Rational Considerations Research Articles

Self-diagnosis and self-medication based on internet search among Non-Medical University students of Karachi.

For a decade, the topic of self-diagnosis and self-medication has gained significant attention due to the widespread availability of information on the internet and over-the-counter medication. This research explores the rational considerations behind individuals' self-diagnosis and self-medication practices. Our main objective is to find out the frequency of self-diagnosis and self-medication in the general population and its associated risks and benefits. A cross-sectional community-based prospective study was conducted over 7 months and included 160 students from various nonmedical universities in Karachi. A questionnaire regarding baseline characteristics, self-medication, and self-diagnosis was made, and the data was collected from the participants and then analyzed using SPSS statistical software. One-fifth of the participants used the method of diagnosing themselves regularly, whereas 9% of the involved population demonstrated medicating themselves very often. However, most of the population had self-diagnosed (50.6) or self-medicated (61.9) sometimes. The internet was the primary source of searching (75%), and home remedies were the preferred medications (71.7%). The two primary reasons for this were the scarcity of time and resources. Overall, our study points out the significance of self-medication and self-diagnosis among different nonmedical students of Karachi. Teaching people about medicines, enforcing strong prescription policies, and providing medical facilities are vital steps toward preventing this problem. The role of doctors and medical students is significant; therefore, detailed doctor-patient communication needs to be encouraged.

Factors Determining the Welfare of Family Circular Mobility of Labor from Nusa Penida in the Tourism Sector in Ubud

The main motivation for people to move from their area (rural) to urban is an economic motive. This motive developed due to economic inequality between regions. The most recommended condition is a rational consideration, where individuals mobilize to the city is the expectation of getting a job and earning a higher income than what is obtained in the village (Mantra, 1992). The purpose of this study is to determine the Determinants of Family Welfare of Circular Mobility Actors of Labor from Nusa Penida in the Tourism Sector in Ubud. The research method used is associative because it aims to find the influence of independent variables on one or more dependent variables. The results of the study concluded that: Employment status directly has a positive and significant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District. Then skills, employment status and education level directly have a positive and insignificant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District. Remitan has no positive and insignificant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District.

How Retailers Change Ordering Strategies When Suppliers Go Direct

This study empirically investigates whether and to what extent suppliers’ decisions to start selling directly to end consumers provoke reactions in the ordering strategy of downstream channel partners, such as independent multibrand retailers. Using a multimethod approach that combines transactional data, survey data, and a scenario-based experiment, the authors demonstrate that retailers tend to exit these relationships after a direct channel introduction, as exhibited by their strategic decisions to order fewer distinct stockkeeping units (SKUs), accompanied by higher wholesale prices per unit. On average, retailers decrease the number of distinct SKUs ordered by 15 (or 18.75%) and pay a higher average wholesale price by €.79 (or 20.84%). Yet the responses also differ across retailers, reflecting moderating impacts of retailer power, expertise, and relationship quality. Retailer power emerges as a robust moderating factor, with more powerful retailers indicating a lower propensity to exit the relationship. Expertise and relationship quality have more nuanced influences on retailers’ ordering strategies. The multimethod approach serves to reveal the underlying mechanisms of these moderating effects, such that both rational (coercive power and switching costs) and emotional (conflict and confidence) considerations are in play.

Active Inference-Based Planning for Safe Human-Robot Interaction: Concurrent Consideration of Human Characteristic and Rationality

Active Inference-Based Planning for Safe Human-Robot Interaction: Concurrent Consideration of Human Characteristic and Rationality

Towards Achieving Substantive Justice: The Importance of Extending the Time Limit for Resolving Presidential Election Disputes

Presidential election dispute resolution (PHPU) is complicated because its scope covers the entire territory of Indonesia and its application to Indonesian citizens in various parts of the world. The PHPU dispute resolution process must also guarantee maximum protection of constitutional rights. This research uses normative research methods using secondary data sources. This aims to assess the urgency of extending the deadline for resolving presidential election disputes, which is currently 14 working days from the date of submission. Research sculpture approach and conceptual approach. These findings illustrate the need for changes to legislation to extend the time limit for resolving PHPU disputes beyond the existing 14-day limit. In practice, this time period does not provide maximum opportunity for the presentation of evidence. Historical analysis shows that from the 2004 presidential election to 2024, not a single PHPU demand has been granted, mainly because the demand cannot be proven. The author emphasizes that a time limit that is too early does not guarantee substantive justice, which includes not only fair and accurate decision-making, so rational considerations are needed that produce rational and logical decisions and a process that allows each party to present their arguments comprehensively and obtain fair treatment in the judicial process.

Promoting Reflections on Decision-Making in Socio-Scientific Issues

Abstract Socioscientific issues (SSIs) require reflective decision-making. Findings have indicated that decision-making is more often based on heuristics than rational considerations. To improve one’s decision-making, it is essential to reflect upon decisions to increase awareness of the initially applied heuristics. Furthermore, research has indicated that decision-making depends on the decision-maker’s perspective on an SSI. Using a 2x2- experimental-design, we have investigated effects of two variables on secondary students’ ability to reflect their own decision-making. Variables were (1) instruction regarding the “method of reflection”, and (2) the “perspective adopted on an SSI”, which was either individual or collective. Data on students’ reflections were collected three times. Findings showed that students who had learned a specific method of reflection outperformed others regarding the quality of their reflections. Thus, this study provides evidence for the effectiveness of explicitly teaching and learning in terms of reflecting on one’s own decision-making in the context of an SSI.

From trust to transition: Residential customer acceptance of circular solar business models

While the contribution of circular business models to achieving sustainable development goals is increasingly acknowledged, most studies tend to focus on conceptual, technological, or supply-side considerations. Customer acceptance, however, is also a necessary condition for a transition to a circular economy. In this study, we employ household survey data to investigate the impact of trust on customer acceptance of circular business models in solar photovoltaics (PV). Results highlight the importance of high trust-levels in governments, suppliers, and technology to gain customer acceptance, as well as the importance of time-consistent policies to support interest in circular solar solutions. Furthermore, results suggest that vulnerable groups may miss beneficial opportunities of circular business models because of lower levels of institutional trust. This is also reflected in an analysis of barriers and value propositions, where low institutional trust levels appear to limit rational cost-benefit considerations. The paper formulates policy and management recommendations and identifies research gaps related to the redistributive impact of the circular economy. Moreover, it coins the concept of a circular risk premium that may vary along socio-economic groups and calls for further study of the impact of vocal opinions on social interactions that may spur or impede the transition to a circular economy.

Repurposing public education: governmental rationality of education export in Finland through public education problematisations

ABSTRACT The Finnish government’s education export (FGEE) programme, which was initiated in 2010, seeks to promote and coordinate education as an export product. Until recently, research on the Finnish education export has focused on individual education sectors, with only passing consideration of the governmental rationality of education export. Drawing on Bacchi’s (2009) post-structural policy analysis, I use the FGEE documents as a material starting point, as ‘practical texts’ (Bacchi 2009, 34; Bacchi and Goodwin 2016, 34) to study how education export discourse problematises public education and produces a contextualised governmental rationality. Contributing to the growing body of knowledge on emerging global, national, and local public – private structures, the paper illustrates how minor policy strands such as the FGEE programme can be seen as production sites in which education practices and their governmental rationalities are constructed.

Ethnoscience: A Philosophical Study with Anthropological, Ontological and Axiological Perspectives

One of the emerging scientific developments is science-based local wisdom, or "ethnoscience." This research examines the urgency of ethnoscience when viewed from a philosophical perspective with an anthropological, ontological, and axiological perspective approach. This research uses a library research method with relevant sources related to the studied topic, such as books, scientific articles, and other relevant sources. The results of this study present how critical philosophical studies are to a science that is being developed, especially those that involve community culture. In addition, anthropological, ontological, and axiological perspectives provide an idea of a point of view that not only always refers to the research process but also the need to pay attention to the norms and values of the local culture. That way, future research related to ethnoscience has excellent potential to continue to be carried out through rational considerations and benefit science, culture, society, and the nation.

Reading indigenous signs: The wisdom of nagari communities toward natural disaster in Pasaman Barat

This study examines local wisdom regarding natural disasters of communities in traditional villages (nagari) in Pasaman Barat, Indonesia, through indigenous signs of disaster and interpretations. We analyze these signs through indigenous history and knowledge and a three-way communications framework of disaster interpretation in Indonesia. We collected data by conducting in-depth interviews with eight traditional figures and distributing questionnaires to 94 local residents in Pasaman Barat impacted by the 2022 earthquake through descriptive analysis. Our findings revealed that communities in Pasaman Barat have traditionally preserved indigenous knowledge about natural disasters, including architectural practices, logical and spiritual symbols, and a wide range of social mores and taboos. The people of the area improvised some valuable skills, such as the use of sandi tiang (the baseboard of a stilt) and bamboo barricades. Rituals and taboos associated with disasters include the tolak bala (warding-off ritual) and the banda larangan (forbidden fish), and distinctive signs of disaster observed by the community including the sounds of jirek (sacred grave), the appearance of tiger and uyia-uyia (forest beetles), and rivers flowing downstream during rain. These customs, mostly shared with Minangkabau customs despite some differences, are influenced by religious tradition, especially Sufistic tradition. Communities in Pasaman Barat continue to teach their children about these traditions, even as they adapt to modern life. Despite a dearth of established, traditional knowledge in this area, this study contributes to the future of disaster mitigation management by emphasizing rational and practical considerations in the face of natural disasters.

Universalism v. Relativism: The Human Rights Debate Around Internalization of Global Norm of Anti-FGM in Gorontalo, Indonesia

Researches show how people and government of Southeast Asia tend to promote the relativism of norms, and with that challenge the mainstream narrative that promote the universalism of norms. This partially explains the multiple failures of the regionalisation of many global norms in the region. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), a term that defines any procedure that harms female genital organs, is a traditional practice that is condemned by many international institutions. Anti-FGM has become one of the most important global norms on health issues, officially adopted as a terminology by WHO in 1991 and become resolution in 2008. Under this circumstances, it is widely known that the practice of female children circumcision is still very commonly found in Gorontalo region in Indonesia. In Gorontalo, this practice involved not only health and rational consideration, but most importantly also is involved tradition and beliefs that have been passed down from generation to generation. It is hence contained a particular cultural meaning, which somehow has become the people’s shared characteristics which further defines the identity of the women of Gorontalo. This strong tradition is, naturally, goes against global believe which consider this custom as a violation on children's and human rights. This local dynamics thus lead us to the contestation between the idea of "universalism" of norms which holds the legitimation of human rights introduced by Liberal thinking,, and the idea of "relativism" which acknowledges the particularity of local tradition, as well as religion, and the rights of the people to practice what they believe as culturally appropriate. This article hence will answer the question, "in what way relativism overcome universalism in the process of internalization of global norms on anti-FGM in Gorontalo, Indonesia?"

Interplay of rationality and morality in using ChatGPT for academic misconduct

ABSTRACT ChatGPT’s capability to generate original content on any topic represents a concern for academic institutions, since students can plagiarise the AI-created content with a low probability of being caught. While prior research on academic misconduct emphasized the combined effects of perceived costs and benefits in explaining students’ decisions to cheat, the low detectability of ChatGPT-based plagiarism significantly reduces the cost of being caught, making rational choice theory less powerful in explaining academic misconduct in the AI era. Considering the effects of both rational decision-making and moral considerations, this study shows that individuals experiencing moral disengagement are more likely to engage in ChatGPT-based plagiarism. Other significant predictors include perceived benefits, punishment severity, and informal sanctions. Furthermore, moral disengagement enhances the effects of formal sanctions on ChatGPT-based plagiarism. The results have implications for professors, academic administrators, and plagiarism detection software designers to enforce academic integrity in the ChatGPT era.

Underpricing And Herding Behaviour Ipo Stock In Covid-19 Pandemic At Indonesian Stock Exchange

AbstractThis study aims to empirically test whether there is underpricing and herding behavior in companies that have just IPO on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020. The selection in 2020 is because the stock exchange experiences high trading volatility due to the crisis impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a market adjusted return approach in calculating underpricing, and uses the Chang, Cheng, and Khorana (CCK) method to indicate the occurrence of herding behavior in IPO shares on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The significance level used in the study was 5%. The results show that there is an underpricing phenomenon in companies whose IPOs are on the IDX and there is no evidence of herding behavior by investors on IPO shares on the IDX. Investors are advised to invest in IPO shares, especially during the pandemic and make rational considerations in making investment decisions in the capital market. Keywords: Underpricing, Herding Behavior, IPO Shares, Pandemic, Capital Market

Base‐Ionizable Anionic NHC Ligands in Pd‐catalyzed Reactions of Aryl Chlorides

AbstractAryl chlorides, due to their affordability and accessibility, are preferred reagents in Pd‐catalyzed arylation reactions. However, the reactivity of aryl chlorides is often lower than that of aryl bromides and iodides due to the significantly higher barriers of the oxidative addition stage. This research introduces a novel design for NHC ligands, which notably enhances the efficiency of Pd/NHC catalytic systems in reactions where the oxidative addition of aryl chloride is the rate‐limiting step. This design leverages the synergy between specific steric characteristics and the anionic nature of the newly fashioned 1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐ylidene ligands. These ligands, inspired by Nitron‐type designs, can be ionized under basic conditions due to their NH‐acidic aryl(alkyl)amino groups. Detailed experimental and DFT studies revealed that the deprotonation of these NHCs promotes electron donation to the metal center, promoting the oxidative addition of aryl chloride. The specially optimized ATPr ligand, featuring 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl groups, displayed remarkable catalytic efficacy in the Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction and improved outcomes in ketone α‐arylation and Buchwald‐Hartwig reactions with unactivated aryl chlorides. The insights and strategies established in this study provide rational considerations for further advancements in NHC designs and their applications in metal‐catalyzed reactions.

How does perceptions of social justice affect farmers' political participation?-Evidence from China.

Ronald Inglehart's postmaterialist theory suggests that with the advancement of industrialization and economic prosperity, there will be a significant transformation in people's societal values. Concurrently, their forms of political participation shift from conventional activities to unconventional politic activities. However, most research on this topic has been predominantly focused on Western countries. In fact, rural farmers in China serve as an excellent experimental group for testing this theory since they have experienced rapid economic growth while still being deeply influenced by traditional authoritarianism culture.Using a sample of 6,689 respondents from the 2019 Chinese Social Survey (CSS) and employing a Binary Logistic Regression Model, we discovered that Chinese farmers' perception of overall societal justice exhibits a U-shaped relationship with various forms of political participation. Specifically, it shows a significant negative correlation with non-institutional political participation, such as contact-officer participation, but a significant positive correlation with institutional political participation types like community participation and election participation.Our further research indicates that the three subtypes of perception of societal justice are significantly negatively correlated only with non-institutional political participation, while their statistical relationship with institutional political participation is not significant. We believe that the underlying reason for this phenomenon lies in the unique interpretation of societal justice within Chinese traditional culture. Additionally, through a comparative analysis of models on political participation behavior and willingness, we found that despite significant inequalities and disparities in institutional structures and levels of economic development between rural and urban areas in China, rational considerations of the risks and costs associated with defying the government deter Chinese farmers from engaging in non-institutional politic activities unless their emotional resentment towards unjust practices reaches a certain threshold.

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RUSSIAN INVASION TO UKRAINE: INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT'S RESPONSE BY INCREASING FUEL PRICES IN 2022

This study aims to explain how the response of the Indonesian government by increasing the price of fuel oil (BBM) because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. By using the theory of the decision-making process, this article discusses how the Indonesian government formulates and implements policies regarding the increase in fuel prices as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine which resulted in a supply shock and an increase in world crude oil prices. This article may be the first article that discusses in detail the Indonesian government's response to the increase in world crude oil prices, along with a discussion of the response of the affected Indonesian people. This article uses a qualitative research method, with data collection techniques using literature, and data processing from Twitter is done with NVivo 12 Plus which produces Word Cloud data. The Indonesian government's response to the raising of subsidized fuel prices was caused by several rational considerations that had two sides, namely advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that by increasing fuel prices, the government can reduce the burden that must be borne by the state budget. The losses incurred are the burden on the lower middle-class people in meeting their needs for fuel, both for mobility and other needs. The Indonesian government adopts policies that maintain the stability of the country's economy by providing social assistance to the people so that people's fuel needs are still met.

Design, Synthesis, Evaluation and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Dengue Virus NS5-RdRp Inhibitors.

Dengue virus (DENV) is a major mosquito-borne human pathogen in tropical countries; however, there are currently no targeted antiviral treatments for DENV infection. Compounds 27 and 29 have been reported to be allosteric inhibitors of DENV RdRp with potent inhibitory effects. In this study, the structures of compounds 27 and 29 were optimized using computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches. Nine novel compounds were synthesized based on rational considerations, including molecular docking scores, free energy of binding to receptor proteins, predicted Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) parameters, structural diversity, and feasibility of synthesis. Subsequently, the anti-DENV activity was assessed. In the cytopathic effect (CPE) assay conducted on BHK-21 cells using the DENV2 NGC strain, both SW-b and SW-d demonstrated comparable or superior activity against DENV2, with IC50 values of 3.58 ± 0.29 μM and 23.94 ± 1.00 μM, respectively, compared to that of compound 27 (IC50 = 19.67 ± 1.12 μM). Importantly, both SW-b and SW-d exhibited low cytotoxicity, with CC50 values of 24.65 μmol and 133.70 μmol, respectively, resulting in selectivity indices of 6.89 and 5.58, respectively. Furthermore, when compared to the positive control compound 3'-dATP (IC50 = 30.09 ± 8.26 μM), SW-b and SW-d displayed superior inhibitory activity in an enzyme inhibitory assay, with IC50 values of 11.54 ± 1.30 μM and 13.54 ± 0.32 μM, respectively. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations elucidated the mode of action of SW-b and SW-d, highlighting their ability to enhance π-π packing interactions between benzene rings and residue W795 in the S1 fragment, compared to compounds 27 and 29. Although the transacylsulphonamide fragment reduced the interaction between T794 and NH, it augmented the interaction between R729 and T794. In summary, our study underscores the potential of SW-b and SW-d as allosteric inhibitors targeting the DENV NS5 RdRp domain. However, further in vivo studies are warranted to assess their pharmacology and toxicity profiles.

Model Of Rational And Emotional Decision Making In The First Purchase Of Cosmetics

Background: Consumers face both positive and negative impacts when buying a product for the first time. Existing studies emphasize the rational aspects in making decisions to buy cosmetics. Buying cosmetics will include liking the product (emotional aspect) and the good effects obtained from buying the product, in addition to rational considerations such as product safety (rational aspect). This study aims to determine the effect of cognitive and emotional orientation models in making decisions to buy cosmetics for the first time. Objective: This study examines the rational and emotional aspects of buying a cosmetic product for the first time. Method: This research involved 131 consumers who either bought cosmetics for the first time or a new product. Consumer age ranges were from 18 to 22 years. Respondents have used cosmetics for up to 3 years. Respondents were selected using accidental sampling. Results: showed that rational and emotional considerations significantly contribute to purchasing decisions. Consumers not only consider the benefits of these cosmetics, but also pay attention to their feelings towards these products. Conclusion: Consideration of emotional and rational aspects will influence purchasing decisions. The preferences and positive expectations consumers feel will be a more dominant factor than fear of risk. Producers need to communicate information that can make consumers happy in addition to product functions. Keywords: Ratio Considerations, Emotional Considerations, Purchasing Decision-making

Believing in conspiracy theories in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic: Drivers and public health implications

Conspiracy theories jeopardize public health by disseminating misinformation and undermining authoritative health guidelines. This study explores social factors associated with the belief in conspiracy theories in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Max Weber, it posits that beliefs in conspiracy theories are linked to both instrumental rationality considerations, such as trust in health authorities, science, and pharmaceutical companies, as well as value-rationality based factors, such as ideological orientation. The study analyzes recent, nationally representative survey data and is the first to examine the social predictors of belief in conspiracy theories in Spain during the pandemic. The findings highlight that conspiracy theory beliefs are (a) associated with considerably worse vaccination behaviors, (b) not or only very weakly associated with standard demographics such as age, sex, or education, (c) related to instrumental rationality considerations, and (d) only weakly related to value-rationality indicators such as ideological and religious affiliations. In conclusion, the study underscores the significance of public health policies that specifically address conspiracy theory convictions, and to that end, advocates for the application of a Weberian sociological perspective to better understand the diverse rationalities underlying these beliefs, particularly in the absence of discernible demographic predictors.

What Determines the Class of Immunity an Antigen Induces? A Foundational Question Whose Rational Consideration Has Been Undermined by the Information Overload.

Activated CD4 T helper cells are required to activate B cells to produce antibody and CD8 T cells to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In the absence of such help, antigens inactivate B cells and CD8 T cells. Thus, the activation or inactivation of CD4 T cells determines whether immune responses are generated, or potentially ablated. Most consider that the activation of CD4 T cells requires an antigen-dependent signal, signal 1, as well as a critical costimulatory signal, initiated when a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) engages with a danger- or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (DAMP or PAMP). Most also envisage that the nature of the DAMP/PAMP signal determines the Th subset predominantly generated and so the class of immunity predominantly induced. I argue that this framework is implausible as it is incompatible with diverse observations of the variables of immunization affecting the class of immunity induced. An alternative framework, the threshold hypothesis, posits that different levels of antigen mediated CD4 T cell interactions lead to the generation of different Th subsets and so different classes of immunity, that it is compatible with these observations. This alternative supports a rational approach to preventing and treating diverse clinical conditions associated with infectious disease and, more speculatively, with cancer.