A total of 12 wood core samples were collected using the Presseler’s increment borer at breast height level. For wood fibre analysis the core portion was divided and three, i.e., near to the pith portion, middle and periphery, and made as a composite sample. Core samples were macerated using Jeffreys solution technique at Forest Product and Utilization Laboratory, College of Forestry, UAHS, Shivamogga. Fifty measurements on fibre parameters (Fibre length, Fibre width, Fibre wall thickness, and Fibre Lumen width) were recorded for each sample under a stereomicroscope with an inbuilt Image Analyzer. The mean fibre properties recorded, were used for calculating wood anatomical indices such as the Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio, Flexibility coefficient, and Rigidity coefficient using standard formulas. The mean Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio, Flexibility coefficient, and Rigidity coefficient were 0.580, 60.132, 63.290, and 0.184 respectively. The anatomical screening suggests that the species can be used as raw material for paper production, based on the indices. Further research is required to explore the mechanical and chemical properties of commercial exploitation for pulping.

Lignocellulosic Biomass as Agricultural Bioresource and Input to the Circular Economy

Given the global economic issues and environmental pollution, there is a growing interest in research addressing the use of biomasses resulting from agricultural production. One main category of biomass components is lignin, the use of plant waste in the pulp industry being one of the ways in avoiding additional deforestation by suppling inputs for the paper industry. The implementation of a strategy for capitalizing the potential of renewable sources, as, but not limited to, paper production, provides the appropriate framework for decision on renewable alternatives and inclusion in the acquis domains in Romania. The present study analyzed the potential use of waste obtained from field crops, mainly annual, as wheat, sunflower, maize, soy, rape, rye, barley, sorghum, rice, to produce paper. Biomass/waste from field crops is a promising source for paper, primarily because it is renewable and has the potential to exploit over 7 million hectares of arable land, with annual use. The diversity of pedoclimatic conditions in Romania makes possible the cultivation of a wider range of species and, within them, a multitude of varieties and hybrids, with variable amounts of lignocellulosic agricultural waste. In addition, accidental years as 2022, the year with the worst drought in Europe in the last 500 years, reshaped the need of valorizing any available biomass, regardless of the production of the main crop. Our calculations show that for a paper containing 28% of renewable cellulose, with the wheat straws collected from Romania in 2019, 9633.31 thousand tons of paper would have been obtained, with an average per hectare of 2786.62 kg of paper. Our analysis shows the opportunity of using lignocellulosic agricultural waste for use as a raw material for paper production. A throughout analysis is needed in the context of extreme droughts experienced recently, to show which valorization of by-products is the most economically justified.

Phytochemical profiling and biological activity of the extracts obtained from green biomass of three Miscanthus L. species using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Taxa belonging to the genus Miscanthus L. (silvergrass) are non-invasive plants that can grow on marginal land that are not suitable for food production. These species give high yields of lignocellulosic biomass, being a rich and renewable source of organic matter for the production of second-generation biofuels (ethanol) and for other practical purposes, such as raw material for paper production. The most promising species of the genus Miscanthus L., in terms of practical use in industry and agriculture, are M. sinensis, M. sacchariflorum and their hydride - M. × giganteus. In this study, extracts obtained from the green biomass of these Miscanthus L. species underwent detailed phytochemical investigation and multidirectional biological evaluation. The extracts were prepared using supercritical fluid extraction with water as co-solvent. The qualitative RP-HPLC/PDA analysis of the extracts after their purification with solid-phase extraction confirmed their similar phytochemical profiles. Six free phenolic acids ( p -hydroxybenzoic, isovanillic, syringic, p -coumaric, ferulic and isoferulic) and one trans -cinnamic acid derivative were identified and determined. The antimicrobial, antiviral, anthelmintic and anticancer activity of the supercritical extracts of Miscanthus L. species studied was revealed for the first time. Moreover, the extracts possessed low cytotoxicity against normal cells. This screening evaluation showed that, besides giving high yields of lignocellulosic biomass, these grasses could also be a source of valuable bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. • Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of silvergrasses had similar phenolic profiles. • All slivergrass extracts showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. • Amur and giant silvergrass extracts revealed anthelmintic (nematocidal) effects. • Chinese and giant silvergrass extracts inhibited herpes simplex virus type-1 cycle. • Amur silvergrass extract was selectively cytotoxic against melanoma cells.

Darkness on the Edge: Revisionary Black Radicalism in the Depression Era

Darkness on the Edge: Revisionary Black Radicalism in the Depression Era

Biometrics analysis of the stem fibers of some local Algerian plant species

Studying the biometric characteristics of the stems of plant species has been of great interest to researchers in the wood and paper industry. The use of plant fibers has been widespread in the fields of composites, buildings, insulation, plastics and automobiles. The present study aimed to investigate the biometric characteristics of the stem fibers of local Algerian plant species, viz. Group 1 (Lygeum spartum and Stipa tenacissima), Group 2 (Linum usitatissimum in the greenhouse and Linum usitatissimum in natural conditions), Group 3 (Retama monosperma and Retama raetam) and Group 4 (Phoenix dactylifera and Ricinus communis). The extraction process was carried out using 1 M NaOH at 60 °C for 48 hours, and the fiber length was calculated for all the species using a micrometer. The fiber length of stems of all the species ranged from 0.36 to 5.18 mm. Then, the difference between each of the two species was approximated using Student's test. The results obtained showed that the t value ranged from 0.50 to 1.79 for Groups 4 and 1, respectively. There was no significant difference between them. These results suggest that these species are promising raw materials for paper production due to their adequate fibre length.

Utilization of Waste Banana Pseudostem for Paper Production via Organosolv Pulping

Banana (Musa sapientum) is a predominant fruit crop grown in Sri Lanka which occupies nearly 60,000 ha of land, accounting for 54% of the total fruit cultivation land utilization in the country. The banana tree has a ten months cycle to bear fruits and after its harvesting, the stems are thrown away and left to decay and rot. The waste produced by a single banana plant can make up to 80% of the total plant mass and it is estimated that 220 tons of post-harvest biomass wastes are produced per hectare annually. This has led to waste disposal problems and serious environmental issues. Management of such a vast amount of agricultural waste promotes the use of this biomass for value addition processes. In this research work, an organosolv process based on a mixture of formic acid, acetic acid, and water was adapted and optimized to pulp banana pseudostem fiber and investigate its potential, as a raw material for pulp and paper production through chemical, morphological and mechanical characterization. The global consumption of paper totals more than 400 million tons, cutting down about 7.2 billion trees each year to meet its demand for printing, packaging, and writing purposes. Therefore, the initiative in utilizing available banana waste as an alternative raw material for paper production could further offer a great potential in reducing the dependence on natural timbers, which in turn reduces the demand for global deforestation in the long run. Banana pseudostem fiber is characterized by a high cellulose content and a low lignin content, which is desirable for better pulp yield and papermaking properties. However, it has a high ash content and its interference in the recovery of black liquor was overcome with the selected pulping method. It resulted in a high pulp yield (48.2%) with a kappa number of 32.4. A shorter fiber length (1.12 mm) contributed to a highly uniform paper structure with a smooth surface. Furthermore, the pulp fibers showed an increased crystallinity and a higher slenderness ratio, which is favorable for paper making. The papers produced were heavier weight boards with a grammage of 272 g/m2 and showed higher tensile index (43.16 Nm/g) and tear index (2.08 mNm2/g) compared to other published non-wood fibers.
 Keywords: Banana pseudostem, Organosolv, Cellulose, Pulp, Lignin

Advances the in Utilization of Bamboo for Paper Production and the Implication for Countries with Bamboo Resources

The fibrous raw materials for pulp and paper production have expanded considerably since paper was discovered in China in 105 AD. Today, apart from hemp, rags and the bark of mulberry tree that were used during this period, many wood and non-wood fibres including agricultural residues are used for pulp and paper production. While wood continue as a major fibrous raw material for paper production, bamboo utilization for pulp and production is also expanding. While bamboo has challenges such as silica deposition, it also has a number of advantages that are promoting its utilization in the pulp and paper industries. Among the advantages of bamboo include its high fibre length compared with hardwoods and other non-wood fibres, high growth rate and generation good chemical composition. This is gradually leading to expansion in bamboo pulp and paper production globally. Counties with adequate bamboo resources could take the advantages inherent in bamboo production and pulping to develop their pulp and paper industries. Keywords: bamboo, pulping, kraft, atnthraquinone (AQ), pulp and paper DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/83-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

Strategic Turnaround in the Paper Industry: A New Model for the Procurement of Recycled Paper

In recent decades, the paper industry has undergone many changes, making this industry more lucrative, “greener”, and thus more attractive. Today, recycled paper is a key raw material for paper production. However, this intense growth has also increased the number of market players, making competition more intense and dynamic and causing frequent turmoil. In such an environment, planning procurement and forecasting the price of recycled paper is a big challenge, even for highly experienced procurement managers. In addition, paper production itself is a dynamic process that requires all key grades of recycled paper to be available at all times. Accordingly, managing the optimal level of recycled paper stocks is also a difficult task faced by the procurement unit. The goal of this paper is to address these challenges by developing a new model for the sustainable procurement of recycled paper in the paper industry with the help of the principles of strategic management. Specifically, we aim to enhance our understanding of the factors driving the complexity of recycled paper procurement management. To this end, we conducted a comparative case study in four European companies. To build cases, we collected secondary data on the sampled companies as well as primary data from interviews with top executives at these companies. On the basis of the results from the comparative case study, we propose a new model for the procurement of recycled paper that helps increase the accuracy of forecasting price trends and by extension overall procurement performance. In a nutshell, this paper seeks to improve procurement processes by reducing the complexity of the enterprise procurement unit as well as by offering guidelines for the maintenance of optimal stock levels of recycled paper.

STUDY ON THE GRINDING TIME DURATION IMPACT ON THE PROPERTIES OF PAPER FROM ALTERNATIVE RAW MATERIALS

Both raw and recycled fiber materials are used for paper production. The increase in percentage use of the latter is due to their paper-forming properties, availability and low cost. The article explores the possibility of using pulp from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark. Mulberry twigs, after removing leaves, which are the main raw material in silk production, have no practical industrial application. Recycling waste - mulberry branches - for the production of pulp is therefore relevant as it is aimed at solving raw material and environmental problems. The purpose of this work is to use local raw materials for paper production, study the impact of processing method of the grinding process on paper forming properties. During grinding the mechanical processes of changes of fibers determine mainly structure of a paper sheet, and colloidal-physical processes - bind and ability of fibers to form strong, homogenous and smooth structure of paper. The structure of the sheet of paper facilitates excessive or "selective" ink absorption into the pores of the paper and thus predetermines the quality of reproduction during the printing process. Methods for determining the physical and mechanical properties of papers were used in this work, and changes in the surface structure of samples cast at various technological modes of the milling process were studied. The results of the study revealed that the addition of cellulose mass from the inner layer of mulberry twig bark helps to obtain a strong paper. The optical properties of the paper, which contains cotton and cellulose from the inner layer of mulberry branch bark, are explained by the whiteness of the added fibers themselves. The strength properties of the paper at a weight grinding degree of 300 CWR are explained by the bond between the split and strongly interwoven fibers of the cellulose fibers. It has been established that the addition of more than 30% cellulose from the inner layer of the mulberry branch bark to the paper pulp mass is undesirable, as this adversely affects the whiteness of the paper

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT JAGUNG DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI KERTAS KEMASAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

The increasing need for paper and the demands of the community for environmentally friendly technology is increasing, causing the need for a large supply of paper raw materials to the paper industry sector. The limited supply of raw materials for paper production caused by environmental issues causes the price of paper to rise. The content of bagasse is cellulose, pentosan, lignin and others, while the content of corn husk consists of ash, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. These components can be used as paper making materials because they have high cellulose content. The resulting paper is expected to be used as an environmentally friendly packaging material. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of corn husk waste and bagasse as an environmentally friendly packaging paper material, as well as to analyze the comparison between the composition of corn husk and sugarcane bagasse to produce the highest quality packaging paper . The test samples used in this study are tensile, elasticity and biodegradability tests. The results showed that corn husk waste and sugarcane bagasse have the potential to be environmentally friendly packaging paper. Paper with the best quality is compared to 25% corn husk and 75% bagasse with a tensile test of 14.8 N elasticity test of 13.33% and 50% biodegrated paper area.

Drying Characteristics of Oil Palm Frond Particles in a Spouted Bed Dryer

The large quantity of oil palm fronds is generated by the oil palm plantation. This biomass has been seen as a promising raw material for paper production, biomass fuel and animal feed. Nevertheless, before its utilization, oil palm fronds require proper pre-treatments including drying. The present study aims to study the drying kinetics and characteristics of oil palm frond particles in a spouted bed dryer. In this research, inlet air temperature, air velocity and bed height were varied to obtain the optimal operating conditions for drying. Experimental results indicated that the drying rate is proportional with the inlet air temperature and air velocity, however, it is in reverse relationship with the bed height. The drying kinetic of oil palm frond particles in spouted bed was analyzed via drying curve. The attained drying rate curve shows the drying progressing with an initial drying period and two falling periods. On the other hand, no significant constant rate period could be observed. Combined effects of the parameters which can yield the highest quality product and consuming the least energy were also investigated. It was found that the optimum operating conditions were as follows: hot air temperature at 90oC, air velocity at 1.34 m/s and bed height equal to 10 cm. It is evident that compared to sun drying, a spouted bed drying has resulted in better qualities of dried oil palm frond particles in terms of colour and aroma.

Environment-friendly packaging material: banana fiber/cowdung composite paperboard

Wood is the main raw material for paper production, which in turn contributes to the decrease of forest resources. There is therefore a need of finding alternate sources for the production of paper. Here we prepared paperboard from the cowdung and banana fibers by chemical pulping. Banana fibers provide cellulose fibers, and lignin is removed. Pectin was added finely to the suspended pulp for binding fibers. Hydrogen peroxide was added to improve pulp brightness. The paper was tested for physical and mechanical properties. Results show that incorporation of cowdung increased the tensile and burst strength from 1 to 5 MPa and 10 to 50 kPa. The porosity was also decreased from 5 to 1 mL/min. The efficient water absorption (COBB) value was obtained for 50% of cowdung. The barrier properties such as oxygen transmission rate and water vapor transmission rate were gradually decreased to 1000 cc/m2 day atm and 5 g/m2 day. The antimicrobial properties of the prepared paperboard were tested against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and it showed efficient activity against both the microorganisms.

Production of paper from pineapple leaves

Wood is used as the major raw material in paper production around the world and this has resulted in severe deforestations having direct negative impact on our environment. This has led to the need of finding alternative raw materials for paper production. Mauritius has around 300ha of land under pineapple cultivation resulting in agro-waste materials of the leaves. This paper aims at determining the feasibility of using pineapple leaf fibres for paper production. Samples of pineapple leaf fibre were mixed with cane-bagasse in different ratios namely, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20,100:0. Pineapple leaf fibres were also mixed with wastepaper in the same ratios. Pulping of pineapple leaf was achieved through soda pulping at a concentration of 15%w/v for 90min at 90°C. The papers obtained were tested for their physical and mechanical properties. The average thickness of all the papers produced, ranged from 0.232mm to 0.304mm showing an increase in paper thickness with increasing grammage from 58.19g/m2 to 63.3g/m2. The most absorbent paper(1.19s) was found to be the 100% pineapple which also demonstrated the highest Tensile Index and Burst Index (6.5Nm/g and 0.84kPam2/g respectively). The bagasse and pineapple composite of ratio 40:60 was found to be the most abrasion resistant paper with 21 turns and a weight loss of 0.86% with the use of emery paper of grade zero as abradant and 200g load cells. The most crease resistant paper was the wastepaper and pineapple composite of ratio 80:20 with a crease recovery angle of 59.8°.

A study on pulping of rice straw and impact of incorporation of chlorine dioxide during bleaching on pulp properties and effluents characteristics

World is facing challenges to reduce global environmental issues including waste management, green house gas emissions, pollution, deforestation and depletion of non renewable resources originated due to speedy industrial and urban development. To protect environmental resources, strict legislations are being made by the governments of developing and developed world. Due to such issues, pulp and paper industry is sarcastically facing shortage of forest based raw materials for paper production. Most of the mills have either start up with non wood based raw materials or recycled papers in place of conventional forest based resources. Rice straw, a lignocellulosic residue is abundantly available in wood short countries like India and China and can be utilized in pulp and paper industry. In present study it was found that rice straw consisted of cellulose (33.3 ± 0.47%), pentosan (27.3 ± 0.36%), lignin (13.0 ± 0.07%), ash (12.6 ± 0.11%) and silica (11.7%). The higher amount of carbohydrates and less lignin content in rice straw in comparison to hardwoods and softwoods can be made as a alternate raw material for pulp and paper mills. Out of soda and soda anthraquinone - methods for converting rice straw to pulp, -Later was found to be a better option as it gives high pulp yield (62.4%) and better strength properties of the pulp. The bleaching of soda--anthraquinone rice straw pulp with chlorine dioxide based bleaching sequence was found better over elemental chlorine based sequence as it improved the pulp strength properties and reduced the bleaching effluent load. The adsorbable organic halides - indicative of biorefractory, accumulative and toxic compounds were reduced by 66% when chlorine dioxide bleaching was used. Such approach of using agricultural waste as a raw material for making paper can prove to be valuable towards waste utilization, pollution control and for sustainable growth of industry.

Production of wrapping paper from banana fibres

The widespread availability of banana pseudo stems which do not have considerable commercial value in the country presents a potential source of non-wood raw material for paper production. This investigation determined the suitability of using banana fiber for wrapping paper production. Banana fiber was used with sugarcane bagasse and wastepaper to produce paper in 20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20 ratios. Banana and sugarcane bagasse were chemically pulped using 12% NaOH and 4% Na2S for 1.5h. The mean thickness of the papers were 0.263±0.04mm. 100% banana paper and 100% bagasse paper showed nearly similar water absorbency (2.15s and 2.17s) and were 2.25 times more than paper from 100% wastepaper. Highest tensile index was evidenced by banana paper with 20% wastepaper (29.4 Nm/g). For banana-bagasse mix-ratios, 20% bagasse demonstrated highest tensile index (16.04 Nm/g). 100% banana paper produced a tensile index of 18.97 Nm/g. Highest bursting index was from banana paper with 20% wastepaper mix (2.00kPam2/g). For banana-bagasse mix-ratios, 20% bagasse addition showed the greatest bursting index (0.88kPam2/g). 100% banana paper produced a burst index of 1.05kPam2/g. Highest abrasion resistance was 180 turns which was demonstrated by 100% banana paper. 20% mix bagasse and 20% mix wastepaper demonstrated the greatest abrasion resistance with 136 turns and 120 turns respectively. 20 ̶ 40% of wastepaper (5.4 ̶ 5.8% weight loss) and 10 ̶ 30% bagasse (10.0 ̶ 15.5% weight loss) were categorised as optimal mix percentages in the pulp mix for their minimal weight losses.

Positive examples of wastewater treatment effectiveness in ‘Natron-Hayat’ Maglaj factory

In the paper are described the basic characteristics of wastewaters in the cellulose and paper factory ‘Natron-Hayat’ Maglaj. Particular emphasis is placed on the description of the technological process of wastewater treatment at the ‘Natron-Hayat’ Maglaj factory which is represented in the paper by a technological scheme and represents one of the more complex systems for wastewater treatment. In the experimental part, the results of the efficiency of the wastewater treatment system at the ‘Natron-Hayat’ Maglaj factory were given. It can be said that the basic raw materials for paper production are cellulose fibers and water. The role that water has in the cellulose and paper industry as the solvent, agent for cooking and washing of the produced pulp, indicates the presence of water in almost all stages of cellulose fiber production (Žarković et al., 2004). In accordance with the principles of sustainable development, cellulose and paper industry must face strict regulations on the protection of the environment which includes rationalization of raw material consumption, water, energy and chemicals, with ‘Natron-Hayat’ Maglaj are subjected to the purification before discharging into surface water recipient. The wastewaters from ‘Natron-Hayat’ Maglaj factory are discharged into river Bosna.

Characterization and Evaluation of Datura Stramonium Stalks as an Alternative Non Wood Raw Material for Paper Production using Soda Pulping

Characterization and Evaluation of Datura Stramonium Stalks as an Alternative Non Wood Raw Material for Paper Production using Soda Pulping