Ration Card Research Articles

An observational study on menstrual hygiene practices among adolescents girls attending zilla parishad high school at Kommadi village in Visakhapatnam

Under RMNCH+A strategy, adolescent health program is relatively a new concept, particularly for female gender, and has been considered to be a continuum of health services up to adolescent age. The priority interventions among adolescent girls are, nutrition, Adolescent Friendly Health clinics (AFHCs), Counselling, Menstrual hygiene and preventive health checkups. Menstrual hygiene component has been taken for the present study among the adolescent girls in a Zilla Parishad High School aged 10 to 19 years. Rastriya Kishora Swastya Karyakram (RKSK) is broader one including both gender for distinct health services in India. : To study the association of various socio- economic and cultural practices influencing the usage of sanitary napkins by menstruating adolescent school girls. : Cross sectional study among menstruating adolescent girls in a Zilla Parishad High School at Kommadi village. 198 adolescent girls were randomly selected for study using semi structured questionnaire. Each menstruating girl is questioned categorically (yes/no) as per the structured questionnaire covering socio economic status, literacy of mother, awareness about ASHA etc. Appropriate statistical tests like frequencies, percentages and chi-square tests are applied to analyse and interpret the collected data.Socio-demographic factors of the target population in the community from where the adolescent girls attending zilla Parishad High school were subjected to study and found that 19(22%) adolescent girls having white ration card are using sanitary napkin. 46% of sanitary napkin users in our study are aware of using cloth available in the house during menstruation. 39 (52%) adolescent girls using sanitary napkin are aware of ASHA worker visiting their colony. One of the family members, either mother or elder sister being a member in Self Help Group in the colony is influencing the usage of sanitary napkin 46 (50.5%). Habit of Over-the-Counter drugs usage in the family has significantly (55%) influenced the adolescent school girls in using sanitary napkin. School drop-outs 51(62.9%) are also observed among sanitary napkin users during menstruation.: The usage of sanitary napkin replacing the traditional home-made cloth is highly essential for proper menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls attending the school regularly without drop out. The role of ASHA workers and other paramedical staff in the community cannot be undermined.

ACCESS AND QUALITY OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN KARNATAKA

The primary objectives of this study are to evaluate the access to and quality of education in Karnataka and to understand the socio-economic conditions Karnataka. Conducted in the Kalyana-Karnataka region, this study employed a primary survey method based on interview schedules. The findings reveal significant socio-economic factors affecting students, including their rural or urban backgrounds, religion, social group, land ownership, and type of ration card. Key factors influencing access and quality of education encompass the medium of instruction, type of school, infrastructure, school distance, reading ability, academic performance, and proficiency in mathematics. KEYWORDS: Socio-Economic condition, Access, Quality, and School infrastructure

Relative contribution of biomedical, demographic, and socioeconomic factors to COVID-19 vaccine receipt in rural India.

In the first year of roll-out, vaccination for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevented almost 20 million deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Yet, little is known about the factors influencing access to vaccination at the individual level within rural poor settings of low-income countries. The aim of this study was to examine determinants of vaccine receipt in rural India. A census of a rural village in Tamil Nadu was undertaken from June 2021 to September 2022. We surveyed 775 participants from 262 households. Household-level data on socioeconomic status (SES), water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, and individual-level demographic information, travel history, and biomedical data, including anthropometry, vital signs, and comorbidities, were collected. Logistic regression models with 5-fold cross-validation were used to identify the biomedical, demographic, and socioeconomic determinants of vaccine receipt and the timing of receipt within the first 30 days of eligibility. Vaccine ineligible participants were excluded leaving 659 eligible participants. There were 650 eligible participants with complete biomedical, demographic, and socioeconomic data. There were 68.0% and 34.0% of individuals (N = 650) who had received one and two vaccine doses, respectively. Participants with household ownership of a permanent account number (PAN) or ration card were 2.15 (95% CI:1.32-3.52) or 3.02 (95% CI:1.72-5.29) times more likely to receive at least one vaccine dose compared to households with no ownership of such cards. Participants employed as housewives or self-employed non-agricultural workers were 65% (95% CI:0.19-0.67) or 59% (95% CI:0.22-0.76) less likely to receive at least one vaccine dose compared to salaried workers. Household PAN card ownership, occupation and age were linked to the timing of vaccine receipt. Participants aged ≤18 and 45-60 years were 17.74 (95% CI:5.07-62.03) and 5.51 (95% CI:2.74-11.10) times more likely to receive a vaccine within 30 days of eligibility compared to 19-44-year-olds. Biomedical factors including BMI, vital signs, comorbidities, and COVID-19 specific symptoms were not consistently associated with vaccine receipt or timing of receipt. No support was found that travel history, contact with COVID-19 cases, and hospital admissions influenced vaccine receipt or timing of receipt. Factors linked to SES were linked to vaccine receipt, more so than biomedical factors which were targeted by vaccine policies. Future research should explore if government interventions including vaccine mandates, barriers to vaccine access, or peer influence linked to workplace or targeted vaccine promotion campaigns underpin these findings.

Food Supply in Bashkortostan during Great Patriotic War: Failures and Violations

This study examines the disruptions in the operations of state trade enterprises and consumer cooperatives in providing food to the population of Bashkortostan during the Great Patriotic War. The article is based on unpublished documents from the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as materials from periodicals. It is revealed that the weakening of the state’s control functions led to an increase in embezzlement and theft in trade and public catering enterprises. The combination of reduced trade turnover and the rise in abuses within the supply system resulted in severe food shortages. Supply disruptions affected workers, officials, evacuated populations, children, and medical institutions. Various abuses are discussed, including food ration card counterfeiting, different forms of self-supply, and instances of double provisioning. Attention is given to violations in accounting for population groups and inflated supply norms. It is established that combating abuses in the supply system was complicated by the involvement of enterprise leaders, shop workers, accountants, and representatives of auditing bodies in criminal activities. The conclusion is drawn that despite numerous violations, the supply system only minimally provided essential food items to the population of Bashkortostan with interruptions and not in full.

Socio-Economic and Health Consequences of COVID-19 on Indian Migrants: A Landscape Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic has hugely affected the world and human lives, the economy, and lifestyles. The pandemic control measures, such as lockdowns, forced many people to migrate from their destination to their source in various states, leading to increased vulnerability of migrants. The present review aimed to explore the different health, economic, and social impacts on internal migrants of India during the pandemic. The publications on internal migration and COVID-19 from India were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 159 articles were extracted, of which 28 were reviewed. The articles published after March 1, 2020, were included in the review, irrespective of the design. Out of 28 articles, only half were original studies; the rest were either perspective, opinion, and review studies or editorial and commentary papers. Depression, anxiety, and stress due to job loss and lockdown were the major health issues documented. There was livelihood disturbance due to loss of income, such as inability to pay rent, loans, borrowing from relatives, and fear of its consequences. The migrants also faced stigma and discrimination from the villagers. The review also highlighted that although the government implemented various schemes to help the migrants, the majority were left out due to the non-availability of identity proof and ration cards. The safeguarding measures for these unregistered migrants must be facilitated to access health, economic, and social protection. Although various publications have focused on the mental health of the migrants, the socio-ecological aspects have been least explored, which calls for further studies. The literature on the impact of COVID-19 on other vulnerable populations like women and children and access to healthcare services is also scant, which needs to be explored further.

IJCM_57A: Assessment of quality of Sleep among working women of an urban area in Ernakulam district-A cross-sectional study

Background: Women from diverse backgrounds in India are now employed, facing challenges that impact their sleep and well-being. The demands of their jobs, extended working hours, family responsibilities, lifestyle changes, and various socio-demographic factors make unwinding and falling asleep difficult. Objective: The study was conducted to assess the quality of sleep and the sociodemographic factors affecting it among the working women of an urban area in Ernakulam District, Kerala. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 141working women aged 18 years and above residing at Perumbavoor municipality of Ernakulam district. Women who were paid wages for their work were considered as working women. From the 27 wards in the Perumbavoor municipality 14 wards were selected randomly. From each selected ward 10 households were sampled by systematic random sampling. If more than one working woman was found in a house only one woman was interviewed. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess the quality of sleep. Results: 69.5% of the working women belonged to the age-group of 30-39 years, 80.1% belonged to APL category by colour of ration card, 90.1% were married, 22% worked for more than 8 hours and 11% worked in night shifts. Poor sleep quality was seen in 70.9 % of working women with mean PSQI Score 6.17(SD + 2.68).76.37% married women had poor sleep quality compared to 21.4%of unmarried/widowed women (?2=18.46, d f=1, p<.0001). Conclusion: The study suggests poor quality of sleep among working women. Counselling sessions could help them set up a daily routine that will help them improve their sleep patterns.

From Ration Cards and Refugee Camps: Bureaucracy, Domesticity, and the 'Bleak House' that Modern Architecture Built During and After World War I

Histories of architecture and WWI have often placed wartime advances in mechanization and standardization at the center of analysis, emphasizing how they opened new fields of inquiry in the aftermath of global conflict. These accounts, many written by leading apologists for interwar modernism, have concluded that materials and technologies breathed life into a period that was itself deemed a new beginning. This notion of a distinct break with the past and a start to a promising new era veils, obscures, and erases the violence and atrocities of the war. In a context where, as we argue, the social and material repercussions of World War I continued well into the 1920s, Elizabeth Povinelli, Sharika Thiranagama, and Jim Sykes’ writings on the concept of the ‘bleak house’ are illuminating. They posit that war characterized not only by obviously violent acts but also by the creation of ‘exhausted social worlds’. The perceived fracture between the wartime and postwar worlds served a particular purpose in rationalizing massive suffering. Indeed, the interwoven bureaucratic, militaristic, ... War I formed the very basis of interwar architecture culture. Amidst the wreckage, designers, economists, planners, and military personnel forged not a new world but an extension of wartime physical and mental geographies disguised in utopian community building.

“Who Could Be Strong When Hungry?”: Food Supply and Nutrition of the Civilian Population in Maribor at the End of and after World War I

Abstract The end of World War I brought not only the end of a great slaughter but also the creation of new countries, great expectations of better living conditions, and the promise of an end of scarcity. In Maribor, a contested border town occupied by Slovenian troops and annexed to the newly established State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, expectations were even higher. A part of the population opposed the town's annexation to the newly established state and compared the living conditions at home with those in Austria. As early as November 1918, the Slovene City Food Council was established in Maribor to feed the city's population. It introduced measures similar to those introduced during the war, such as food ration cards. Despite these measures, food shortages and hunger were part of everyday life, especially in the winter of 1918–19. This article discusses civilians' survival strategies, as well as continuities and discontinuities between wartime and postwar measures to improve the food supply. It shows that despite the efforts of the new Yugoslav authorities, they often continued wartime practices and food remained of poor quality and difficult to access for most of the population throughout 1919.

An epidemiological study of the determinants and patterns of complementary feeding practices among children of 6-24 months of age group.

The introduction of complementary food is the most important factor determining the nutritional status of the children in the first 2 years of life. This study aimed to find out the determinants and patterns of complementary feeding practices and their impact on the growth and development of children of 6-24 months of age group. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on immunization out patient department (OPD) in the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine. The sample size taken was 250 using a systematic random sampling method. One hundred and seven (42.8%) were given the optimum amount of complementary food for their age. One hundred and three (41.2%) were fed with an adequate frequency for their age. One hundred and ninety-five (78.0%) were given food that was appropriate in consistency for their age. Among 183 (73.2%) children who were not fed appropriately during and after their illness episodes, 119 (65.0%) were malnourished. On using logistic regression it was seen that the variables which had statistically significant association with the complementary feeding patterns (P<0.05) were maternal education, father's age, total members in the family, advice on complementary feeding from health care workers and use of bottle for feeding. Father's education, availability of ration card, antenatal counselling on childcare, birth order and history of repeated illness in the past did not show statistically significant association with complementary feeding practices (P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the feeding patterns of normal and malnourished children. The association of complementary feeding practices and the anthropometric status of study children was not found statistically significant in the present study. Advice on complementary feeding from healthcare workers is seen to be having a positive impact on complementary feeding practices (P < 0.01).

Combating economic crime in Ukraine in 1946–1949

The author examines the topical and insufficiently researched in historical and legal science issue of the causes and manifestations of economic crime in Ukraine in the first post-war years (1946–1949) and the main aspects of police activity in combating these types of crimes. The departments for combating theft of socialist property and speculation were responsible for combating economic crime. In 1947, the Department for combating the theft of socialist property of the Main Police Department was reorganised into the Administration. Taking advantage of the consumer goods shortage, which reached its peak in the first post-war years (1946–1949), and the circumstances created by the famine of 1946–1947, criminals stole grain, robbed food and industrial warehouses, and resold goods at inflated prices (speculation). The situation with economic crime was particularly difficult in early 1947, when the sowing campaign was underway. The most common crimes were the following: 1) maliciously delaying the repair of agricultural machinery, allegedly due to the lack of spare parts and specialists; 2) theft of grain during its transportation and sowing by persons responsible for this (weighers, field crew leaders, guards); 3) theft of seeds and fuel by security guards; 4) theft and embezzlement of seeds by officials of collective and state farms and subsidiary farms; 5) theft of seed by reducing the seeding rate and theft of fuel due to lack of control over its consumption; 6) theft of seeds by employees of storage facilities with their subsequent resale at markets at speculative prices; 7) creation of surplus seeds by weighing, moistening, writing off for drying, and increasing waste during sorting. The monetary reform in December 1947 and the abolition of the ration card system reduced the overall number of crimes related to the theft of socialist property to a certain extent, as these measures eliminated such crimes as speculation in food and commodity cards and the production of counterfeit cards and food coupons. In order to improve the situation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs demanded that work on the theft of socialist property be intensified on the ground, and that more active agent work be carried out in this area.

Исторические этапы и модели общественного управления граждан по месту жительства в России (1914–1937 гг.)

The article examines the historical types of public self-government of citizens at the place of residence, which developed in the first half of the XX century in our country. In the process of development of territorial self-government, two periods are distinguished: from 1914 to 1921 and from 1921 to 1937. The first of them is characterized by a model of self-organization of residents, which was implemented in house committees and new social movements of workers. The created structures did not deal with policy issues, they were responsible for the problems of regulating the relationship between the owner and the tenant, exploiting tenants’ joint prop-erty, assistance to city self-government in the implementation of municipal tasks and, in some periods, the dis-tribution of ration cards among members. The model of residents’ self-governance emphasized in the second phase was represented by housing associations and various public committees. They remained in charge of the maintenance and operation of houses with maximum involvement of citizens in the process of control and management of the housing.

A Digital Forensics Model for the Examination of QR Code and Android App to Investigate Aadhaar Card Identity Fraud

There are various new-age crime rackets reported with the help of digital technology and such cases are routinely investigated by the police and digital forensics analysts. In the course of investigation of different rackets such as Aadhaar card, ATM card, PAN card, ration card, voter identity card, passport, fake Indian currency note, various electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops, desktops, biometric scanners, GPS devices, SIM cards, portable skimmers and hi-tech printers are usually taken from the fraudsters for digital forensics analysis. In one case, some Aadhaar cards, mobile phones, laptops, SIM cards and memory card were seized from some suspected airline passengers by the law enforcement agency. All the key probe elements were received for digital forensics examination. In this paper, we propose a digital forensics model for decoding a distorted QR code and specialized Android app used in the creation of fake Aadhaar cards. This model comprised a new algorithm to decode QR codes and recovery of background data including resources associated with the QR code. The proposed model was tested with a QR code retrieved from a suspect’s laptop and Aadhaar card document. The Android app used for preparation of fake Aadhaar card was analyzed in our model and also checked in a mobile phone to verify data generated through the app. The result of the analysis detects fake Aadhaar cards. Further, examination of mobile phones and laptops revealed various technical data, supporting link evidence for preparing disputed fake Aadhaar cards for ID proof.

‘Because They Were Jews!’ The Postwar Artworks of David Friedmann as Eyewitness Testimonies

ABSTRACT This essay presents the work of David Friedman(n) (1893–1980), a renowned Berlin artist whose successful prewar career abruptly ended when Hitler came to power. He was banned from his profession, chased from his home, and his first wife and daughter were murdered. The Nazis looted his work and destroyed his promising career. Friedmann survived the Lodz ghetto and Auschwitz to paint again. First shown in Český Dub, Czechoslovakia on January 27, 1946, then in Western Bohemia, Prague, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, this cycle was one of the first exhibitions of Holocaust art in the world. Friedmann's exhibitions at former Sudetenland towns in Western Bohemia were utilized as a ‘denazification’ tool by local education councils. Announcements and posters invited Slav nationals to a celebratory opening and viewing of the exhibition – with compulsory attendance for ethnic-Germans over the age of fifteen years. Every visitor paid admission. Germans failing to appear did not receive their ration cards. Town officials gladly offered the necessary exhibition halls, for it was in their own interest to show to the Germans still living there, scenes from the ghetto and the concentration camps, by the hand of an artist as witness. When asked, David Friedmann explained his paintings to Sudeten Germans unwilling to believe their countrymen had perpetrated such atrocities against the Jews. Friedman translated his haunting memories into more than 100 works and titled his series, ‘Because They Were Jews!’ Personalized descriptions supplement his artwork creating a singularly detailed pictorial and written record of the Holocaust. Friedman continued to fight antisemitism and racial prejudice by educating the public with his Holocaust art exhibitions.

Predictors of Change in the Anemia Status Among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Following Anti-tuberculosis Treatment in Puducherry, India.

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is commonly associated with reversible peripheral blood abnormalities. The evolution of tuberculosis (TB)-associated anemia with anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) has not been well elucidated. This study aimed to compare the hematological profiles at the start and end of the ATT among new sputum smear-positive (NSP) PTB patients in Puducherry, India. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 10 urban primary health centers of Puducherry from 2017 to 2020. All the NSP PTB participants aged ≥18 years registered under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) were contacted within two weeks of the start of the ATT. All eligible participants were enrolled, and they were followed up till the end of ATT (180 days). Hematological profiles and anthropometric measurements were compared at the start and end of the ATT. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess the predictors of changes in the anemia status at the start and end of the ATT. Results Out of 176 NSP PTB participants, 145 were followed up after treatment. Initially, 63% (111/176) patients had anemia, which decreased to 44% (64/145) by the end of treatment. The risk factors for a negative change in hemoglobin levels were female gender, below poverty level, underweight, and reduced iron intake. The adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) were 1.53 (1.24-1.88), 1.18 (1.01-1.38), 1.29 (1.02-1.64), and 1.26 (1.05-1.51),respectively. Conclusion ATT may lead to the resolution of TB-associated anemia. Moreover, female gender, possession of a red ration card, being underweight, and reduced iron intake were identified as risk factors for negative changes in hemoglobin levels during treatment.

Implementing unique identification technology: The journey and success story of Aadhaar in India

The Aadhaar number has become a basic identification system for all Indian residents and is used for all purposes from air ticket booking, to ration cards and opening bank accounts. The purpose of Aadhaar in India started with a basic need to provide access to public services and Government benefits. But currently, Aadhaar is considered as a high potential, technology-enabled unique identification system that upholds the financial inclusion agenda for the Government of India. Further, its usage is growing day by day like making UPI transactions with only the Aadhaar number and linking many financial systems with Aadhaar. Implementing Aadhaar in a massive country like India is not an easy task but the Unique Identification Authority of India achieved it effectively with strong backing from the Government. This case discusses the origin, features, penetration and growth of Aadhaar and its role in financial inclusion. It also examines similar identification systems in other countries. The case deliberates the challenges faced in the implementation of Aadhaar in India.

Providing Nutrition for Residents of Tyumen during Great Patriotic War

The article examines the problem of organizing centralized and additional food supply for the population during the Great Patriotic War, using the example of the rear city of Tyumen. The functioning of retail trade and the ration card system are studied. Examples of mutually beneficial cooperation between the city and the village in the context of the topic under consideration are provided. The authors characterize the public catering system, both for children and adults, as well as the organization of subsidiary farms and individual gardens. Attention is paid to food procurement and targeted assistance to those in need, as well as the participation of various categories of the population in this work, such as labor collectives, schoolchildren, etc. Conclusions are drawn about the main trends in the organization of food supply to the city’s residents. These include the efforts of central and local authorities to provide the population with the necessary minimum of food, proactive actions by city residents and entire enterprises to solve the food problem, and efforts to combat abuse. The relevance of the study is determined by the enduring importance of food security as an element of national security. The main sources of the work are materials from the newspaper “Krasnoe Znamya,” as well as documents from the archives of the region and the Tyumen Museum-Education Organization, some of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Radio Frequency Identification Based Ration Distribution System

Ration card plays a vital role for the household details such as to get gas connection, family member details, it acts as address proof etc. In this paper, we have proposed a smart ration card system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technique and IoT to prevent the malpractices and corruption in the current ration distribution system. In this system conventional ration card will be replaced by a unique RFID tag. This RFID tag will be verified at the fair price shop for the authentication of the user. The user’s identity will be verified by microcontroller which is connected to an Amazon Web Services (AWS) database. For added security One Time Password (OTP) is also sent to user’s registered mobile number which needs to be entered in the system. If user is found to be authentic then monthly quota of the ration available for the user is displayed. After successful transaction the database will be updated stating the ration content delivered to the user. This system will require very less human efforts for operation and is also very secure. By implementing this system government can keep track of all the delivered ration content very easily. Keywords- RFID; IoT, Microcontroller, AWS, OTP

Advance Ration Distribution System Using IOT and GSM

Abstract: Ration card is very important for every house and it is used in various fields, it acts as a proof for details of family members, it helps in getting a gas connection, it can be used as a proof of address for various purposes etc. People having a ration card can buy various groceries such as rice, wheat, coconut oil etc. specified for them from the ration shops. Present ration system has Some imperfections, so we are trying to automate and upgrade the Ration Distribution System by our project. In this project, we have proposed an Automated Ration Material Distribution System based of Fingerprint/RFID login technology instead of traditional ration cards to get ration materials which uses manually hand written quantity feeding in the card but in our project, we have upgraded that part using IOT mail and SMS which will also reduce the effort of writing and carrying that old ration card but also it is time Consuming

‘Omelette Without Eggs’: Eating Under War and Dictatorship

During the Dutch Hunger Winter (1944–5), a woman sold ration cards on the Noordplein, one of the busiest streets in Rotterdam. She was paid twenty guilders for each ration card. Her buyers, in turn, resold the coupons for sugar, butter or bread separately in order to make a higher profit. They could make up to 150 guilders per ration card. Not far from there, in Amsterdam, people went to the corner of Rozendwarsstraat to fraudulently buy coupons for bread or wheat cake on the black market. Anyone with seven guilders could buy a slice. Considering that some people only earned twenty-two guilders a week, not everyone could afford to go to the black market for extra calories. Both of these stories were told by women who survived the Dutch Hunger Winter, and are included in Ingrid de Zwarte's recent monograph. They illustrate some of the important contributions that have emerged from recent historical works in the related fields of Hunger and Food Studies. They demonstrate the agency of ordinary and marginalised subjects, particularly women, in the face of scarcity. They reveal the importance of the coping strategies people developed, which allows us to think of these individuals beyond their traditional status as passive victims of scarcity. And they show us how, in the context of hunger and famine, ideas of what was normal or acceptable behaviour could be transformed.

E-Ration Distribution System Based on QR-Code

Abstract: Ration cards are essential for many households as they provide access to necessities such as food and fuel. However, the existing ration distribution system has one main drawback: fraudulence, where distributors sell materials to unauthorized customers. In this paper, we propose an E-Ration distribution system based on QR-code to address these issues. The proposed system uses QR-codes on ration cards, which when scanned provide details about the customer and distributor as well as the available ration. To implement the system, we develop an application that tracks the distribution of ration and logs its status. The application also allows for easy monitoring of stock levels and distribution records, which can be accessed by authorized personnel. This minimizes the human intervention as much as possible to make the system efficient and cost-effective.