Ratio Of Free Fatty Acids Research Articles

Determining Some Chemical and Microbiological Changes in the Ripening Process of Kashar Cheese

In the present study, some microbial, chemical, and physicochemical characteristics occurring during ripening were observed in unpackaged and vacuum-packed Kashar cheese samples. Some microbial and chemical properties of Kashar cheese samples were studied Also, the free fatty acid ratio was determined with the SDS-Page Electrophoresis to determine proteolysis during the ripening period and with the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) for lipolysis. Physical, chemical, and microbiological analyzes were made at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days of ripening during which the changes in the number of microbiologically total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., yeast-mold, lipolytic, and proteolytic bacteria were determined. In the present study, % lactic acid, pH, dry matter percentage, color parameters (L, a and b values) and water activity (aw) were analyzed during ripening and the changes during storage were defined. Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., TAMB, and proteolytic bacteria counts and % lactic acid ratios were higher in vacuum-packed Kashar cheeses. It was found that lipolysis and proteolysis were higher in cheese samples stored open during ripening.

Gene therapy for fat-1 prevents obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction, cellular senescence, and osteoarthritis

Obesity is one of the primary risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), acting through cross talk among altered biomechanics, metabolism, adipokines, and dietary free fatty acid (FA) composition. Obesity and aging have been linked to cellular senescence in various tissues, resulting in increased local and systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction. We hypothesized that obesity and joint injury lead to cellular senescence that is typically associated with increased OA severity or with aging and that the ratio of omega-6 (ω-6) to omega-3 (ω-3) FAs regulates these pathologic effects. Mice were placed on an ω-6-rich high-fat diet or a lean control diet and underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus to induce OA. Obesity and joint injury significantly increased cellular senescence in subcutaneous and visceral fat as well as joint tissues such as synovium and cartilage. Using adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy for fat-1, a fatty acid desaturase that converts ω-6 to ω-3 FAs, decreasing the serum ω-6:ω-3 FA ratio had a strong senomorphic and therapeutic effect, mitigating metabolic dysfunction, cellular senescence, and joint degeneration. In vitro coculture of bone marrow-derived macrophages and chondrocytes from control and AAV8-fat1-treated mice were used to examine the roles of various FA mediators in regulating chondrocyte senescence. Our results suggest that obesity and joint injury result in a premature "aging" of the joint as measured by senescence markers, and these changes can be ameliorated by altering FA composition using fat-1 gene therapy. These findings support the potential for fat-1 gene therapy to treat obesity- and/or injury-induced OA clinically.

Enzymatic conversion of camellia seed oil into glycerol esters: Synthesis and characterization

AbstractThe conversion of triacylglycerols in edible oils into diacylglycerols (DAGs) is of great significance for obtaining products with health benefits. Camellia seed oil (C‐oil), which is rich in oleic acid and linoleic acid, is an excellent raw material for the production of DAGs. In this study, single factor optimization experiments were carried out for hydrolysis and esterification respectively. Using Lipozyme® RM IM as catalyst, the maximum percent of C‐oil hydrolysis reached 87.14% at the reaction temperature of 60°C, reaction time of 24 h, water content of 30% and enzyme addition amount of 4%. The maximum content of camellia seed oil diacylglycerol (C‐DAG) reached 62.49% under the conditions of Lipozyme® RM IM as catalyst, vacuum system, 3% enzyme addition, 2% water addition, reaction temperature of 50°C and substrate molar ratio of free fatty acid to glycerol of 1:1. The high content of DAG was obtained by a coupled method, which eliminated the purification steps and reduced production costs. C‐oil and C‐DAG have been characterized by GC, TG, DSC, and GC‐IMS. Our results showed that the enzymatic coupling method did not affect the structural of the substances, but did affect the crystallization and melting properties of the oils. Moreover, the taste of C‐DAG was more delicate than C‐oil. Finally, the reaction mechanism was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, revealing that C‐oil was primarily hydrolyzed into free fatty acids. C‐DAG exhibited ester C‐O stretching vibrations in the range 1280–1030 cm−1, indicating successful esterification reaction between camellia seed oil free fatty acids (C‐FFAs) and glycerol catalyzed by lipases.

Analyses of potential causal contributors to increased waist/hip ratio-associated cardiometabolic disease: A combined and sex-stratified Mendelian randomization study.

Increased waist/hip ratio (WHR) contributes to type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and coronary artery disease, with potential sex-differential effects. Postulated mediators include increased lipid flux, branched-chain amino acids, glycine and glycoprotein acetyl, but their relative contributions and sex-specific impact on WHR-associated cardiometabolic disease (CMD) are not established. We therefore undertook combined and sex-stratified Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the relative causal contributions of these mediators to WHR-associated CMD using summary statistics from the largest genome-wide association studies in European ancestries. In sex-combined MR analyses, increased WHR significantly reduces high-density lipoprotein (beta = -0.416, SE = 0.029, p = 2.87E-47), increases triglyceride (beta = 0.431, SE = 0.029, p = 1.87E-50), type 2 diabetes (odds ratio = 2.747, SE = 0.09, p = 26E-23), coronary artery disease (odds ratio = 1.478, SE = 0.045, p = 6.96E-18), alanine transaminase (beta = 0.062, SE = 0.004, p = 6.88E-67), and systolic (beta = 0.134, SE = 0.022, p = 7.81E-10) and diastolic blood pressure (beta = 0.162, SE = 0.026, p = 5.38E-10). Adjustment for the mediators attenuated WHR's effects, but the associations remained significant with concordant results in females. In males, a similar pattern was seen, except after adjusting for the effect of the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to total free fatty acid, the potential causal effect of WHR was no longer significant: high-density lipoprotein (beta = -0.117, SE = 0.069, p = .09) and triglyceride (beta = 0.051, SE = 0.068, p = .459). MR suggests WHR increases the risk of CMD independent of these mediators, with the exception of dyslipidaemia in males, which is largely driven by the monounsaturated fatty acid to total free fatty acid ratio.

Terpene-augmented novasomal gels for the sustainment of rasagiline mesylate delivery; A new approach for treating Parkinson's disease induced by rotenone in rats

Rasagiline mesylate (RSM) is a potent anti-Parkinson's Disease (PD) drug; nevertheless, it has limited oral bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism. RSM is a highly hydrophilic drug hurdled by several barriers to reach the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to prepare RSM-loaded novasomal gels for the transdermal delivery of the drug to CNS. Novasomes were prepared by ethanol injection method using terpenes as penetration enhancers. Design Expert® software was applied to select the optimum formulation by varying the type of terpene, amount of cholesterol, besides surface active agents (SAA): free fatty acid (FFA) ratio. The desirability calculations revealed that the optimum formulation composed of cholesterol (60 mg), SAA:FFA ratio (1:1) in the presence of eugenol. Particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of the optimum formulation were 265.90 ± 2.40 nm, −33.45 ± 0.49 mV and 83.09 ± 0.42%, respectively. TEM showed spherical well-defined nanovesicles. The optimum novasomal formulation was incorporated into gel system composed of 2% HPMC and 2% CMC. In vivo study revealed the feasibility of reversing PD symptoms regarding the behavioral, biochemical and histopathological analyses in rotenone-induced Parkinsons' rat model. A marked elevation in the number of crossovers, grooming score, frequency of rearing, gripe strength, and dopamine level besides a reduction in interleukin-17 and NLRP-3 inflammasome level when compared to positive control group were detected. No histopathological alterations were detected in examined brain sections of treated rats. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that RSM-loaded novasomal gel formulations are promising carriers for the transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs like RSM.

Lipid Storage, Lipolysis, and Lipotoxicity in Obesity.

The ratio of free fatty acid (FFA) turnover decreases significantly with the expansion of white adipose tissue. Adipose tissue and dietary saturated fatty acid levels significantly correlate with an increase in fat cell size and number. The G0/G1 switch gene 2 increases lipid content in adipocytes and promotes adipocyte hypertrophy through the restriction of triglyceride (triacylglycerol: TAG) turnover. Hypoxia in obese adipose tissue due to hypertrophic adipocytes results in excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Cluster of differentiation (CD) 44, as the main receptor of the extracellular matrix component regulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions including diet-induced insulin resistance. Excess TAGs, sterols, and sterol esters are surrounded by the phospholipid monolayer surface and form lipid droplets (LDs). Once LDs are formed, they grow up because of the excessive amount of intracellular FFA stored and reach a final size. The ratio of FFA turnover/lipolysis decreases significantly with increases in the degree of obesity. Dysfunctional adipose tissue is unable to expand further to store excess dietary lipids, increased fluxes of plasma FFAs lead to ectopic fatty acid deposition and lipotoxicity. Reduced neo-adipogenesis and dysfunctional lipid-overloaded adipocytes are hallmarks of hypertrophic obesity linked to insulin resistance. Obesity-associated adipocyte death exhibits feature of necrosis-like programmed cell death. Adipocyte death is a prerequisite for the transition from hypertrophic to hyperplastic obesity. Increased adipocyte number in obesity has life-long effects on white adipose tissue mass. The positive correlation between the adipose tissue volume and magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction estimation is used for characterization of the obesity phenotype, as well as the risk stratification and selection of appropriate treatment strategies. In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, visceral adipocytes exposed to chronic/intermittent hyperglycemia develop a new microRNAs' (miRNAs') expression pattern. Visceral preadipocytes memorize the effect of hyperglycemia via changes in miRNAs' expression profile and contribute to the progression of diabetic phenotype. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metformin, and statins can be beneficial in treating the local or systemic consequences of white adipose tissue inflammation. Rapamycin inhibits leptin-induced LD formation. Collectively, in this chapter, the concept of adipose tissue remodeling in response to adipocyte death or adipogenesis, and the complexity of LD interactions with the other cellular organelles are reviewed. Furthermore, clinical perspective of fat cell turnover in obesity is also debated.

Effectiveness of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Artemisia herba alba Extract on the Chemical Composition of Soft Cheese

This study was conducted to assess the impact of ZnONPs and Artemisia herba alba extract loaded on manufacture edible gelatin in the chemical composition of cheese during the various storage periods and five transactions of cheese were manufactured which included the (T1) control sample, (T2) membrane of gelatin without adding, membrane of gelatin with loaded of ZnONPs (T3), membrane of gelatin with loaded Artemisia herba alba extract (T4) and (T5) was added ZnONPs and Artemisia herba alba extract on edible gelatin. The results of the cheese storage showed that the humidity rate had decreased morally ( p < 0.05) up to the end of the storage period and the transaction (T1) was more moisture loss to record (53.34), also found that protein, fat and ash ratios did not show moral differences at the time of one day compared with the control sample (T1) These ratios then gradually increased as long as conservation lasted and reached its highest values at 21 days. pH values have decreased morally to be at the end of the storage period between (6.10-6.26) compared with the control sample which was (5.78) and found that the fatty acid values of all transactions were morally low compared to the control sample (T1) At the time of one day, the ratio of free fatty acids rose and reached its highest values among (0.57-0.40)% for all treatments compared to the (T1) control treatment at the end of the storage period which reached (0.65%).

Sulfation of metal-organic framework (MOF) nanocatalyst for esterification of oleic acid with methanol to produce biodiesel

Background: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent tremendous potential as heterogeneous catalyst in renewable energy production. In this study, biodiesel production using the modified MOF nanocatalyst was investigated in the esterification reaction. Methods: MOF nanocatalyst was prepared using solvothermal method and modified through sulfation process. The nanocatalysts was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, and NH3 -TPD techniques. The performance of the nanocatalysts was evaluated in the esterification reaction of free fatty acid (FFA) at different operating conditions. Results: The results showed the high crystallinity, appropriate textural properties (995.6 m2 g-1), well-adjusted acidity, and high hydrophobicity. The sulfation degree of 4 cc g-1 resulted in the best nanocatalyst, which led to the highest FFA conversion (97%) at the optimal conditions: methanol to FFA ratio of 10:1, 3wt.% nanocatalyst, 160 °C, and 6 hours. Surprisingly, the developed nanocatalyst had a great reusability while the conversion reduction was only 8% after six sequence cycles. Conclusion: These results proved the high capability of the developed nanocatalyst in the esterification reaction to produce biodiesel.

PLACENTA EXTRACT-LOADED NOVASOME SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED HAIR GROWTH IN A RAT IN VIVO MODEL

Objective: This study aims to improve the hair-growing effect of bovine placenta extract (PE) by loading it to a novasome vesicle. Methods: PE-loaded novasome was prepared by thin layer hydration method. A 23 full factorial design was used to obtain the most optimum formula by varying the type of surfactants, the type of free fatty acid (FFA), and the ratio of surfactants and FFA. The resulting PE-loaded novasomes were characterized by entrapment efficiency (%EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP). Results: PE-loaded novasome composed of Span 60: cholesterol: oleic acid (10:10:3) demonstrated the most optimum characteristics with PS 155.0 nm; PDI 0.139; ZP-63.73 and EE 79.60%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the most optimum novasome revealed non-aggregating oligo-lamellar nanovesicles. In addition, novasome showed ultra-deformable properties and good stability during 90 d storage at 4 °C. A hair growth study in rats showed that the PE-loaded novasome demonstrated better hair-growing effect compared to PE-loaded liposome and minoxidil 2% solution. Conclusion: Novasome is a potential carrier for bringing such a big molecule as PE. PE-loaded in novasome showed vesicles with good physical characteristics and In vivo assessment demonstrated better hair-growing effect than minoxidil and PE-loaded liposomes.

Effects of milk types used in Antep cheese production on some cheese organoleptic quality parameters and brine composition during 5‐month ripening

Antep cheese is a local Turkish cheese characterized by scalding during production and ripened in brine. In this study, Antep cheeses were produced using mixtures of different milk types (cow, sheep, and goat milk) and ripened for 5 months. The composition, proteolytic ripening extension index (REI), free fatty acid (FFA) content, and volatile compounds of the cheeses and the variation of the brines were analyzed for the 5-month ripening period. Low proteolytic activity in cheese during ripening caused the cheeses to have low REI values (3.92%-7.57%), although it was observed that some parts of the water-soluble nitrogen fractions diffused into the brine, causing a lower REI. As a result of lipolysis during ripening, total FFA (TFFA) concentrations in all cheeses were increased, whereas the highest increases were detected in the concentrations of short-chain FFAs. The highest FFA concentrations were determined in cheese produced using goat milk, and the volatile FFA ratio in TFFA exceeded 10% in the third month of ripening. Although it was observed that the milk types used in the production had significant effects on the change of volatile compounds of the produced cheeses and their brines, the impact of the ripening time was more important. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study investigated Antep cheese made with different milk types. Volatile compounds and soluble nitrogen fractions were transferred to the brine by diffusion during ripening. The volatile profile of the cheese varied with milk type, but ripening time was the primary factor influencing volatile compounds. This suggests that the targeted organoleptic properties of the cheese are determined by ripening time and conditions. Additionally, changes in the brine's composition during the ripening process provide insight into how to manage the brine as waste.

Adipose tissue dysfunction and visceral fat are associated with hepatic insulin resistance and severity of NASH even in lean individuals.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a heterogeneous disorder, but the factors that determine this heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Adipose tissue dysfunction is causally linked to NAFLD since it causes intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) accumulation through increased hepatic lipid flow, due to insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory adipokines release. While many studies in NAFLD have looked at total adiposity (i.e. mainly subcutaneous fat, SC-AT), it is still unclear the possible impact of visceral fat (VF). Thus, we investigated how VF versus SC-AT was related to NAFLD severity in lean, overweight and obese individuals versus lean controls. Thirty-two non-diabetic NAFLD with liver biopsy (BMI 21.4-34.7kg/m2 ) and eight lean individuals (BMI 19.6-22.8kg/m2 ) were characterized for fat distribution (VF, SC-AT and IHTG by magnetic resonance imaging), lipolysis and insulin resistance by tracer infusion, free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglyceride (TAG) concentration and composition (by mass spectrometry). Intrahepatic triglyceride was positively associated with lipolysis, adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR), TAG concentrations, and increased saturated/unsaturated FFA ratio. Compared to controls VF was higher in NAFLD (including lean individuals), increased with fibrosis stage and associated with insulin resistance in liver, muscle and adipose tissue, increased lipolysis and decreased adiponectin levels. Collectively, our results suggest that VF accumulation, given its location close to the liver, is one of the major risk factors for NAFLD. These findings propose VF as an early indicator of NAFLD progression independently of BMI, which may allow for evidence-based prevention and intervention strategies.

DOES FUNCTIONAL FOOD PROVIDE BENEFITS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH? ONGOING STUDIES IN SCIENTIFIC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE

Objective: Functional food (FF) is a food with presumably additional health benefits beyond its nutritional effects. We have been investigating health effects of consumption of hen eggs enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) in healthy young sedentary populations, athletes and patients with acute and chronic coronary syndrome. Hereby, summarized data are presented to provide overall conclusions on the effect of n-3 PUFAs enriched eggs consumption on microvascular function, blood biochemical markers of inflammation and serum lipid profile of these participants. Design and method: Randomized controlled clinical interventional studies were conducted on a total of 90 healthy young (sedentary or athletes) and 40 cardiovascular participants. Participants were given n-3PUFAs enriched hen eggs (app.1 g n-3PUFAs (3 pcs)/ day for 3 consecutive weeks or regular eggs; n-3PUFAs 245 mg/day). Microvascular blood flow in response to various stimuli was assessed in skin microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmetry. Serum lipid profile, free fatty acids profile and various proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured. The study protocol and procedures conformed with the standards set by the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, were approved by the Institutional Ethical Committees and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Results: Young healthy sedentaries on n-3 PUFAs eggs had significantly lower cholesterol and higher HDL-cholesterol after protocol. Microvascular flow was significantly increased after n-3 PUFAs consumption in sedentary and athletes. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and SOD activity decreased. Cardiovascular patients: LDL cholesterol and IL-6 (in Ac-CAD patients), and hsCRP and IL-1a (in all CAD patients) significantly decreased in n-3PUFAs group. GPx activity decreased, while microvascular reactivity remained unchanged. Conclusions: Consumption of FF can enhance microvascular function in healthy young participants and athletes; this effect is not observed in cardiovascular patients. The difference probably occurred due to the duration of the dietary protocol and medications taken by cardiovascular patients. Modest anti-inflammatory effects were observed in all study groups that consumed FF. Consumption of eggs does not have adverse effects on serum lipid profile. On the contrary; consumption of FF has a beneficial effect on the n-3 to n-6 free fatty acids ratio in serum of participants.

Response of physiological parameters in Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis teratomas transformed with rolB oncogene

BackgroundPlant transformation with rol oncogenes derived from wild strains of Rhizobium rhizogenes is a popular biotechnology tool. Transformation effects depend on the type of rol gene, expression level, and the number of gene copies incorporated into the plant’s genomic DNA. Although rol oncogenes are known as inducers of plant secondary metabolism, little is known about the physiological response of plants subjected to transformation.ResultsIn this study, the physiological consequences of rolB oncogene incorporation into the DNA of Dionaea muscipula J. Ellis was evaluated at the level of primary and secondary metabolism. Examination of the teratoma (transformed shoots) cultures of two different clones (K and L) showed two different strategies for dealing with the presence of the rolB gene. Clone K showed an increased ratio of free fatty acids to lipids, superoxide dismutase activity, synthesis of the oxidised form of glutathione, and total pool of glutathione and carotenoids, in comparison to non-transformed plants (control). Clone L was characterised by increased accumulation of malondialdehyde, proline, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, total pool of glutathione, ratio of reduced form of glutathione to oxidised form, and accumulation of selected phenolic acids. Moreover, clone L had an enhanced ratio of total triglycerides to lipids and accumulated saccharose, fructose, glucose, and tyrosine.ConclusionsThis study showed that plant transformation with the rolB oncogene derived from R. rhizogenes induces a pleiotropic effect in plant tissue after transformation. Examination of D. muscipula plant in the context of transformation with wild strains of R. rhizogenes can be a new source of knowledge about primary and secondary metabolites in transgenic organisms.

Eco-friendly production of trimethylolpropane triesters from refined and used soybean cooking oils using an immobilized low-cost lipase (Eversa>® Transform 2.0) as heterogeneous catalyst

Trimethylolpropane triesters – TMPTEs (biolubricants) have been produced through enzymatic hydroesterification of refined soybean (RSO) or used soybean cooking (USCO) oils. In the first step, enzymatic hydrolysis has been performed using a crude free lipase extract from Candida rugosa (CRL) to produce free fatty acids (FFAs). Complete hydrolysis of the oils was achieved after 3 h of reaction. Then, CRL and the lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipolase® 100L and Eversa® Transform 2.0) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Amano AK) were immobilized via interfacial activation on polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PSty-DVB) beads. High enzyme loaded biocatalysts (immobilization yield above 85%) were obtained for all lipase preparations using an initial protein loading of 40 mg g−1. Then, free lipases (liquid or powder forms) or immobilized biocatalysts were employed to produce TMPTEs via enzymatic esterification of the produced FFAs with trimethylolpropane (TMP) in eco-friendly processes (solvent-free systems). The new heterogeneous biocatalyst prepared in this study (immobilized Eversa® Transform 2.0) was the most active biocatalyst in TMPTEs production and maximum OH conversion of ≈97% using both FFA sources was achieved after 4 h of reaction conducted in open reactors at 55 °C, TMP:FFA ratio of 1:3.25, 240 rpm, and 15% of mass of biocatalyst per mass of starting materials. Under similar conditions, OH conversion of ∼25% after 5 h of reaction was obtained using Novozym® 435 as biocatalyst. Immobilized Eversa® Transform 2.0 retained above 90% of its original activity after 13 consecutive reaction cycles. The produced TMPTEs presented good cold temperature properties (pour point values between −11 and −9 °C).

Speckle-tracking echocardiography in early diagnosis of lipotoxic myocardial damage in epicardial obesity

Epicardial obesity (EO) can lead to lipotoxic myocardial damage with the development of myocardial fibrosis, which underlie the impairment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. The identification of markers of lipotoxic myocardial damage is important at an early preclinical stage for preventive measures. Objective. To study the relationship of plasma levels of markers of insulin resistance and lipotoxic fibrosis with the parameters of LV mechanics in patients with EO. We hypothesized that there are significant differences in plasma levels of markers of insulin resistance and myocardial fibrosis and that they are associated with the parameters of LV mechanics in EO. Design and methods. The study included 143 men. Inclusion criteria: general obesity I–III degree. Exclusion criteria: type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, LV diastolic dysfunction based on echocardiography (Echo). Patients were divided into 2 groups: EO (+) with epicardial fat thickness (tEAT) ≥ 7 mm (n = 70); EO (–) with tEAT &lt; 7 mm (n = 31). All patients were assessed for glucose, blood insulin, profibrotic factors and free fatty acids (FFA) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HOMA-IR insulin sensitivity index was calculated as (insulin × glucose)/22,5. With the help of speckle-tracking Echo, the mechanics of LV were studied (LV twisting, LV twisting ratio, time to LV twisting peak, LV untwisting ratio, time to LV untwisting peak). Results. The patients with EO (+) showed a statistically significant increase in the level of FFA up to 0,82 (0,39; 1,30) mmol/L (&lt; 0,0001) and HOMA-IR index up to 3,89 (2,02; 5,76) (&lt; 0,0001) in comparison with the group EO (–). There was a statistically significant effect of tEAT on the level of FFA (F = 7,90; p = 0,006) and on the development of insulin resistance (F = 14,85; p &lt; 0,001). The correlation analysis in the EO (+) group showed the relationship between FFA and type III collagen (r = 0,29, p = 0,01) and procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) (r = 0,26, p = 0,03), as well as between HOMA-IR and MMP-3 (r = 0,30, p = 0,01). In the EO (–) group, the relationship of profibrotic factors with the level of FFA and HOMA-IR was not found. There was also a significant relationship between LV untwisting ratio and level of FFA (r = 0,24, p = 0,04) in the group EO (+). Conclusions. Thus, an increase in the level of FFA in patients with EO may be accompanied by an increase in the level of some profibrotic factors and a LV untwisting violation determined by speckle-tracking Echo. Our data supports the need for assessing the FFA level and speckle-tracking Echo for the early diagnosis of LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with EO.

Diastolic dysfunction of left ventricle as a consequence of lipotoxic myocardial damage in epicardial obesity

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Visceral obesity results in lipotoxic myocardial damage and myocardial fibrosis with impaired diastolic function (DD) of left ventricle (LV), followed by progression to heart failure. However, there are no markers for early diagnosis DD of LV. Objective to study the relationship between levels of serum markers of lipotoxic myocardial damage and echocardiographic (ECG) parameters DD of LV in patients with epicardial obesity (EO). Materials and methods The study included 110 men with general obesity. According to the results of ECG, patients were divided into 2 groups: EO (+) with epicardial fat thickness (tEAT) ≥7 mm (n = 70); EO (-) with tEAT &amp;lt;7 mm (n = 40) without DD according to the results of ECG. All patients were assessed for the level of free fatty acids (FFA), as early markers of lipotoxic myocardial damage, markers of myocardial fibrosis in the blood serum (MMP-3, collagen I, collagen III, TGF – β, VEGFA, PICP) using enzyme immunoassay. ECG was used to determine such parameters DD of LV as the velocity of the lateral part of the mitral valve fibrous ring (e"); the ratio of the velocity E of the transmitral diastolic flow to the average velocity of the mitral ring E/e"; the left atrial volume index; the maximum speed of tricuspid regurgitation. Using speckle-tracking ECG, the mechanics of LV were studied (twist LV, peak twist ratio LV, time to peak twist of LV, peak untwist ratio LV, time to peak untwist of LV). Results The level of serum markers of myocardial fibrosis a statistically significant increase all studied markers was revealed in the EO (+) group compared to the EO (-) group, and a statistically significant increase in the level of FFA in the EO (+) group compared to the EO (-) group (0.82 ± 0.02 mmol/l and 0.35 ± 0.01 mmol/l, respectively). According to the results of speckle-tracking ECG in the EO (+) group, an increase peak untwist ratio LV to -128.31 (-142.0; -118.0) deg/s-1 (p = 0.002) and an increase time to peak untwist of LV of 476.44 (510.0; 411.0) msec was determined (p = 0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in the study DD of LV parameters in the study groups. Weak statistically significant relationship between the level of FFA and peak untwist ratio LV was revealed (r = 0.26; p = 0.04) in the EO (+) group. Relationships between the level of FFA and the parameters of ECG (e"; E/e"; left atrial volume index; maximum tricuspid regurgitation rate) was not found in both groups. Conclusion In EO, as a result of neurohumoral disorders, lipotoxic myocardial damage develops and progresses, leading DD to LV, the detection of which is probably possible with the help of the rate of LV untwist.

144 Barrier disruption and inflammatory skin models to evaluate cosmetic formulations on lipid metabolism

Primary function of the skin is to protect the body from environment and excessive water loss. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and lipids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality. Lipid metabolism can be modified by skin barrier alteration and inflammation leading to modification of ceramides and free fatty acids ratio inducing barrier dysfunction. Aim of this study was to investigate, on 3-dimentional skin model, barrier alteration effect and inflammation on lipid metabolism (enzymes expression and lipid levels) and to evaluate different formulations in order to balance negative impact of the stress. Ex vivo human skin model exposed to SDS and reconstructed epidermis model with TNFα stress were used. Enzyme expression (ALOX12B and EVOL1) was performed by immunofluorescence staining with confocal microscopy. Ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis were analysed using chromatographic method. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) allowed to follow skin penetration of lipophilic ingredients of formulations. SDS barrier alteration decreased significantly ALOX12B expression and increased EVOL1 expression. Epidermal lipids synthesis was also modified after inflammatory stress, in particular, ceramides ratio leading to impairment of the barrier function. Same trends were described in vivo for pathologies like ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The different lipidic constituents of formulations penetrated and were localized into the SC and viable epidermis by MSI. Rhealba® oat plantlets extract formulation permitted to restore lipid metabolic disorders and balance ceramides ratio. Skin models demonstrated the impact of barrier alteration and inflammation on lipid metabolism. These skin models can be used to evaluate cosmetic formulations on lipid metabolism to preserve barrier function with can be specifically altered in different inflammatory pathologies.

Application of Data Mining Classifiers on Sunflower Edible Oil Bleaching Process: A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis

Sunflower oil is widely used as edible oil. It is commonly extracted by solvent extraction method from the sunflower seed. After extraction, crude sunflower oil is obtained. Crude sunflower oil has some undesirable impurities and dark colors. These impurities and dark colors require removal. The bleaching process is applied to remove the color. The bleaching earth is used in the refining and removes color. The specifications of crude sunflower oil such as impurity, free fatty acid ratio, wax, color index and the temperature of the process, the vacuum of the process, the amount of bleaching earth used affect the bleaching output color value. In this study, machine learning algorithms are used to predict the bleaching output color. In order to predict, Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA), an open-source Data Mining workbench is run. 15 well-known machine learning classifier algorithms, suitable for our data such as k-nearest neighbors, multilayer perceptron and random forest are performed. Each algorithm is tested on a real dataset by a 10-fold cross-validation method. The correlation coefficient, mean absolute error and root mean squared error is calculated for each algorithm and benchmarked. Results show that Random Forest Classifier is the most effective classifier for our data. Additionally, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank statistical test is conducted whether Random Forest Classifier is the most effective classifier for some k-fold cross validation.

Lipidomic profiling of plasma free fatty acids in type-1 diabetes highlights specific changes in lipid metabolism

Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with metabolic changes leading to alterations in glucose and lipid handling. While T1DM-associated effects on many major plasma lipids have been characterised, such effects on plasma free fatty acids (FFA) have not been fully examined. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we measured the plasma concentrations of FFA species in individuals with T1DM (n = 44) and age/sex-matched healthy controls (n = 44). Relationships between FFA species and various parameters were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of myristate (14:0), palmitoleate (16:1), palmitate (16:0), linoleate (18:2), oleate (18:1c9), cis-vaccenate (18:1c11), eicosapentaenoate (20:5), arachidonate (20:4) and docosahexanoate (22:6) were reduced in the T1DM group (p < 0.0001 for all, except p = 0.0020 for eicosapentaenoate and p = 0.0068 for arachidonate); α-linolenate (18:3) and dihomo-γ-linolenate (20:3) concentrations were unchanged. The saturated/unsaturated FFA ratio, n-3/n-6 ratio, de novo lipogenesis index (palmitate (main lipogenesis product)/linoleate (only found in diet)) and elongase index (oleate/palmitoleate) were increased in the T1DM group (p = 0.0166, p = 0.0089, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0008 respectively). The stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) index 1 (palmitoleate/palmitate) and index 2 (oleate/stearate) were reduced in T1DM (p < 0.0001 for both). The delta-(5)-desaturase (D5D) index (arachidonate/dihomo-γ-linolenate) was unchanged. Age and sex had no effect on plasma FFA concentrations in T1DM, while SCD1 index 1 was positively correlated (p = 0.098) and elongase index negatively correlated with age (p = 0.0363). HbA1c was negatively correlated with all plasma FFA concentrations measured except α-linolenate and dihomo-γ-linolenate. Correlations were observed between plasma FFA concentrations and cholesterol and HDL concentrations, but not LDL concentration or diabetes duration. Collectively, these results aid our understanding of T1DM and its effects on lipid metabolism.

An organic solvent-tolerant lipase of Streptomyces pratensis MV1 with the potential application for enzymatic improvement of n6/n3 ratio in polyunsaturated fatty acids from fenugreek seed oil.

Lipase-catalyzed esterification is an efficient technique in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrates which are applied for nutrition and health purposes. In this project, a solvent-tolerant lipase from Streptomyces pratensis MV1 was immobilized and purified by a hydrophobic support. The purified lipase revealed enhanced activity and stability towards chemicals, organic solvents, and a broad range of pH values. The production of lipase was enhanced to 7.0 U/mL after optimization by a central composite design. Acylglycerols (AGs) rich in α-linolenic acid (45%, w/w) were produced and a favorable n-6/n-3 free fatty acid (FFA) ratio of 1.1 was achieved in fenugreek seed oil using the immobilized lipase. The ability of S. pratensis lipase in ester synthesis and the improvement of n6/n3 FFA ratio make it a suitable candidate in food production industries.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-020-04784-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.