Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test Research Articles

Comparative analysis of methyl–donor nutrient intakes and RCPM cognitive performance among school-aged children

Evidence shows a link between methyl-donor nutrient intakes and a child's cognitive ability. However, this is less known among Ghanaian children who might be at higher risk of methyl-donor nutrient deficiencies. This study showed comparative analysis of methyl-donor nutrient intakes and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test performance among 2073 Ghanaian school children aged 9-13 years across four regions of Ghana. Data for the present study were obtained from the Child Nutrition, Fitness, and Cognition project; a cross-sectional survey conducted in four regions of Ghana. Dietary methyl-donor nutrient values were based on repeated 24h recall data collected during the study periods. Cognitive tests were performed on the 2073 children using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test. We found dietary zinc (adjusted: β=0.21, p=0.003) and methionine (adjusted: β=0.60, p=0.044) intakes to be associated with RCPM scores in the linear regression model. School children living in Northern Region (adjusted OR=0.6, p<0.001, 95% CI=0.4-0.7) and Volta Region (adjusted OR=0.7, p=0.006, 95% CI=0.5-0.9) had lower odds of scoring above the 50th percentile on the RCPM test compared with those living in Greater Accra Region. Children who consumed below the RDA for dietary folate (unadjusted OR=0.8, p=0.055, 95% CI=0.7-1.0) and zinc (unadjusted OR=0.8, p=0.049, 95%CI=0.7-1.0) had lower odds of scoring above the 50th percentile on the RCPM test compared with those who consumed above the RDA for dietary folate and zinc respectively. Children who consumed below the EAR for dietary vitamin B12 (unadjusted OR=0.7, p=0.004, 95% CI=0.6-0.9) had reduced odds of scoring above the 50th percentile on the RCPM test compared with those who consumed above the EAR for dietary vitamin B12. Higher dietary methionine intake was strongly associated with higher RCPM scores. Regional differences, and children's dietary consumption below the EAR/RDA for dietary folate, vitamin B12, and zinc were associated with poor RCPM test performance. School children's nutrient intake should be prioritized for improved cognition.

Investigation of the Relationship between Semantic Information and Verbal Working Memory in Children with Typical Developing, Down Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between semantic knowledge and verbal working memory (VWM) in children with typical development (TD), Down syndrome (DS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Descriptive research and relational research methods were used in the design of the research.Children in the study group were matched with the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test according to their non-verbal intelligence score.The study group of the study consisted of 17 TD children aged 4-5 years and 14 DS and 15 ASD children whose nonverbal intelligence ages are between 4-5 years.Semantic knowledge was evaluated in the dimensions of vocabulary breath and vocabulary depth.The language sample collected in narrative context was used to evaluate of vocabulary breath. Vocabulary Depth Test (VDT) was used to assess vocabulary depth.VWM was assessed with the Nonsense Word Repetition Test (NWR).The results of the research revealed that all groups showed significant differences in vocabulary breadth, vocabulary depth and VWM performances.It was found that there was a significant and positive relationship between vocabulary breadth, vocabulary depth and VWM in all groups.VMW predicted vocabulary breadth and vocabulary depth in children with TD and DS.Vocabulary breadth was found to predict vocabulary depth in children with TD and ASD.However, VMW did not predict vocabulary breadth and depth in ASD.The results obtained from the study show that the results differ in the two different diagnostic groups.While the results were discussed regarding the contribution of verbal working memory in the acquisition of semantic knowledge in DS, the importance of word width in the acquisition of word depth in ASD was discussed. In addition, it has been suggested to examine different variables that may be effective in the development of semantic knowledge in both diagnostic groups.

The magical number four in children’s mental rotation of cube aggregates.

We investigated mental rotation in children by systematically varying the adult cube aggregate's set size, rotation angle, and picture/depth plane rotations in a new test. Eighty 4- to 11-year-old mainly middle-class children (British Indian and British African majority and white minority; 40 girls and 40 boys) were assessed using the new matching-to-sample Colored Mental Rotation Test (CMRT) and, for comparison, the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test (RCPM). A high Cronbach's alpha of .94 and the Rasch model demonstrated item homogeneity of the CMRT. As expected, there were main effects of age showing increases in accuracy and of sex as boys outperformed girls. A main effect of set size showed that from age four until age 10 as four-cube aggregates proved to be the most economical three-dimensional (3D) object for mental rotation. Several higher-order interactions all involved four-cube aggregates, for example, 3D cube element protrusions had the largest effect in the four-cube-aggregate. We thus suggest that the magical number four (Cowan, 2001) as an attentional limit may also be valid in mental rotation and linked to the 'Good Gestalt' design of the four-cube aggregate. The cross-validation of CMRT with the RCPM showed high correlations increasing from .69 in 4- to 5-year-olds to .77 in 10- to 11-year-olds. Interestingly, 4- to 5-year-olds girls scored higher in the Raven test of nonverbal reasoning than in the CRMT scores with 3D cube aggregates demonstrating the particular complexity of 3D pictorial space. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The relationship between dietary micronutrients intake and cognition test performance among school-aged children in government-owned primary schools in Kumasi metropolis, Ghana.

Nutrients are critical for optimal brain development, and good nutritional status is associated with cognitive development and improvement. The relationship between micronutrients intake and cognition in Ghanaian school‐aged children has not been studied. The study investigated dietary intakes of micronutrients and cognition test performance of school‐aged children. A cross‐sectional study was undertaken among 438 school children, aged 9–13 years from ten randomly selected basic schools in Kumasi, Ghana. Socio‐demographic data were obtained from a structured questionnaire. Dietary intakes of iron, zinc, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin A were determined from repeated 24‐hr dietary recall data from 351 children, while cognition test was performed using a Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM), a 36‐question test. Among 351 children, 156 (44.4%) had inadequate zinc intake, whereas 96 (27.4%) had inadequate iron intake. More than 1 in 2 children had inadequate vitamin A intake while 55.8% and 53.0% had inadequate vitamin B12 and folate intakes, respectively. More school‐aged boys (66.3%) than girls (46.8%) had inadequate vitamin B12 intake (χ 2 = 13.393, p < .001), while for iron, folate, vitamin B6, zinc, and vitamin A, the differences were not significant. Mean RCPM test score differed significantly between school type (p < .001), but did not differ between the different ages, and between children with adequate and inadequate iron, zinc, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and vitamin A intakes, except for folate intake (p = .050). Weak positive significant associations were observed between RCPM test score and zinc and folate intakes (p = .050). Dietary micronutrient intakes were inadequate in majority of these children, which put them at risk of weakened immune system and poor health, but did not show significant associations with RCPM performance. Further studies using other forms of cognition tests may help confirm our findings, and provide the impetus for the necessary interventions.

Comparison of the Emotional Indicators of the Pfi ster Test between Boys and Girls from Ceará-Brazil

Abstract The increasing need for psychological instruments characterized by scientific rigor, with their psychometric qualities confirmed, drives the development of studies that seek evidence of validity for psychological tests. The aim of this study was to seek evidence of validity for the Pfister Test by comparing the sexes. The study was carried out with 197 children from the city of Ceara, 46% male and 54% female, using the Pfister Colored Pyramids Test as the main instrument and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test as an instrument to screen the intellectual performance of the participants. After statistical analysis and interpretation of the data, predominance in the choice of blue, green and black colors was observed in the boys, especially regarding darker tones, which may indicate emotion-related control. The girls made more frequent use of the colors violet and red, both in the lightest tones, which culturally refers to femininity and may suggest impulsivity. It was concluded that there are statistically significant differences in color choices between boys and girls, which can be comprehended as a contribution to the evidence of validity studies of the Pfister Test.

Neurocognitive Status of Andean Children with Chronic Environmental Lead Exposure

Aim: Chronic lead (Pb) exposure has been associated with neurocognitive impairment in children and adults, including deficits in attention, intelligence, memory, executive functions and behavior. Pediatric Pb exposure results in poor performance on neurocognitive tests that may be irreversible. The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term neurocognitive status of children with a history of chronic and high environmental Pb exposure. Methods: Pb exposure over time was determined by measurements of blood Pb levels (PbB) at two different test periods. Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) and the Digit Span test of auditory memory/attention were used to measure neurocognitive functioning. The study group of 28 Ecuadorian Andean children ranged in age from 4.8 to 15 years. Results: The mean PbB level of the children at the time of the first RCPM test was 49.3 μg/dL (SD: 30.1; range: 4.4-119.1), and indicative of Pb poisoning. The mean PbB level at the time of the second RCPM test was 37.4 μg/dL (SD: 23.1; range: 5-94.3), and consistent with chronic Pb exposure. Although PbB levels declined in the study group between the two test periods, performance on the RCPM and Digit Span tests tended to become poorer over time, suggesting long-term adverse neurocognitive effects of chronic Pb exposure. Conclusion: The findings of this study on children with chronic Pb exposure showed poorer performance on measures of visual-spatial intelligence and auditory memory/attention over a period of several years, suggesting increasing adverse neurocognitive effects of chronic Pb exposure.

Creativity and Intelligence in Children With and Without Developmental Dyslexia1

This study aimed to verify if the creativity of children with Developmental Dyslexia (CG; n = 13) differs from children without difficulties in reading and writing (NG; n = 13). Furthermore, we sought to verify how creativity could be related to intelligence. The Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test and the Child Figural Creativity Test were applied in both groups. High correlations were found between intelligence and creativity in both groups, and variable correlations for the same type of analysis were found in the literature. There were no significant intergroup differences for creativity, although the NG had a higher overall average in creativity and the CG, the highest averages in most evaluated creative characteristics. The possible involvement of psychological/neuropsychological constructs with creativity, such as spatial processing and emotion, was discussed.

Cognitive deficits and ALA-D-inhibition in children exposed to multiple metals

Children are especially vulnerable to adverse effects of multiple metals exposure. The aim of this study was to assess some metals concentrations such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in whole blood, serum, hair and drinking water samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in rural and urban children. In addition, evaluate the adverse effects of multiple metals exposure on cognitive function and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) activity. The cognitive ability assessment was performed by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test. The ALA-D activity and ALA-D reactivation index (ALA-RE) activity with DTT and ZnCl2 also were determined. Forty-six rural children and 23 urban children were enrolled in this study. Rural children showed percentile IQ scores in the RCPM test significantly decreased in relation to urban children. According to multiple linear regression analysis, the Mn and Fe in hair may account for the cognitive deficits of children. Manganese and Fe in hair also were positively correlated with Mn and Fe in drinking water, respectively. These results suggest that drinking water is possibly a source of metals exposure in children. ALA-D activity was decreased and ALA-RE with DTT and ZnCl2 was increased in rural children in comparison to urban children. Moreover, ALA-D inhibition was correlated with Cr blood levels and ALA-RE/DDT and ALA-RE/ZnCl2 were correlated with levels of Cr and Hg in blood. Thus, our results indicated some adverse effects of children's exposure to multiple metals, such as cognitive deficits and ALA-D inhibition, mainly associated to Mn, Fe, Cr and Hg.

Estudio psicometrico del test de matrices progresivas de Raven a colores en estudiantes de primaria de Lima Metropolitana

Se realizó el estudio psicométrico del Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven a colores, que es un instrumento no verbal que evalúa la habilidad para hacer comparaciones, razonar por analogía y organizar percepciones espaciales dentro de un todo relacionado sistemáticamente, se diseñó principalmente como una medida de factor "g" de Spearman o inteligencia general, que está constituida por dos componentes identificados como habilidad educativa y habilidad reproductiva. Participaron en el estudio 2496 alumnos de las siete USEs de Lima Metropolitana que se encontraban cursando del 1ro al 6to grado de primaria, con edades entre los 6 y 11 años, seleccionados en base a un muestreo probabilístico bietápico. Los resultados del análisis psicométrico del test demuestran que el instrumento permite obtener puntajes confiables, a través del método de consistencia interna. Asimismo, el análisis de factores permitió obtener la validez de constructo de la prueba, observándose que los ítems conforman un sólo factor que explica el 76% de la varianza de las puntuaciones. Se elaboraron los baremos correspondientes a cada grupo de edad. El análisis de los resultados destaca la comparación con otros estudios, las diferencias entres los alumnos de los colegios estatales y los no estatales, y la diferencia encontrada entre alumnas y alumnos. Se utilizan criterios educacionales y sociales en la discusión y explicación de los resultados.

Relationship between periodontal status and intellectual function among community‐dwelling elderly persons

The aim of this study was to indicate the relationship between periodontal status and intellectual function in the elderly. Periodontal status has been shown to be related to demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological status. Intellectual function is a significant indicator of health status. Nevertheless, the relationship between periodontal status and intellectual function has not been elucidated in detail among the elderly. A total of 152 community-dwelling elderly persons, aged 70-74 years, were enrolled in the study. Periodontal status was evaluated using the WHO Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Intellectual function was assessed by four neuropsychological tests: Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test, the Verbal Paired Associates 1 (VerPA) task and the Visual Paired Associates 1 (VirPA) task, extracted from the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised Edition, and the Block Design subtest, extracted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, Third Edition. Correlations between CPITN and each test were examined using Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The ordinal regression model was constructed with CPITN as the dependent variable and neuropsychological test as the principal independent variable to adjust for demographic factors, general health, lifestyle and oral health behaviour. Significant correlations were found between the RCPM test, the VerPA task, the Visual Paired Associates 1 and CPITN. In the ordinal regression model, CPITN was significantly related to measures of RCPM after adjusting for demographic factors, general health status, lifestyle and oral health behaviour. Intellectual function is considered a significant indicator of periodontal status among community-dwelling elderly persons.

Associations between self-assessed masticatory ability and higher brain function among the elderly

Among the elderly, the quality of higher brain function is a contributing factor in performing activities of daily living. The aim of the study is to elucidate, epidemiologically, associations between mastication and higher brain function. A total of 208 community-dwelling elderly persons, aged 70-74 years, were enrolled. Self-assessed masticatory ability (masticatory ability) was classified into one of three categories: ability to chew all kinds of food, ability to chew only slightly hard food, or ability to chew only soft or pureed food. Brain function was assessed by four neuropsychological tests: Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) test, the Verbal Paired Associates 1 (VerPA) task and the Visual Paired Associates 1 task (from the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised Edition), and the Block Design subtest (from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-Third Edition). Correlations between masticatory ability and each test were examined using Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Multinominal logistic regression models were conducted with the neuropsychological tests as the dependent variables and masticatory ability as the principal independent variable to adjust for age, gender, educational background, social activity, drinking/smoking habits, chronic medical conditions and dental status. Significant correlations were found between the RCPM test, the VerPA task, the Block Design test and masticatory ability. In multinominal logistic regression models, poor masticatory ability was significantly and independently related to the categories under the mean-s.d. points compared with those of the mean ± s.d. ranges for RCPM test and the VerPA task. Significant associations may exist between mastication and higher brain function among the elderly.

The effects of a daily milk supplement on the mental growth and school performance of female primary school children

. Milk is included in school feedingprogrammes in some provinces in Iran, but there are no published reports on its potential impact. The objective of this project, approvedby the Ethical Committee of the University and conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, was toinvestigate the effects of a regular daily milk supplement on the mental growth and school performance of female primary school childrenin Tehran.A group of 469 randomly selected female primary school children (6Ð10-year-old) with a medium socio-economic status, similar on theaverage with regard to food consumption and body weights and heights, from four primary schools (two as experimental; n 232 and two ascontrol; n 237) were included in the study. Each child received, daily for a period of 3 months, a 250ml bottle of sterilised homogenisedmilk and drank it under supervision of the teachers. The Raven Colored Progressive Matrices test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale(verbal, non-verbal and total IQ), two of the standard psychological tests

Neurocognitive Screening of Lead-Exposed Andean Adolescents and Young Adults

This study was designed to assess the utility of two psychometric tests with putative minimal cultural bias for use in field screening of lead (Pb)-exposed Ecuadorian Andean workers. Specifically, the study evaluated the effectiveness in Pb-exposed adolescents and young adults of a nonverbal reasoning test standardized for younger children, and compared the findings with performance on a test of auditory memory. The Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) was used as a test of nonverbal intelligence, and the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler IV intelligence scale was used to assess auditory memory/attention. The participants were 35 chronically Pb-exposed Pb-glazing workers, aged 12–21 yr. Blood lead (PbB) levels for the study group ranged from 3 to 86 μg/dl, with 65.7% of the group at and above 10 μg/dl. Zinc protoporphyrin heme ratios (ZPP/heme) ranged from 38 to 380 μmol/mol, with 57.1% of the participants showing abnormal ZPP/heme (>69 μmol/mol). ZPP/heme was significantly correlated with PbB levels, suggesting chronic Pb exposure. Performance on the RCPM was less than average on the U.S., British, and Puerto Rican norms, but average on the Peruvian norms. Significant inverse associations between PbB/ZPP concentrations and RCPM standard scores using the U.S., Puerto Rican, and Peruvian norms were observed, indicating decreasing RCPM test performance with increasing PbB and ZPP levels. RCPM scores were significantly correlated with performance on the Digit Span test for auditory memory. Mean Digit Span scale score was less than average, suggesting auditory memory/attention deficits. In conclusion, both the RCPM and Digit Span tests were found to be effective instruments for field screening of visual-spatial reasoning and auditory memory abilities, respectively, in Pb-exposed Andean adolescents and young adults.

PET/SPECT characterization of cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease

In addition to locomotor disability, cognitive impairment and dementia are sometimes concomitant in Parkinson's disease (PD). Reduced glucose metabolism and blood flow in some part of the cerebrum have also been observed in PD patients using positron emission tomography (PET) and/or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Especially, in PD patients with dementia (DPD), decreased cortical glucose metabolism has been observed in the temporo-parietal association cortex, in a manner similar to that seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Using 18F-dopa PET and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) on a voxel-by-voxel basis, we have demonstrated a significant dysfunction bilaterally in the anterior cingulate area and ventral striatum and in the right caudate nucleus in DPD. Additionally, the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score significantly correlated with the 18F-dopa influx constant (Ki) in the right caudate nucleus. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that impairment of mesolimbic and caudate dopaminergic function plays an important role in the dementia of PD. To reinforce this hypothesis, we investigated the relation between dopaminergic impairment and cortical dysfunction in PD patients using 18F-dopa and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET. We have demonstrated positive correlations between the Ki value in the caudate nucleus and the glucose metabolic value in the posterior cingulate area and temporo-parietal association area. These results suggest that impairment of the dopaminergic system is correlated to cortical dysfunction in PD. Furthermore, even though in PD without dementia, occipital and posterior parietal hypoperfusion has been observed and hypoperfusion in the right visual association area is likely to underlie impairment of visual cognition according to the Raven's colored progressive matrices (RCPM) test. To clarify the relation between cortical dysfunction and the decline of RCPM score in PD, we are investigating the brain areas activated at RCPM test using 1 5O–H 2O PET.

Passive and Active Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy, as Measured by Serum Cotinine, and Postnatal Smoke Exposure. II. Effects on Neurodevelopment at Age 5 Years

The authors sought to determine the neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to maternal active smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), assessed by maternal serum cotinine level, and of postnatal exposure to smoke based on maternal report. Five-year-old children (n = 2,124) who were participants in the Child Health and Development Studies in Oakland, California, between 1964 and 1967 were evaluated with the use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test, and also assessed on a behavioral rating scale completed by the mother that included questions on activity level. Children of ETS-exposed women did not differ from children of other nonsmokers on neurobehavioral assessment. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had somewhat higher adjusted Raven (p = 0.10) and PPVT scores (p = 0.06) than children of nonsmokers, although they did not differ in their activity level (p = 0.32). However, children smoke-exposed during childhood did have lower adjusted Raven (p = 0.01) and PPVT scores (p = 0.16), and were rated more active by their mothers (p = 0.04). These differences may be attributed to uncontrolled confounding of sociobehavioral variables. However, the authors cannot rule out the possibility that ETS exposure during childhood may be more hazardous to neurodevelopment than prenatal exposure.

Planning ability and cognitive performance: The compensatory effects of a dynamic assessment approach

This study investigated the relationships of a dynamic assessment approach involving overt verbalization, planning ability and cognitive performance. It was hypothesized that under the verbalization condition, poor planners would be able to regulate and improve their performance on the cognitively complex reasoning by analogy items of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices test. Subjects were 68 children, mean age 10 years, 4 months. A 2 × 2 factorial design was employed with two levels of planning and two testing conditions (standard and dynamic) employing the Raven. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance of performance on the pattern, closure, and analogy items of the Raven supported the hypothesis guiding the study. The results were discussed in terms of Luria's interactive model of cognitive functioning and how overt verbalization can affect performance on cognitively complex tasks.

Comparison of the standard and computerized versions of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test.

Computerized psychological assessment is potentially a viable alternative to the traditional method of examiner based assessment. 15 children, 4 females and 11 males, ranging in age from 7 to 14 yr., were administered a computerized version of the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices test. The necessary software for computerizing this test was developed and programmed for use with an Apple II Plus microcomputer. Scores obtained from the computerized and traditional versions of the Raven's test were compared on total mean score, correlation with the WISC-R, Raven's subscale intercorrelations, and Raven's total mean score composition. In general, results indicate that the two versions of the Raven's Matrices do not statistically significantly differ on the dimensions tested in the present study. The relatively small number of subjects and the lack of rigorous experimental control limit generalization of the results. Continued research into the use of computerized psychological assessment is warranted.

Reliability of the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test: Age and ethnic group comparisons.

Reliability of the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test: Age and ethnic group comparisons.

Reliability of the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test: Age and ethnic group comparisons.

Reliability of the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices Test: Age and ethnic group comparisons.

The Factorial Structure of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test: a Reanalysis

Based on data from 783 primary-grade children, results of princi pal component factor analyses of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices are reported. Analyses were done using phi coefficients, phi/phi max ratios, and tetrachoric correlation coefficients. The re sults indicated that phi/phi max coefficients and tetrachoric correla tions yielded identical factor patterns that were not affected by item difficulty. Factors derived from phi coefficients tend to be, at least partially, an artifact of item difficulty. Regardless of the coefficient used, three factors were identified. For phi/phi max and tetrachoric correlation coefficients the three dimensions were identified as: Clo sure and Abstract Reasoning by Analogy (Factor I), Pattern Com pletion through Identity and Closure (Factor II), and Simple Pattern Completion (Factor III).