Rational Part Research Articles

Study on optimal harvesting period and rational medicinal parts of Zanthoxylum nitidum based on statistics of main effective components

To determine the optimal harvesting period and rational medicinal parts of Zanthoxylum nitidum, the main effective components of cultivated Z. nitidum samples, which originate from various growth years, harvesting months, and different parts were analyzed and compared with the wild samples. HPLC was performed on a Kinetex C18 column(4. 6 mm×100 mm, 2. 6 μm) with the gradient elution of 0. 3% phosphoric acid solution-acetonitrile(80 ∶ 20) containing 0. 2% triethylamine. The flow rate was 1. 0 m L·min-1, and the detection wavelength was 273 nm. The column temperature was 30 ℃. Nitidine chloride and chelerythrine, the main effective components, were determined as the markers. The results showed there was no significant difference in the contents of the main effective components among the roots of wild and cultivated Z. nitidum, as well as the roots and roots + stems of cultivated Z. nitidum. The statistical results of HCA and PCA indicated that the roots and stems could be clearly distinguished, but no distinction could be made between wild and cultivated products, which was consistent with the results of the significance analysis. The total contents of nitidine chloride and chelerythrine in roots and stems of Z. nitidum of 1-6 years old were 0. 114%-0. 256% and 0. 030%-0. 133%, respectively. These results suggested a positive correlation between the content of the main effective components and the growth years. No significant difference was observed between the contents of samples harvested in different seasons, indicating that the harvest season had no effect on the content of the main effective components of the Z. nitidum samples. The total contents of nitidine chloride and chelerythrine of the dried Z. nitidum samples(excluding branches) from three plantation bases were 0. 308%±0. 123% in Yunfu, 0. 192%±0. 025% in Maoming, and 0. 197%±0. 052% in Nanning, respectively, and they were all not less than 0. 15%, or in other words, the roots(including fibrous roots, taproots, and underground stems) and stems(aboveground stems) of Z. nitidum transplanted for more than 2. 5 years can meet the medical requirements. This study demonstrates that the cultivated Z. nitidum could be used as a valid substitute for the wild Z. nitidum, which provides a guarantee for the sustainable development and the application of Z. nitidum resources. The stems and roots could be considered medicinal parts of Z. nitidum. It is recommended to revise the medicinal parts of Z. nitidum to dried roots and stems in the next edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the medicinal parts can be harvested all year round. In order to ensure the content of effective components and clinical effectiveness, the root and stem should be harvested for medical use after the seedlings of Z. nitidum have been transplanted for more than three years.

The SUSY partners of the QES sextic potential revisited

In this paper, the SUSY partner Hamiltonians of the quasi-exactly solvable (QES) sextic potential Vqes(x)=νx6+2νμx4+μ2−(4N+3)νx2 , N∈Z+ , are revisited from a Lie algebraic perspective. It is demonstrated that, in the variable z = x 2, the underlying sl2(R) hidden algebra of V qes(x) is inherited by its SUSY partner potential V 1(x) only for N = 0. At fixed N > 0, the algebraic polynomial operator h(x, ∂ x ; N) that governs the N exact eigenpolynomial solutions of V 1 is derived explicitly. These odd-parity solutions appear in the form of zero modes. The potential V 1 can be represented as the sum of a polynomial and rational parts. In particular, it is shown that the polynomial component is given by V qes with a different non-integer (cohomology) parameter N1=N−32 . A confluent second-order SUSY transformation is also implemented for a modified QES sextic potential possessing the energy reflection symmetry. By taking N as a continuous real constant and using the Lagrange-mesh method, highly accurate values (∼20 s. d.) of the energy E n = E n (N) in the interval N ∈ [ − 1, 3] are calculated for the three lowest states n = 0, 1, 2 of the system. The critical value N c above which tunneling effects (instanton-like terms) can occur is obtained as well. At N = 0, the non-algebraic sector of the spectrum of V qes is described by means of compact physically relevant trial functions. These solutions allow us to determine the effects in accuracy when the first-order SUSY approach is applied on the level of approximate eigenfunctions.

Teaching about the Discourse of Otherness in "The King of Tars"

The present article is a teaching guide for a class or a series of classes about the discourse of Otherness, as employed in the medieval romance The King of Tars. It proposes an in-class discussion that reveals how the romance tells a story of an encounter with the Other and how it perpetuates the discourse of Otherness while doing that. Various strategies used in the tale to perform Othering are analyzed. These include the presentation of Muslims as a dehumanized outgroup, with its main representative – the Sultan – being portrayed as a beast missing the rational part of the soul; contrasting the said presentation with that of the rational Christian Princess; employing and modifying the motif of monstrous birth to define the Sultan further through his failure as a father and through the absence of what the tale sees as the essence of the human soul; setting the transforming power of the dominant group’s rituals against the ineffective, empty rituals of the out-group; the use of the rhetoric of proximity, i.e. pointing to certain similarities between “us” and “them” only to make the differences even more pronounced. The analysis of these strategies helps to recognize that while the characters within the represented world of the romance other Muslims through their actions, the narrator does the same through the use of the discourse of Otherness. The article is also devised as a review of criticism on the romance in the context of Otherness, so it can be useful as a starting point for those willing to research this matter further.

On Becoming Fearful Quickly: A Reinterpretation of Aristotle’s Somatic Model of Socratean akrasia.

The Protagoras is the touchstone of Socrates’ moral intellectualist stance. The position in a nutshell stipulates that the proper reevaluation of a desire is enough to neutralize it.[1] The implication of this position is that akrasia or weakness of will is not the result of desire (or fear for that matter) overpowering reason but is due to ignorance. 
 Socrates’ eliminativist position on weakness of will, however, flies in the face of the common-sense experience regarding akratic action and thus Aristotle was at pains to render Socrates’ account of moral incontinence intelligible. The key improvement Aristotle makes to Socrates’s model is to underscore that the conditioning of the akratic’s body plays a critical role in determining the power of one’s appetites and, accordingly, the capacity of one to resist the temptations these appetites present for rational evaluation. As Aristotle puts it, “For the incontinent man is like the people who get drunk quickly and on little wine, i.e., on less than most people.” (1151a 3-4). Aristotle presents what I shall call a somatic paradigm (i.e. the drunkard analogy) in order to tackle the problem of akrasia and it is this somatic solution that marks a significant improvement over Socrates’s intellectualist or informational model or so the tradition tells us.
 In this paper, I wish to push back on the above Aristotelian explanation. I argue that when one fully examines Socrates’ account of weakness of will that Aristotle’s solution is less effective than is traditionally thought. In fact, Socrates can bring Aristotle’s model into his own; just as Aristotle absorbs what is right about Socrates’s model, namely, that akratic action utilizes reason but to a limited degree, Socrates in Meno (77C-78A) develops his own somatic model of weakness of will that connects to the intellectualist paradigm of the Protagoras. To achieve this rapprochement between the two models, I zero in on the description provided by Socrates of those individuals who desire bad things knowing they are bad as “ill-starred” or “bad spirited” (κακοδαίμων ). The “bad-spirited” is the coward and, in contrast to Aristotle’s drunkard, becomes fearful quickly from little danger. This additional somatic component, when connected to Socrates’s position on akrasia in Protagoras adds a new twist to Socrates’s model in the following way: while no one wishes to be ill-starred such that more harm than good will befall one, one may become so as a result of the bad choices one knowingly makes.
 
 [1] “After him came Socrates, who spoke better and further about this subject, but even he was not successful. For he used to make the virtues into sciences, and this is impossible. For the sciences all involve reason, and reason is to be found in the intellectual part of the soul. So that all the virtues, according to him arise in the rational part of the soul. The result is that in making the virtues into sciences he is doing away with the nonrational part of the soul and is thereby doing away with passion and character…” (Aristotle, Magna Moralia 1.1. 1182 a15-26)

Whence Does Good Come? Notes on Plato’s Moral Psychology

In my study, I investigate some questions related to Plato’s discussion of the origins of Evil in the individual’s soul and of the possible solutions to the presence of Evil in it. The lack of the correct equilibrium between the parts of the soul exposes the individual to the moral degeneration; conversely, exclusively the correct equilibrium between the parts of the soul leads the individual to the correct composition between the parts of the soul. In particular, exclusively the development of the rational part of the soul, and its consequent leadership over the other parts, brings the indivi-dual to the right formation of the soul. The development of the rational part of the soul will not come about by itself: it needs an appropriate education, which can be reached only after a long and difficult process. The development of the rational part of the soul can be reached only through the disciplines preparing the philosophical education and through the philosophical education itself. The development of the rational part of the soul brings the individual nearer to the dimension of Being, thus opening for the individual a new dimension of experience, of knowledge and of life. At the same time, the philosophical education diminishes the attention of the individual’s soul for the dimension of Becoming. The cultivation and strengthening of the rational part bring about a progressive diminution of the force of the other parts of the soul, in particular, of the appetitive part of the soul. I concentrate my analysis on passages of Plato’s Republic.

Alexander of Aphrodisias’ Theory of Action and the Capacity of Doing Otherwise

Abstract I examine Alexander of Aphrodisias’ theory of action, addressing the question how his view that human actions are determined by reason accounts for the capacity of doing otherwise. Calling into question the standard view that Alexander frees agents from internal determination, I argue that (1) the capacity of doing otherwise is a consequence of determination by reason, since it enables agents to do something different from what they would have done had they followed external circumstances; and (2) this capacity is compatible with causal determination by reason because as a case of potentiality for opposites, it grants agents the qualified possibility of doing otherwise insofar as their nature as human beings is concerned – a possibility which remains also when their actions are causally determined by reason and by their internal disposition. I show further that these elements of Alexander’s theory of action are ultimately based on his conception of the soul, specifically on his commitment to Aristotle’s view that the human soul is not purely rational, as the Stoics hold, but has nonrational and rational parts.

The Marketing of Experiences in the Wine Industry in Romania

Today, many companies have turned their attention from the traditional "features and benefits" to the activity of creating experiences for their customers. In this way, the emotional activation of the customer is attempted, in addition to the rational part of buying the product. As part of this work, we have carried out quantitative marketing research, to find out the opinions of Romanian consumers related to the wine consumption experience. The general objectives of the research are the following: identify consumption habits among Romanian wine consumers; identify how Romanian consumers prefer to enjoy their favorite wine; determine the preferences of Romanian consumers regarding the color and type of preferred wine; determine the frequency of the purchase of wine by Romanian consumers and the place where they purchase their preferred types of wine. The research results can address wine-producing companies from Romania, wine distributors, hotels, and restaurants, for the future development of activities in this field.

Подборка драгоценных камней: элементы акбарийской космологии

The author notes that the Sufi theological tradition of Akbariya was formed on the basis of the works by Muhyiddin ibn Arabi. Part of this tradition is the doctrine of the nature of the world and its creation, i.e. cosmology. The purpose of the article is to reveal some elements of Akbarian cosmology. The semantic content of the concepts of Akbarian cosmology, creation and approved incarnations is determined. The author maintains that, although things exist eternally, from time immemorial and without beginning in divine knowledge precisely in the form of approved incarnations, at the same time they do not exist. The shortcomings of the (neo)platonic interpretation of the approved incarnations are demonstrated. The difference between Akbariya and the Academy of Plato lies in the fact that the teaching of the first concerns a person and his heart as an organ of self-integrity and connection with God, while the teaching of the second concerns the rational part of the soul. Also, several aspects of the cosmological concept of the Divine Names are revealed, the problem of the pantheistic interpretation of this theory is discussed and it is proved that it is not justified by the texts of Ibn Arabi. The cosmologi-cal meaning of the image of the mirror and the epistemological meaning of the image of “the silence of those who know” are also revealed. The last “gem” – the Perfect Man – is the beginning, the end and the preservation of creation. Various aspects of the concept of the Perfect Man (ethical and cosmologi-cal), its identification with Adam, with humanity in general and with Muhammad (the reality of Mu-hammad) are considered, the question of the “hypostasy” of the Perfect Man is identified and discussed

О роли религиозного символа в изучении сущности человека: Поль Рикёр

This article gives an interpretation of some religious and symbolic concepts presented by the French philosopher P. Ricoeur as the most significant in the study of the issue of human essence. Based on the works of P. Ricoeur, the necessity of rethinking ethical categories, which were previously considered only from religious positions, is substantiated. The article reveals a number of problematic aspects of the herme-neutical understanding of the religious text. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the essence of man as a methodological problem needs a modern interpretation, and we find its most interesting reading in the works of P. Ricoeur. Through the prism of multidirectional, well-established and most significant, key philosophical trends, Ricoeur proposes to rethink the problem of man in a new way. The discourse of religion is one of the fundamental in philosophical reflection. Therefore, we present it possible to comprehend the essence of a person through a religious sym-bol, which has a significant impact on the formation of his self and spiritual individuality. By delving into the essence of key symbolic aspects of the Christian religion, we shape our own experience through the interpre-tation of ethically significant concepts such as freedom and hope, guilt and consolation. In the process of interpreting the Scriptures, considering the problem of correlation of the Testaments, the researcher approaches self-understanding and plunges into self-reflection, thanks to which he develops the product of his own worldview. This is the approach to the rational part of religion - logos.

An Analysis of Montaigne’s Final Essay, Of Experience

In the final essay of Montaigne, named Of Experience, the author gave extensive criticism over the general misuse of judgement, while defining judgement quite peculiarly, which is that it is a faculty of the mind. How then, was this faculty that appears to be the rational part of the human mind but individuated from reasons defined by Montaigne? In what way do humans fail to properly utilize this faculty? What is the role of experience in the proper use of judgment? These questions shall be answered through a thorough analysis of this final work of the French thinker, through which we may find the form of the ideal that he looks to portray.

갈레노스의 영혼삼분설과 ‘의학적 플라톤주의’

This paper aims to explore Galen’s reception of Plato’s philosophy. Particular attention is paid to the theory of the tripartite soul, which emerges as a confluence of philosophy and medicine in Galen’s influential work On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato. Galen defended an up-to-date version of the tripartition and trilocation of the soul preceded by Plato, notably in the Republic and the Timaeus: the rational part of soul resides in the brain, the spirited part in the heart, and the appetitive part in the liver. It is striking that he attempted to prove the Platonic theory by means of anatomical observations and experiments. Above all, on the basis of the anatomical study of the brain as the origin of the nerves, he entered an age-old philosophical debate over the central organ as the seat of the ruling part of the soul and defended Platonic encephalocentrism against Aristotelian and Stoic cardiocentrism. In this paper, I focus on Galen’s defense strategy, while exploring its theoretical premises and limits. It is also shown that Galen embraces Plato’s philosophy insofar as it is useful for promoting health and curing disease of the body and the soul, whereby speculative issues of Plato’s theoretical philosophy are excluded. Galen’s reception of Plato’s philosophy results, I suggest, in a ‘medical Platonism’, which could be characterized as scientific, useful and practical Platonism without speculative theory.

Prospects for weather-indexed insurance for blueberry growers

PurposeThe authors investigate whether an index-based weather insurance (WII) product can complement or replace existing traditional crop yield insurance for mitigating farmers' financial risks, with an application to blueberry growers in British Columbia (BC).Design/methodology/approachA hybrid model combining expected utility (EU) and prospect values is developed to analyse farmers' demand for WII.FindingsWhile weather data are used to investigate supply elements, a hybrid model combining EU theory and prospect theory (PT) is developed to analyse farmers' demand for WII. On the supply side, a quality index is constructed and the relationship between the quality index and key weather parameters is quantified using a partial least squares structural model. The authors then model weather parameters via time-series analysis and statistical distributions to provide reasonable estimates for calculating actuarially sound insurance premiums for a rainfall indexed, insurance product. This model indicates that decreases in the proportion of a blueberry grower's total revenue and revenue volatility will decrease the possibility that they participate in WII. At the same time, an increase in the value loss aversion coefficient and WII's basis risk further leads to less demand for WII. In short, a grower may decide not to participate in WII at an actuarially fair premium due to the combined effects of the above factors. Overall, while the supply analysis enables us to demonstrate that WII can potentially help in mitigating farmers' financial risks, it turns out that, on the demand side, blueberry growers are unwilling to pay for such a product without large government subsidies.Originality/valueThe authors argue that the demand for insurance may be affected by the level and the volatility of a berry grower's total revenue. Hence, the authors propose a hybrid expression that assumes a farmer seeks to maximize the total utility function to capture the rational and intuitive parts of a farmer's decision-making process. The EU represents rationality and the prospect value represents the intuitive component. Meanwhile, the authors investigate the possibility of using key weather parameters to construct a berry quality index – one that could be applied to other agricultural areas for studying the relationship between weather conditions and product quality.

An Analysis of the U.S. Individual Investor Sentiment Influence on Cryptocurrency Returns and Volatility

In this research, the U.S. investor sentiment effect on cryptocurrency returns and volatility is examined by separating it into irrational and rational parts. According to the data, an unforeseen rise in the rational part of U.S. individual investor attitude influences cryptocurrency returns statistically and positively. In other words, rational sentiment can result in rising cryptocurrency returns. Additionally, a positive significant association exists between cryptocurrency volatility and the rational part of the individual U.S. investor sentiment. The findings confirm the hypothesis that the behavior of rational investors who utilize and study the impact of economic factors on asset prices reduces cryptocurrency volatility.

Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought

<i>Freedom and Responsibility in Neoplatonist Thought</i>

Combined environmental and educational intervention in hospital food service to increase patients attitude and intention about a healthy diet

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background The elimination of unhealthy risk behaviors such as unhealthy diet, smoking or physical inactivity can prevent at least 80% of cardiovascular disease.(1) Diet has been the number two in modifiable factors attributing to cardiovascular disease burden in the last thirty years.(2) In spite of this, adherence to dietary guidelines in The Netherlands is as low as 20-30%.(3) Clearly, more effective strategies towards healthier dietary behavior are needed.(1) According to the dual process theory, behavior can be influenced via the deliberate system and the intuitive system.(4) The food services on the cardiology ward were revised aiming to influence both systems in admitted patients to gear them towards healthier choices. Purpose To assess the impact of a combined environmental and rational intervention on patients’ attitude and intention towards a healthier diet. Methods A pre-post interventional study was conducted from June 2020 till November 2021 in patients admitted to the Cardiology ward. Patients’ attitude, self-efficacy and intention towards a healthy diet were evaluated through the validated Dietary Intention Evaluation Tool for In-hospitalized patients (DIETI). The intervention was aimed at intuitive and rational behavioral processes. The intuitive part consisted of posters, healthy standard options and a traffic light system on the menu. The rational part consisted of information about a healthy diet on the menu, emphasis on the importance of a healthy diet, a renewed website on lifestyle and an educational course on diet and nudging for nurses and food service employees. Also, at discharge, patients received two salt free spice mixes with healthy, easy and cheap recipes to prepare at home. Results A total of 512/853 (60%) complete responses were received. The intervention group reported to have learned significantly more during their admission than patients in the control group (4.58 vs. 4.80, p=0.009). However, our intervention does not influence patients’ attitude or intention regarding a healthy diet (p=0,41 and p=0,49 respectively). Conclusions A hospital admission of approximately 3 days is enough to make a significant impact on patients’ perceived learning. However, a combined environmental and educational intervention did not have an effect on patients’ attitude or intention regarding a healthy diet.

Artfulness in the Organisational Playground: Actions and choices-Editorial

Let us start at the beginning of this Special Issue on Artfulness with the Call for Papers. As a reminder, we invited contributors to write from their experience and to experiment with bringing their entire selves to their organisational and community work. In the Call for Papers we highlighted that this means ‘not only the rational and logical parts of who we are, but also our creative, intuitive, relational and artistic abilities in their many forms’. We stressed that art can be both an artefact, for example, a painting, piece of music or even a project. Or it can be the creative processes we use, for example, the artfulness of how we work with others in an organisation or in creating art. We see lively tensions between the two. When the submissions came through, we were heartened by how authors/contributors had responded to the invitation in artful, creative and imaginative ways.

Algebra of Borcherds products

Borcherds lift for an even lattice of signature ( p , q ) (p, q) is a lifting from weakly holomorphic modular forms of weight ( p − q ) / 2 (p-q)/2 for the Weil representation. We introduce a new product operation on the space of such modular forms and develop a basic theory. The product makes this space a finitely generated filtered associative algebra, without unit element and noncommutative in general. This is functorial with respect to embedding of lattices by the quasi-pullback. Moreover, the rational space of modular forms with rational principal part is closed under this product. In some examples with p = 2 p=2 , the multiplicative group of Borcherds products of integral weight forms a subring.

Teaching to Empower: Leveraging the Neuroscience of Now to Help Students Become Self-Regulated Learners.

In his book Descartes' Error, neurologist Antonio Damasio argues that humans do not make decisions by relying exclusively on the rational or reason-oriented parts of their brain (2008). Evidence from patients with brain damage reveal that our abilities to reason and make decisions are greatly influenced by our emotions (Damasio et al., 1990; Saver and Damasio, 1991). In fact, our emotions and how we feel act as a gateway to our thinking and learning by providing "the bridge between rational [prefrontal cortex] and nonrational processes" [brainstem and limbic structures]." (Damasio, 2008). Understanding the ways in which our brain processes sensory inputs and integrates those inputs into our ongoing emotional state is critical for helping students become self-regulated, sophisticated learners. In the following article, I will begin by briefly summarizing the role of emotions in learning and the impact of toxic stress on our students' ability to engage, learn, and thrive. I will then define and present a trauma-informed teaching and learning paradigm with practical strategies that empower students to continue to learn and succeed. I will address a few misconceptions about trauma-informed education. I will conclude by making a plea to you, members of the undergraduate neuroscience community, by presenting a case for the utility and moral imperative of educating our students about the basic functioning of their brains, especially as it relates to emotional regulation and learning.

Doğal Karar Verme Mekanizmaları: Çocuk Hizmetleri Profesyonellerinin Deneyim ve Kişilik Özellikleri Üzerine Özgün Araştırma

Objective: The focus on decision making research has moved from rational decision-making processes to naturalistic decision making since it investigates how people make decisions in real life settings. For field professionals working with children, it is often very difficult to use rational decision-making styles due to the ever-changing social world and interactions, rather than the physical world. For this reason, decision making styles of field professionals working with children have been explored. Also it was inteded to provide an insight about factors such as empathy, anxiety and stress that might affect decision making styles. Material and Methods: One hundred eighty-eight field professionals working with children and adolescents were recruited for the study. Participants read scenarios and filled out forms to determine their decision-making styles and personality traits. Results: The findings revealed that participants employing rational decision-making styles have higher accuracy in scenarios and experience levels in terms of years significantly affects the accuracy. In terms of personality traits empathy has an effect on both rational and naturalistic decision-making styles. Conclusion: Naturalistic decision-making abilities of individuals are due to situations that are recognized by them in accordance with the literature. These abilities lead individuals to recognize schemas and patterns and also to perform mental simulations. It can be concluded that the pattern recognition partly constitutes intuitiveness, while mental simulations constitute the rational part.

Feynman Integrals and Scattering Amplitudes from Wilson Loops.

We study Feynman integrals and scattering amplitudes in N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory by exploiting the duality with null polygonal Wilson loops. As the main application, we compute for the first time the symbols of the general double pentagon integrals, which give the finite part of two-loop maximally helicity violating (MHV) amplitudes and finite components of next-to-MHV (NMHV) amplitudes to all multiplicities. The rational parts of the symbol consist of 164 letters, while the algebraic part contains 96 algebraic letters and cancel in MHV amplitudes and NMHV components which are free of square roots.