Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Research Articles

Bioethanol derived from rice straw agricultural waste as alternative energy towards a pollution-free era

Abstract Rice production occupies the first position as raw material for bioethanol production, with a total output throughout Indonesia of 56.63 million tons in 2023 (BPS, 2023). The purpose of this innovation is to create bioethanol derived from new raw materials, namely rice straw, by applying the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method for the conversion of lignocellulose into alcohol, which will produce bioethanol with a purity level of about 99% with a more efficient process. This method goes through several processes, including breaking the size of the rice straw to 0.1 mm and mixing it with several bacteria for fermentation and hydrolysis. The saccharification process is also carried out until the distillation process to make high levels of bioethanol. Bioethanol from the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method is tested using an Octane Number Analyzer to determine the octane number content. The test included mixing bioethanol with Pertamax 92 to prove the effect of adding bioethanol to Pertamax, and the result was 93.1. Therefore, the innovation of making bioethanol from rice straw with the SSF method is expected to be a solution for Indonesia towards a pollution-free era.

Alkaline pretreatment of Durio sp. residual biomass enhances cellulose accessibility for efficient bioethanol production

The reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation has led to significant environmental, social, and economic challenges, necessitating the exploration of sustainable alternatives. Bioethanol, derived from renewable sources such as agricultural waste, presents a promising substitute. This study investigates the potential of durian skin, an abundant agricultural byproduct, as a raw material for bioethanol production. Alkaline pretreatment using NaOH significantly altered the chemical composition and structural properties of durian skin, increasing cellulose content and removing lignin. The cellulose content of the outer durian skin (ODS) and deep durian skin (DDS) increased by 57.53% and 59.28%, respectively, after pretreatment. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of cellulose and lignin provide significant information. Using 30 FPU enzymes to load the substrate results in DDS producing 126 g/L of glucose and 42.8 g/L of ethanol. The optimal conditions are 15% NaOH pretreatment, 150 °C, 4 bars pressure, and 90 min. The study demonstrates the economic viability and environmental benefits of utilising durian skin for bioethanol production, offering insights into sustainable energy sources and waste valorisation. These findings contribute to the global shift towards renewable energy and highlight the importance of pretreatment in enhancing bioethanol production efficiency from agricultural biomass waste.

Production of ethanol from oil palm trunk by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process at bench scale

Abstract A largenumber of oil palm trees are replanted every year. Considering the extent of replanting and OPT’s high starch and sugar content, it was determined to be a potential raw material for bioethanol production. This study conducted ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starch-rich powder extracted from oil palm trunks. Fermentation was conducted on a 100 L bench scale to evaluate the feasibility and further development of the process before the process is implemented at a larger scale. The preparation of the starch-rich flour involves shredding, drying, and screening of the trunks until the starch-rich powder passes through an 80-mesh sieve. Furthermore, starch was liquefied and partially saccharified. Subsequent saccharification was performed simultaneously with fermentation. The initial total sugar content was adjusted to 15 % w/v and starch was enzymatically hydrolyzed using commercial α-amylase (Liquozyme) and glucoamylase (Novozyme) produced by NOVO. Fermentation was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hakken No. 1. Since the starch-rich flour contains useful nutrients and growth factors for microbes, the fermentation medium only required the addition of a nitrogen source (urea 1 g/L). The ethanol content after fermentation was approximately 8.7 % v/v with a fermentation ratio of 88.8 %. These results were obtained at a fermentation time of 60 h. One OPT yields 80 kg of starch-rich powder, equivalent to 33 liters of bioethanol.

Carbohydrate and pigment composition of macroalgae in a kelp-dominated Arctic fjord

A vast expanse of macroalgae is growing on the Arctic coasts under the changing environment. With a high content of carbohydrates, macroalgae are an important component of the coastal carbon cycle and an attractive raw material for bioethanol production. Biochemical composition of macroalgae vary with species and environment. In this study, we analysed the composition of carbohydrates (monosaccharides) and pigments of four brown macroalgae species Alaria esculenta, Fucus distichus, Laminaria digitata, and Saccharina latissima, and one red alga Palmaria palmata collected from the coast of Kongsfjorden- an Arctic fjord in Svalbard in June and August, 2019. L. digitata, S. latissima, and A. esculenta belong to the order Laminariales in the class Phaeophyceae, phylum Ochrophyta. F. distichus is in the Fucales order of Phaeophyceae. P. palmata is classified under the Palmariales order in the class Florideophyceae, phylum Rhodophyta. In our samples, chlorophyll a (40.53–229.04 µg g−1 fresh weight) and fucoxanthin (12.71–71.18 µg g−1 fresh weight) were the major pigments with more concentration in August than in June. Violaxanthin concentration was higher in August, whereas zeaxanthin and lutein concentration were higher in June. In the monosaccharide profile, glucose was most abundant followed by mannuronic and guluronic acids indicating abundance of laminarin and alginate, respectively, in A. esculenta and L. digitata. In S. latissima, mannuronic acid was present in the highest concentration followed by guluronic acid and glucose. In F. distichus, fucose was most abundant followed by uronic acids (mannuronic and guluronic acids) in June and glucose in August. Overall, concentration of storage sugars, mannitol and glucose, were higher in August while structural sugars like fucose, guluronic and mannuronic acids showed very less variation. The mannuronic/guluronic acid (M/G) ratios in the brown macroalgae samples were greater than 1. We discussed the pigment and monosaccharide composition and variation with species, month of collection, and environmental parameters.

Yeast as a cell factory for fermentative production of ethanol from xylose

BackgroundXylose is the most plentiful pentose sugar found in the lignocellulosic biomass in hemicellulose fractions. This pentose sugar has high potential to use as raw material for bioethanol production, as hemicellulose fractions account for 20–30 % in the lignocellulose biomass. However, bioconversion of xylose into ethanol is challenging for industrial prospective a sonly few microbes encompass the pentose fermentation pathway. MethodsBioconversion of xylose into bioethanol using yeasts is preferred since these organisms are more resistant and have higher ethanol tolerance limit compared to bacteria. During fermentation process xylose is not readily consumed by the microbes like glucose. Metabolic engineering has so far been unsuccessful to furnish adequate outcomes; and one of the reasons of this is the lack of consideration of a range of environmental factors which play potential role fermentative ethanol production form xylose. Significant FindingsThis review focuses on the bioethanol production from xylose highlighting the metabolic engineering segment, when microbes enter into fermenting phase. On this basis, the best possible technology can be evolved for subsequent commercialization of the product.

Grades of cassava starch (flours) as sustainable substrates for use in neutral spirit and biofuel production—Industry approach

One way to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change is through aggressive replacement of fossil energy sources with plant derived renewable energy. The potential of different grades of cassava starch, including decayed cassava starch, as viable alternative and cheaper source of renewable raw materials for bio-ethanol production was studied. The global population keeps expanding and poverty levels keep increasing. Conflict in the use of food-grade cassava starch as raw material for bio-ethanol production will pose a threat to food security. The highest alcohol yield (AY) of 539 LA/t dm was obtained from food grade cassava starch. Food grade cassava starch per-boiled for 5 min produced lower AY (524 LA/t dm). Cassava starch per-boiled for more than 5 min gave much lower AY (507 LA/t). The mildly decayed cassava starch gave a relatively higher AY of 491 LA/t dm than the more decayed cassava substrate that produced AY of 453 LA/t dm. The AY value obtained from the more decayed cassava starch is similar to the AY values obtained with some cereals. Decayed cassava is not fit for human consumption, would not compete with food requirements. This will assist in food security, secure our environment from pollution and other adverse effects.

Review of literature on methods and processes to produce bioethanol from banana peels for disinfection and sanitation of the environment in communities, central region of Mozambique

The demand for alcohol for human health and as an energy resource has attracted the attention of many researchers who have identified accessible and sustainable raw materials for bioethanol production at low cost and with reduced environmental impact. Among the variety of raw material for bioethanol, most come from agricultural and livestock products, in this case banana peel. The feedstock should not disequilibria food safety and should be sourced with adequate efficiency without involving too many complex procedures. Thus, the present research, through a literature review, seeks to discuss efficient methods and procedures to produce bioethanol from banana peels as agricultural waste, for application as a disinfectant of products, in human health and as energy source for households, in the context of rural areas. Many studies point to banana peels as an alternative feedstock for bioethanol production, however communities in Mozambique despite having this resource in abundance, still do not explore systematically in maximum efficiency due to the culture issues and anthropogenic knowledge. The results to maximize the efficiency are among control of production parameters, alkaline pretreatment with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), saccharification in a plastic reservoir with less than 10% of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) for hydrolysis, enzymatic fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, distillation at controlled temperatures from 80 up to 120 0C.

Amino acid metabolism and MAP kinase signaling pathway play opposite roles in the regulation of ethanol production during fermentation of sugarcane molasses in budding yeast

Sugarcane molasses is one of the main raw materials for bioethanol production, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the major biofuel-producing organism. In this study, a batch fermentation model has been used to examine ethanol titers of deletion mutants for all yeast nonessential genes in this yeast genome. A total of 42 genes are identified to be involved in ethanol production during fermentation of sugarcane molasses. Deletion mutants of seventeen genes show increased ethanol titers, while deletion mutants for twenty-five genes exhibit reduced ethanol titers. Two MAP kinases Hog1 and Kss1 controlling the high osmolarity and glycerol (HOG) signaling and the filamentous growth, respectively, are negatively involved in the regulation of ethanol production. In addition, twelve genes involved in amino acid metabolism are crucial for ethanol production during fermentation. Our findings provide novel targets and strategies for genetically engineering industrial yeast strains to improve ethanol titer during fermentation of sugarcane molasses.

Response surface methodology based optimization studies about bioethanol production by Candida boidinii from pumpkin residues

For sustainable bioethanol production, the investigation of novel fermentative microorganisms and feedstocks is crucial. In this context, the goals of the current study are suggesting pumpkin residues as new raw material for bioethanol production and investigating the fermentative capacity of the Candida boidinii, which is a newly isolated yeast from sugar factory wastes. Response surface methodology was used to determine the effect of enzyme (cellulase and hemicellulase) concentration and enzymatic hydrolysis time. The maximum bioethanol concentration was 29.19 g/L when fermentation parameters were optimized. However, it is revealed that enzymatic hydrolysis and hydrolysis duration (48-72 h) have significant effects on reducing sugar concentration. The highest reducing sugar was 108.86 g/L when the 20% initial pumpkin residue was hydrolyzed at 37.5 FPU/g substrate cellulase and 37.5 U/mL hemicellulase at the end of 72 h. Under these optimized conditions, the bioethanol production of C. boidinii increased by 22.91% and reached 35.88 g/L. This study shows pumpkin residues are promising feedstocks and C. boidinii is a suitable microorganism for efficient bioethanol production.

PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL DARI BATANG KELAPA SAWIT (Elais Guineensis Jacq.) MELALUI PROSES PRETREATMENT MENGGUNAKAN H2SO4 DAN FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN RAGI ROTI (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Unproductive oil palm stems can produce Umbut which is the raw material for bioethanol production. In general, the production process of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials includes oil palm stalks. The bioethanol production process goes through several stages of physical, chemical or biological pretreatment, polymer saccharification, sugar fermentation, and ethanol separation and purification. This study aims to determine the production of bioethanol from oil palm stems (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) through a pretreatment process using H2S04 and fermentation using baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The method used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Non Factorial with 3 treatment levels and 1 control, and 3 repetitions (Triplo) with a total sample of 12 samples. The resulting bioethanol is then tested (moisture content, yield, and pH). The resulting data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test. Based on the results of this study, the best treatment was found in the H0 treatment with a yield of 34.5%, 1.52% moisture content and 5,6 % pH

Influencing factors and environmental feasibility analysis of agricultural waste preprocessing routes towards biofuel production – A review

Valorizing the production of massive amounts of agricultural waste into valuable products is an immediate concern for environmental protection and bioeconomy advancement. Recently, agricultural waste has become a popular raw material for bioethanol production could reduce environmental pollution and strengthen the local circular bioeconomy. Its preprocessing is an essential and critical step in making the free carbohydrate molecules for the final conversion. Major influencing preprocessing factors are the nature of biomass, feed loading, operating pH, temperature, and time. The merits and demerits of each preprocessing method in different aspects should be well studied before selecting them to obtain a maximum yield of fermentable sugars. Hence, this review provides comprehensive information on potential agricultural waste availability, chemical composition, and various preprocessing techniques. In addition, the essential factors influencing preprocessing performance and the environmental feasibility of biomass conversion into value-added products are discussed in detail.

Advancements and prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for abiotic and biotic stresses in sugar beet.

Sugar beet is a crop with high sucrose content, known for sugar production and recently being considered as an emerging raw material for bioethanol production. This crop is also utilized as cattle feed, mainly when animal green fodder is scarce. Bioethanol and hydrogen gas production from this crop is an essential source of clean energy. Environmental stresses (abiotic/biotic) severely affect the productivity of this crop. Over the past few decades, the molecular mechanisms of biotic and abiotic stress responses in sugar beet have been investigated using next-generation sequencing, gene editing/silencing, and over-expression approaches. This information can be efficiently utilized through CRISPR/Cas 9 technology to mitigate the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses in sugar beet cultivation. This review highlights the potential use of CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for abiotic and biotic stress management in sugar beet. Beet genes known to be involved in response to alkaline, cold, and heavy metal stresses can be precisely modified via CRISPR/Cas 9 technology for enhancing sugar beet's resilience to abiotic stresses with minimal off-target effects. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology can help generate insect-resistant sugar beet varieties by targeting susceptibility-related genes, whereas incorporating Cry1Ab and Cry1C genes may provide defense against lepidopteron insects. Overall, CRISPR/Cas 9 technology may help enhance sugar beet's adaptability to challenging environments, ensuring sustainable, high-yield production.

Utilization of Coconut Pulp as Raw Material for Bioethanol Production

South Sulawesi has potential in the development of bioethanol from biomass because it has a plantation sector which is a mainstay sector with various types of commodities that can produce biomass. One biomass that has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol is coconut pulp. The reason for choosing coconut pulp as raw material for bioethanol production is because the cellulose rate is 36.08%; hemicellulose is 12.58%, besides that coconut is the main commodity crop in the plantation sector in South Sulawesi and its utilization will not interfere with food needs so that it will ensure smooth production of bioethanol. This study aims to produce bioethanol with coconut pulp raw materials using physical pretreatment namely autoclave. Autoclave pretreatment results are followed by fermentation using yeast for 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days anaerobically and adding urea and NPK as nitrogen sources during the fermentation process. The result of fermentation was then distilled to obtain bioethanol for 12-72 hours. The highest bioethanol content was obtained after 13 days of fermentation which was 6,2683%. This pretreatment uses the influence of temperature and pressure to degrade lignin in coconut pulp to optimize fermentation results. Based on mapping the amount of coconut pulp, a coconut pulp supply network model can be produced at the upstream level including supply sources, depots and bioethanol plants.

Optimization of the Hydrolysis Process of Microalgae Porphyridium cruentum Biomass with Variations of Hydrochloric Acid Concentration, Temperature, and Time using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Microalgae Porphyridium cruentum has potential as a raw material for bioethanol production because it has a high carbohydrate content. These carbohydrates can be broken down into reducing sugars through the hydrolysis process. The reducing sugar obtained will be used as a substrate in the production of bioethanol. This study aimed to produce a substrate with the best-reducing sugar indicator and to determine the optimum conditions for hydrolysis of P. cruentum microalgae biomass following the Box-Behnken statistical experimental design, using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The parameters of the optimized hydrolysis process were HCl concentration (2 - 0.2 N), temperature (60 -120 ˚C), and hydrolysis time (30-180 min). The optimum conditions that have been achieved using RSM are an HCl concentration of 1.91 N, a temperature of 60 °C, and a hydrolysis time of 180 min were predicted a maximum total reducing sugar production of 810 mg/L. The experimental result of total reducing sugar obtained at optimum conditions was 895 mg/L, which was well close to the predicted value, verifying the appropriateness of the model.Abstract is informed about the statements of the problem, methods, scientific finding results and conclusion concisely

Fermentation of Tacca leontopetaloides starch with ragi tapai for bioethanol production

This study investigates the potential of Tacca leontopetaloides starch as an alternative raw material for bioethanol production. Ragi tapai was used as the saccharification and fermentation agent and different origin of ragi tapai was evaluated for the highest glucose production. Ragi tapai from Sabah (RTSab) produced significantly higher glucose as compared to other origins of ragi tapai and was then used in the rest of the study. Fermentation of ragi tapai with T. leontopetaloides starch was compared with the fermentation of ragi tapai - Saccharomyces cerivisiae co-culture. Glucose and ethanol concentrations were measured by spectrophotometric method. It was found that ragi tapai alone is more efficient in producing bioethanol as the concentration was the highest (17.4% v/v) with productivity reaching 4.5 g/l/h in comparison to only 3.7 g/l/h for co-culture fermentation. Glucose concentration also varied at higher level throughout the fermentation and peaked at 84.28 g/L. This study concludes that T. leontopetaloides starch is a potential raw material for bioethanol and use of ragi tapai is effective in producing bioethanol.

The paradoxical availability of raw materials in the bioethanol production

The production of bioethanol is influenced by economic, social, political, and technological aspects. Technology has contributed to improving and simplifying the production process. On the other hand, the global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, better known as Covid-19, has affected the market as its price has substantially increased. Raw material and transportation costs have also impacted the international market. Therefore, more efforts are being dedicated to finding alternative raw materials for bioethanol production. Agricultural waste or starches that are not used entirely for human consumption have the potential to produce bioethanol, but paradoxically, they cannot be commercialized. This report focuses on potential raw materials for bioethanol production and how their possible commercial exploitation declines when they acquire a cost for their transformation into higher value-added products. Price increases discourage investment in the diversification of these raw materials. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v17i3.1225

PENGARUH WAKTU DAN NUTRIEN PADA PROSES FERMENTASI SAMPAH ORGANIK MENJADI BIOETANOL DENGAN METODE SSF

Bioetanol merupakan sumber energi terbarukan dan ramah lingkungan yang dapat mengatasi semakin menipisnya ketersediaan sumber minyak bumi di Indonesia dan mengurangi bertambahnya gas rumah kaca. Sampah organik dapat menjadi salah satu bahan baku pembuatan bioetanol karena ketersediaannya yang melimpah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi sampah organik yang diolah menjadi bioetanol. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampah sayur, sampah buah, dan sampah daun lalu difermentasi menggunakan ragi roti yang mengandung Saccharomyces c. Penambahan nutrien (urea dan NPK) dan waktu fermentasi selama 3 hari, 5 hari, dan 7 hari dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap kadar etanol yang dihasilkan. Pembuatan bioetanol dilakukan dengan metode SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation) sehingga proses hidrolisis dan proses fermentasi terjadi secara simultan. Hasil penelitian dengan kadar etanol tertinggi sebesar 18,79 % dengan waktu fermentasi 5 hari dan penambahan urea 25 gr. Penambahan nutrien dan waktu fermentasi mempengaruhi kadar etanol yang dihasilkan.

PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM BANANA PEEL (Musa paradisiaca l.) USING SULFURIC ACID CATALYST

.Bioethanol is a pure alcoholic compound consisting of ethanol and is produced through a biomass fermentation process with the help of microorganisms. Making bioethanol can be done using plants that contain starch, carbohydrates, glucose, and cellulose. One option is kepok banana peels. Utilization of kepok banana peels can increase the variety of raw materials for bioethanol production which are cost-effective and easy to obtain. This research has been done before, what has never been done is the manufacture of bioethanol using various catalysts H2SO4, hydrolysis temperature and fermentation time. This research method uses hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation with variations in hydrolysis temperatures of 80°C, 90°C and 100°C, variations in catalyst concentration H2SO4 1 M, 2 M, 3 M with fermentation times of 5, 7, 9 days. Results of this study the highest yield and density were obtained at the hydrolysis temperature of 90°C, the catalyst concentration of 3 M H2SO4 with a fermentation time of 9 days was 5.0432% and 0.8346 gr/ml, and the highest bioethanol content was at the hydrolysis temperature of 90°C, the catalyst concentration 2 M H2SO4 with 9 days fermentation time of 0.2884%. The size of a grade is influenced by the length of time of fermentation and the amount of catalyst given. The density value of the bioethanol obtained meets the Indonesian National Standard. The results of the GC (Gas-Chromatography) test based on the highest glucose content and fermentation time at each temperature variation showed that the bioethanol content with a glucose content of 5.2%, 12.2% and 14.1% respectively at a hydrolysis temperature of 80°C , 90°C and 100°C with catalyst concentration H2SO4 3 M and a fermentation time of 9 days, namely 1.783%, 4.024% and 5.030%. The greater the catalytic agent used, the greater the level of glucose produced and the longer the fermentation period given, the more optimal the product will be.

Box–Behnken Design-Based Optimization of the Saccharification of Primary Paper-Mill Sludge as a Renewable Raw Material for Bioethanol Production

In this study, the primary paper-mill sludge characterized as containing 51% glucan was used to optimize the enzymatic saccharification process for the production of bioethanol using a Box–Behnken design (BBD). Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG-4000) surfactant-assisted enzymatic saccharification of dried primary sludge (DPS) showed a 12.8% improvement in saccharification efficiency. There was a statistically significant effect of solid enzyme loading and saccharification time on the enzymatic saccharification of DPS at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). The optimum levels of 10.4% w/w DPS solid loading, 2.03% enzyme loading (10 FPU g/DPS), and 1% (w/w DPS) PEG-4000 loading for a saccharification efficiency of 57.66% were validated experimentally and found to be non-significant with regard to the lack of fit with the predicted saccharification efficiency of 56.76%. Furthermore, Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented the saccharified sugars into ethanol (9.35 g/L) with a sugar-to-ethanol conversion yield of 91.6% compared with the theoretical maximum. Therefore, DPS is a more suitable renewable biomass for determining the presence of fermentable sugar and for the production of ethanol.

UTILIZATION OF PINEAPPLE WASTE AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR BIOETHANOL

Indonesia has large natural vegetable resources to be able to provide a promising and environmentally friendly alternative fuel to replace petroleum, namely bioethanol. Bioethanol is a biochemical liquid from the process of fermenting sugar from carbohydrate sources using the help of microorganisms. Bioethanol is produced from biomass containing sugar, starch and cellulose. One of the raw materials for bioethanol which is environmental waste is pineapple skin and pineapple hump. In this literature review , 15 articles were collected relating to the utilization of fruit waste as a raw material for bioethanol production and its effectiveness. The results from the literature review show that pineapple waste has suitable characteristics to be used as raw material for making bioethanol which is useful for environmentally friendly alternative fuels.