Choice Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Group Therapy in Crete: A Comparison Between Analyses by NAA and Thin Section Petrography of Early Minoan Pottery

Chemical analyses of Minoan ceramics have divided the island of Crete into three broad composition zones, for the purposes of provenance work. Recent work by petrographic analysis has identified individual production centres within these compositional zone areas, and a hitherto unsuspected broad distribution of their products. Also clear is the variation in choice and manipulation of raw material, with traditions of paste technology over the island. With a broad intra-island exchange of pottery calling into question control groups sampled as being “local” to major Bronze Age sites, a reassessment is needed. This paper compares the chemical and mineralogical composition of stylistic and petrographic groups from the Early Bronze Age of Crete, emphasizing the variety of factors which affect the grouping of pottery, the primacy of the geographical scale of analysis and the interplay between provenance and technology.

A COMPARATIVE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE EARLIEST KILN SITES OF KORYǑ CELADON*

Four of the Koryǒ dynasty's earliest kiln sites are studied for the macroscopic, compositional, and microstructural characteristics of their celadon products. Recent excavation of Sǒri and surface investigation of Kangjin sites provided new materials for closer examination of the origin and early developments of celadon technology in traditional Korea. Two other sites, Wǒnhǔngni and Osari, with archaeological characteristics in common with the oldest layer of Sǒri, are also examined. Principal component analysis of body composition shows thai Sǒri and Kangjin had better control in their choice of raw materials whereas Wǒnhǔngnt and Osari had much wider scatter, showing the more experimental nature of their operation. The early Kangjin grouped out separately primarily because of their higher Al2O3 content, while X‐ray diffraction patterns indicate they might have been fired at a higher temperature than other groups. The Korean method of two‐step firing, first at a lower temperature to bake imglazed bodies and then at a higher temperature after glazing, is evident from the earliest operations in Kangjin.

The Ronaldsway Pottery of the Isle of Man: a Study of Production, Decoration, and Use

The Late Neolithic pottery of the Isle of Man falls into two types: Ronaldsway and Grooved Ware. This paper focuses on the former style which is markedly different from other contemporaneous pottery styles in use in Britain and Ireland. The discussion draws upon the biographical history of Ronaldsway vessels from the choice of raw materials to the deposition of the finished pots. At each stage in this biographical history the approach adopted by Manx potters and pottery users is compared with that employed in surrounding parts of the British Isles.

Some guidelines for economic evaluation of geochemical engineering projects

Most geochemical engineering projects aim at commercial application. The proper economical analysis during the initial stages of the engineering process are of the utmost importance for the successful realisation of such projects. Many of the costs are committed at this stage. Important issues are: the scale of the project, the product quality and the choice of raw materials. For chemical plants, the Zevnik/Buchanan method is often used to make a rough estimation of the economic viability in an early stage. After the preliminary design of a geochemical process or other application has been completed, a more accurate estimation can be made by means of an economic balance. Guidelines for various costs are given in this article. Generally two criteria are used by companies to make a decision about further commercial realisation. One is the return on investment (R.O.I.), the annual profit divided by the total investment. The other is the pay-out time, the inverse of the R.O.I., the time needed to earn back the invested sum. This article provides geochemical engineers with some basic tools, that can be used to make an estimation of the economic potential of new geochemical engineering methods.

Microbiological Characterization of Serra da Estrela Cheese throughout Its Appellation d'Origine Protégée Region

The purpose of this study was to assess the typical microbiological quality of the most famous Portuguese traditional cheese, Serra da Estrela, and to assess its ripening time and geographical dependence. Ninety-six experimental cheeses manufactured from sixteen batches of milk on eight dairy farms scattered over the Appellation d'Origine Protégée (AOP) region were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated microbiologically at various ripening times. Viable counts were performed after inoculation on appropriate selective media for aerobic mesophiles and proteolytic and lipolytic microflora, as well as lactococci, lactobacilli, species of Enterobacteriaceae, lactic streptococci, staphylococci, and yeasts. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria were the predominant microbial groups on all dairy farms throughout maturation; the latter are probably the microbial group responsible for most proteolytic and lipolytic breakdown in Serra da Estrela cheese. The microbial groups whose numbers were most affected by dairy-to-dairy variation were species of Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, and enterococci, which are the most critical groups in terms of health hazards. It is therefore suggested that tighter control should be implemented at the level of choice of raw materials, in milk-handling practices, and in general throughout the manufacturing process in attempts to standardize production and consistently reduce microbiological risks (even though the distinctiveness of a few final organoleptic characteristics may somehow be reduced).

CHARACTERISATION OF BEER PARTICLE CHARGES AND THE ROLE OF PARTICLE CHARGE IN BEER PROCESSING

Streaming current measurement has been shown to be an effective tool in measuring the net charge of beer particles. Using this method, it was demonstrated that non-microbiological particles of a number of beers could be either positively or negatively charged. Copper fining has been shown to significantly affect the net charge of the NMP in the resultant beer. Increasing the copper fining rate enhances the negative net charge of the NMP to a limiting value at which the addition of further copper finings has no effect. This is believed to correspond to the complete removal of all of the positively charged NMP by copper fining. The reduction in pH during fermentation results in the production of further positively charged NMP. The presence of positively charged NMP has been shown to have an adverse effect on isinglass fining performance. These results suggest that choice of raw materials and process conditions play as much of a role in defining fining performance as does careful consideration of fining rates.

The Dead and the Drying

Many aspects of a culture's technology, such as techniques, tools or raw materials, are elaborated as metaphors or areas of meaning within the culture's ideology. The choice of raw materials and the techniques used to process them depend on the representation of these materials and tech niques within society. Such 'technical representations' play an important role in the trajectory of social and technological change. Examples drawn from present-day pottery making in the South-Central Andes are compared to other subsistence activities in the area to show how techniques may be used in a wide range of different social contexts. This has imbued the tech niques with culturally specific meanings, which affects the choice of con texts within which they are considered appropriate. It is suggested that the storage systems developed by the Inka were a reworking of the techniques used in the burial tradition that emerged in the preceding Late Intermediate Period. The previous context of death gave a meaning to the technique, a meaning that was utilized within the technique's new application for state storage.

Process integration aspects for the production of fine chemicals illustrated with the biotransformation of γ-butyrobetaine into l-carnitine

l-carnitine is a fine chemical with pharmaceutical, nutritional and animal food applications. Thus, the product purification forms an essential part of the production process. Consequently, process optimization of biotransformation and downstream processing should be done in an integral way. There are several options for the process design of the biotransformation, e.g. chemostat with cell recycling, one-stage or multistage, fed-batch. Blackman kinetics for the product formation of the biotransformation of γ-butyrobetaine into l-carnitine provided adequate modelling of the bioprocess in order to define the optimal process design with respect to productivity, downstream processing and cost. With respect to these criteria, the fed-batch biotransformation of γ-butyrobetaine into l-carnitine appeared to be superior over several modes of operation of the continuous process with cell recycling. A lower productivity of the fed-batch process was compensated by a disproportionally cheaper downstream processing or a lower investment cost. Furthermore, process integration considerations determined the choice of raw materials for the biotransformation, such as carbon and nitrogen sources, resulting in optimized or even a reduced number of unit operations of the downstream processing.

How do we know when we have done enough to protect the environment?

The changing concepts and challenges that the process industry has to face in relation to environmental protection are discussed. The original requirements on industry to reduce emissions of contaminants through the installation of filters and waste water treatment facilities or through process modification and introduction of ‘clean production’ strategies were mainly based on economic and technical considerations rather than on an effort to avoid environmental impacts. The introduction of concepts such as ‘assimilative capacity of the environment’ and ‘critical load’ provided useful instruments for setting effect-related emission standards, resulting in acceptable environmental protection. However, the actual requirement for ‘sustainability’ has forced industry to focus not only on controlling emissions of contaminants and pollutants, but to take a global environmental approach, including the choice of raw materials and energy sources, recycling and re-utilization of wastes and to take responsibility for the fate of their products, during their whole lifecycle.

Thermal and elastic properties of alumina-silicon carbide whisker composites

The study described in this paper is specifically related to the thermal and elastic properties of Al 2 O 3 matrix with SiC whisker reinforcements. Measurements of Young's modulus and thermal diffusivity/conductivity were performed on various Al 2 O 3 -SiC w compositions obtained by varying both the raw materials and the whisker volume fractions. While the Young's modulus was quite independent of the choice of raw materials, a remarkable difference was found for the thermal conductivity of composites processed with different whisker sources. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden Ergebnisse zu den thermischen und elastischen Eigenschaften einer Al 2 O 3 -Matrix mit SiC-Einkristallverstärkungen vorgestellt. Messungen des Elasizitätsmodulus sowie der thermischen Diffusivität/Leitfähigkeit wurden an verschiedenen Al 2 O 3 -SiC w -Zusammensetzungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden die Volumenanteile sowohl des Trägermaterials als auch der Einkristalleinlagerungen verändert. Es ergab sich, daß der Elasizitätsmodulus unabhängig von der Wahl des Trägermaterials ist, während sich die thermische Leitfähigkeit der Verbindungen mit unterschiedlichen Einkristalleinlagerungen signifikant unterscheidet. L'étude décrite dans cet article porte sur les propriétés thermiques et élastiques d'une matrice Al 2 O 3 renforcée par des whiskers de SiC w . Des mesures du module d'Young, de la diffusivité/conductivité thermique ont été effectuées pour plusieurs compositions de Al 2 O 3 -SiC w obtenues en faisant varier à la fois les matériaux de base et les fractions volumiques de whiskers. Alors que le module de Young semble relativement indépendant du choix des matériaux de base, on note un écart remarquable pour la conductivité thermique des composites fabriqués à partir de différentes origines de whiskers.

Changes in Nutritional Quality of Food in Catering

Three main parameters influence the nutritional quality of food preparation: the choice of raw materials, the recipe and composition of a meal, and the preparation process. In catering systems the temperature and time history during preparation and distribution, i.e. systems like cook-chill, cook-freeze, or warm-holding, need particular attention with regard to some sensitive nutrients, e.g. vitamins C, B1, folic acid. If the main parameters and influencing factors as described are taken into account, it should not be difficult to produce food in catering with high nutritional quality.

The Predynastic lithic industries of Badari, Middle Egypt: New perspectives and inter‐regional relations

Abstract Analysis of collections of Predynastic lithic artifacts from Brunton and Caton‐Thompson's excavations in the Badari district, Middle Egypt leads to a revised interpretation of the Badarian and to the recognition of a later Predynastic lithic tradition — the Mostagedda industry. It is noted that developments in lithic technology from the Badarian to the later Predynastic are sufficient to account for the observed changes in raw material preferences; there is no need to look to the origins of the Badarians to explain their choice of raw material. Both the Badarian and Mostagedda industries appear to represent regional traditions that are restricted to the Badari and adjacent Mostagedda and Matmar areas. Occasional ‘Badarian’ potsherds found at localities elsewhere in the Nile Valley do no more than suggest some inter‐regional contact with this part of Middle Egypt during the Amratian and possibly the Gerzean.

Natural Fats and Oils—Renewable Raw Materials for the Chemical Industry

AbstractSince last century, the supply of raw materials for the chemical industry has undergone a radical change. Whereas at the beginning of the nineteenth century the demand for basic chemicals was satisfied entirely by renewable raw materials, from about 1850 the chemical industry came to rely increasingly upon coal. In the 1940's, mineral oil started to become increasingly important, and during the past thirty years it has remained by far as the most important source of raw materials. Renewable raw materials are likely to become important again in the future, as the choice of raw materials is now of great significance not only for economic reasons by influencing competitiveness, but also because this choice largely determines the properties of the derivatives produced and their ecological effects. Following the two oil crises of the 1970's, there is also now a growing awareness of the limits of raw material resources, and against the continuing background of agricultural surpluses, chemists are again showing an increasing interest in renewable raw materials. Since the end of the seventies, the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie (Ministry of Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany) has supported research projects on renewable raw materials in universities and in industry. For the chemical industry the use of natural products as raw materials opens up a wider spectrum of synthetic methods and finished products, some of which are not accessible by petrochemical routes.

Introduction

Excluding brewing and distilling, the food and beverages sector of the Scottish economy is estimated to employ about one in six of the manufacturing workforce and has a gross added value of just over £1000m per annum. These industries also have a strong link with suppliers of machinery and packaging equipment within the local economy, and of course with Scottish agriculture which provides an important part of the raw material used. On the conservative assumption that Scotland is responsible for about 10% of the U.K. exports of unprocessed and processed foods, which total just short of £3000m per annum and that exports depend on high quality standards in choice of raw material for processing, Scotland should be uniquely placed to contribute to the government-backed 'Food from Britain' campaign which is now getting under way.

Optimization of external oil phase systems by differential thermal analysis

The stability of emulsions is, in most cases, linked to the homogeneity and fineness of dispersed particles. For external oil phase systems, surfusion temperature and disperse-phase water-particle crystallization kinetics are particle-size dependent, according to a statistical probability function, f 1 = 1/ N 1ʃ D 0d N where N 1 is the number of particles, and D is the diameter. DTA, Investigation of emulsion size distribution by surfusion thermograms, and dispersed phase crystallization kinetics (observed during freeze-thaw cycles with isotherm plateau), can be helpful in the choice of surfactant, coupling agents and raw materials and can provide an approach for estimation of the stability of w/o emulsions. This method has also been applied to technological procedure optimization and quality control of end products. Retained optimization criteria are, in decreasing order of importance, a very low polydispersity and a particle-size distribution as near Gaussian distribution as possible. Surfusion temperature, which varies from one system to another (−10 to −47°C), must remain stable with time or after the ageing process.

Antiredeposition additives face new opportunities

AbstractRecent trends in fabric composition, choice of raw materials, and government regulations are placing new demands on the use and utility of antiredeposition additives.

Nye harpunfund

Nye harpunfund

Raw material for the production of proteins

1. The choice of a paraffin-containing petroleum raw material for the production of feed protein is governed by the cost of the n-paraffins contained in the petroleum product and the costs involved in obtaining products of the required quality from these raw materials. 2. In the current five-year period, for the production of feed yeast, the starting material will consist of purified liquid waxes in the form of a light fraction with a boiling range of 280–320°C, obtained by distilling a wax fraction that has been recovered and purified in existing units. 3. The utilization of liquid waxes differing in degree of purity for the production of feed yeast will be profitable in all cases; however, as shown by preliminary calculations, it will be less favorable than the use of petroleum distillates if the cost of commercial waxes exceeds the cost of the n-paraffinic hydrocarbons in the petroleum distillates plus the costs for extractive treatment of the biomass grown on this material. 4. Petroleum distillates are promising raw material for the development of large-scale production of feed protein.

Ultrasonic inspection devices: Branson Instrument Inc UK patent 1264424 (1972) filed 23 May 1968

The emerging biobased economy is causing shifts from mineral fossil oil based resources towards renewable resources. Because of market mechanisms, current and new industries utilising renewable commodities, will attempt to secure their supply of resources. Cellulose is among these commodities, where large scale competition can be expected and already is observed for the traditional industries such as the paper industry.Cellulose and lignocellulosic raw materials (like wood and non-wood fibre crops) are being utilised in many industrial sectors. Due to the initiated transition towards biobased economy, these raw materials are intensively investigated also for new applications such as 2nd generation biofuels and ‘green’ chemicals and materials production (Clark, 2007, Lange, 2007, Petrus and Noordermeer, 2006, Ragauskas et al., 2006, Regalbuto, 2009). As lignocellulosic raw materials are available in variable quantities and qualities, unnecessary competition can be avoided via the choice of suitable raw materials for a target application. For example, utilisation of cellulose as carbohydrate source for ethanol production (Kabir Kazi et al., 2010) avoids the discussed competition with easier digestible carbohydrates (sugars, starch) deprived from the food supply chain. Also for cellulose use as a biopolymer several different competing markets can be distinguished. It is clear that these applications and markets will be influenced by large volume shifts. The world will have to reckon with the increase of competition and feedstock shortage (land use/biodiversity) (van Dam, de Klerk-Engels, Struik, & Rabbinge, 2005).It is of interest – in the context of sustainable development of the bioeconomy – to categorize the already available and emerging lignocellulosic resources in a matrix structure. When composing such “cellulose resource matrix” attention should be given to the quality aspects as well as to the available quantities and practical possibilities of processing the feedstock and the performance in the end-application.The cellulose resource matrix should become a practical tool for stakeholders to make choices regarding raw materials, process or market. Although there is a vast amount of scientific and economic information available on cellulose and lignocellulosic resources, the accessibility for the interested layman or entrepreneur is very difficult and the relevance of the numerous details in the larger context is limited. Translation of science to practical accessible information with modern data management and data integration tools is a challenge.Therefore, a detailed matrix structure was composed in which the different elements or entries of the matrix were identified and a tentative rough set up was made. The inventory includes current commodities and new cellulose containing and raw materials as well as exotic sources and specialties. Important chemical and physical properties of the different raw materials were identified for the use in processes and products. When available, the market data such as price and availability were recorded. Established and innovative cellulose extraction and refining processes were reviewed. The demands on the raw material for suitable processing were collected. Processing parameters known to affect the cellulose properties were listed. Current and expected emerging markets were surveyed as well as their different demands on cellulose raw materials and processes.The setting up of the cellulose matrix as a practical tool requires two steps. Firstly, the reduction of the needed data by clustering of the characteristics of raw materials, processes and markets and secondly, the building of a database that can provide the answers to the questions from stakeholders with an indicative character. This paper describes the steps taken to achieve the defined clusters of most relevant and characteristic properties. These data can be expanded where required. More detailed specification can be obtained from the background literature and handbooks. Where gaps of information are identified, the research questions can be defined that will require further investigation.

Ertebøllekulturens harpuner

Ertebøllekulturens harpuner