Saturated Fatty Acid Ratio Research Articles

Trans-10 shifted ruminal biohydrogenation and its implications for ruminant milk and meat fat content and quality

Feeding high-grain diets is a common practice in intensive ruminant production systems to meet animal energy requirements and maximize feed efficiency. One of the consequences of these diets is trans (t)10 shifted ruminal biohydrogenation, which includes increased formation of t10-18:1 and t10,cis (c)12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10,c12-CLA) at the expense of t11-18:1 and c9,t11-CLA. In dairy cows, the t10 shift has been associated with milk fat depression. In beef cattle, the t10 shift has not been associated with negative effects on animal performance or marbling fat deposition, however, it may negatively impact meat fat eating quality by decreasing its cis monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio. Finally, the t10 shift increases t10-18:1 accumulation in ruminant-derived foods (dairy, beef and lamb) which at high enough levels may compromise the nutritional quality of these foods. The present review will cover our current understanding of the rumen microbes involved in the t10 shift and its implications for milk fat synthesis and beef fat quality.

Effect of initial quality of oil and thermal processing on oxidation indexes in canned tuna

The content of fatty acids and the ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids are essential parameters for determining the nutritional value of oils. The main objective of this study was to identify the oxidation changes of three vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, and olive oil) at two qualitative levels in the canned tuna product before and after the thermal process. The progress of oil oxidation was assessed by measuring peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (AV), malonaldehyde (MDA) content, Conjugated dienes (CDs), and conjugated trienes (CTs), p-anisidine value, total free acidity, INTOX and TOTOX values. The results indicated that the quality of oil extracted from canned fish changes according to the type of oil (p < 0.01). A decrease in the peroxide value during the thermal process (<2 meq O2/kg oil in olive and soybean oil), indicated that this parameter is not suitable for showing product quality and oxidation progress, lonely. Secondary products of oxidation, in soybean oil under sterilization caused an increase of p-anisidine value (149) but in olive and sunflower oil heating caused a rise of MDA content. Acidity value was an index that increased after heating all types of oil and all types of quality and seemed to be more reliable for determination of the quality of oil in canned tuna (p < 0.01).

Reducing the oil absorption and oil deterioration in fried apple slices by ultrasound integrated in infrared frying

The effects of integrated ultrasonic infrared frying (USIF) on the oil absorption of apple slices and the oil deterioration were studied with frequency of 28 and 40 kHz, respectively. Results showed that the heat transfer and moisture migration was accelerated by the integrated ultrasound in IF. The soluble Gal-A content and esterification degree of pectin was increased, the damages of pectin crystal structure and chemical structure in side chain was aggravated. These damages to pectin were intensified with higher frequency (40 kHz) of ultrasound. Lower retention of phenols was found in USIF apple slices, but the flavonoids content had no significant change compared to CF samples. USIF samples showed a smoother morphology, and the pore volume and porosity were reduced by ultrasonication applied with 28 kHz but increased with 40 kHz. The largest volume fraction of pores was changed from 100-250 μm in IF to 0.02–10 μm and 10–100 μm by the integrated ultrasound at 28 kHz and 40 kHz samples, respectively. The total oil uptake in USIF samples was reduced by 24.9 %–33.2 % compared to the conventional fried (CF) samples, and achieved the lowest with the frequency of 40 kHz. The surficial and structural oil were also decreased by 39.2 %-51.3 % and 20.9 %–32.3 %, respectively. The peroxide value, acid value, carbonyl value, polar component, and the saturated fatty acids ratio of oil in repeated frying for 16 h was reduced in USIF, especially with ultrasonication 40 kHz. These results indicate that USIF is a promising method for producing novel low-oil apple fries.

Direct Extraction of Lipids, β-Carotene, and Polyphenolic Compounds from Wet Microalga Dunaliella salina by Liquefied Dimethyl Ether.

Extraction of lipids and high-value products from highly wet microalgae requires significant energy for the drying pretreatment. In this study, we examined the direct extraction of lipids, β-carotene, and polyphenolic compounds from wet Dunaliella salina using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME), which is effective in lipid extraction for biofuel production. The amount of DME-extracted β-carotene was 7.0 mg/g, which was higher than that obtained from the chloroform-methanol extraction. Moreover, the total phenolic content extracted with DME and its antioxidant capacity were slightly higher than those extracted with chloroform-methanol. DME removed almost all the water and extracted 29.2 wt% of total lipids and 9.7 wt% of fatty acids. More lipids were extracted from wet samples by liquefied DME than by chloroform-methanol extraction. The C/N ratio of lipids extracted with DME was 112.0, higher than that of chloroform-methanol. The high C/N ratio suggests that nitrogen-containing phosphatidylcholines may be less easily extracted by liquefied DME and may be highly selective. However, the ratio of saturated fatty acids was 34.8%, lower than that of chloroform-methanol. Na+ and Mg2+ in the culture medium were not extracted using DME. Thus, using the extract with DME has both advantages and disadvantages compared to using the extract with chloroform-methanol; however, it has satisfactory extraction properties. DME is expected to be an environment-friendly alternative solvent because it does not require drying, which is necessary for conventional extraction solvents.

Genetically predicted blood metabolites mediate relationships between gut microbiota and ovarian cancer: a Mendelian randomization study.

While there is evidence that gut microbiota (GM) and blood metabolites are associated with ovarian cancer (OC), the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unclear. This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to elucidate the causal connections between GM, blood metabolite biomarkers, and OC. In this study, we leveraged summary data for GM (5,959 individuals with genotype-matched GM), blood metabolites (233 circulating metabolic traits with 136,016 participants), and OC (63,702 participants with 23,564 cases and 40,138 controls) from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We performed MR analysis to explore the causal relationship between GM and OC. Further, we harnessed univariable MR (UVMR) analysis to evaluate the causal associations between GM and circulating metabolites. Finally, we employed a two-step approach based on multivariable MR (MVMR) to evaluate the total genetic prediction effect of metabolites mediating the GM on the risk of OC to discover a potential causal relationship. In the MR analysis, 24 gut bacteria were causally associated with the pathogenesis of OC, including 10 gut bacteria (Dorea phocaeense, Succinivibrionaceae, Raoultella, Phascolarctobacterium sp003150755, Paenibacillus J, NK4A144, K10, UCG-010 sp003150215, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Planococcaceae) that were risk factors, and 14 gut bacteria (CAG-177 sp002438685, GCA-900066135 sp900066135, Enorma massiliensis, Odoribacter laneus, Ruminococcus E sp003521625, Streptococcus sanguinis, Turicibacter sp001543345, Bacillus velezensis, CAG-977, CyanobacteriaStaphylococcus A fleurettii, Caloranaerobacteraceae, RUG472 sp900319345, and CAG-269 sp001915995) that were protective factors. The UVMR analysis showed that these 24 positive gut bacteria were causally related to lipoproteins, lipids, and amino acids. According to the MVMR analysis, Enorma massiliensis could reduce the risk of OC by raising the total cholesterol to total lipids ratio in large low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesteryl esters to total lipids ratio in intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). Turicibacter sp001543345, however, could reduce the risk of OC by lowering free cholesterol in small high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and increasing the ratios of saturated fatty acids to total fatty acids, total cholesterol to total lipids ratio in very small very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and cholesteryl esters to total lipids ratio in very small VLDL. The current MR study provides evidence that genetically predicted blood metabolites can mediate relationships between GM and OC.

Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid/Saturated Fatty Acid Ratio and Different Amounts of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells.

(1) Background: Adipose tissue serves as a central repository for energy storage and is an endocrine organ capable of secreting various adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin. These adipokines exert profound influences on diverse physiological processes such as insulin sensitivity, appetite regulation, lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and body weight. Given the integral role of adipose tissue in metabolic regulation, it is imperative to investigate the effects of varying proportions and types of dietary fats on adipocyte function. In addition, our previous study showed that P/S = 5 and MUFA = 60% appeared to be beneficial in preventing white adipose tissue accumulation by decreasing plasma insulin levels and increasing hepatic lipolytic enzyme activities involved in β-oxidation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the effects of a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio of 5 and varying levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA = 30% or 60%) on lipogenesis. (2) Methods: We cultured 3T3-L1 mouse embryo fibroblasts in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% bovine calf serum until confluent. Varying ratios of palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), and linoleic acid (LA) were first bound with bovine serum albumin (BSA) before being applied to 3T3-L1 adipocytes in low doses and in high doses. (3) Results: Low doses of P/S ratio = 5, MUFA = 60% (M60) fatty acids decreased the accumulation of triglycerides in mature adipocytes by decreasing the mRNA expression of adipogenic factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), while increasing lipolytic enzyme (hormone-sensitive lipase, HSL) expression when compared to high doses of P/S ratio = 5, MUFA = 60% (M60), low and high doses of P/S ratio = 5, MUFA = 30% (M30). Furthermore, the treatment of M60 in low doses also decreased the secretion of leptin and increased the secretion of adiponectin in adipocytes. (4) Conclusions: The composition of P/S = 5, MUFA = 60% fatty acid in low doses appeared to result in anti-adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes due to the down-regulation of adipogenic effects and the transcription factor.

Is Nutrient Quality of the Locally-Existing, EAT-Lancet-like Plant-Based Diet Better or Worse than the Average Diet in Taiwan? An Example of Local Translation.

The EAT-Lancet commission advocated a planetary health diet in 2019. Some have raised concerns about its nutrient adequacy. This study used data from recent Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan-from 2017 to 2020 (n = 6538)-to assess food intake and nutrient adequacy among three red meat consumption levels (low/medium/high). The low red meat group, whose diet was similar to the EAT-Lancet reference, showed significantly higher/better levels of vitamins C and E, calcium, magnesium, sodium, dietary fiber, and the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio. However, protein, B vitamins, phosphorus for females, and zinc were slightly compromised, but they were still near or above 100% of the Daily Reference Intakes (DRIs), except for zinc (74~75%). The intake levels of vitamin D, calcium, and dietary fiber in all three groups at times did not reach 70% of the DRIs, but this was more pronounced in the high red meat group compared to the low red meat group. Replacing ultra-processed foods (UPFs) with whole/healthy foods improved levels of zinc, calcium, and dietary fiber, but not vitamin D. Finally, a proposed local planetary health dietary construct was provided, suggesting maintaining the original distribution of the food groups recommended by the Taiwan Food Guide while specifying amounts of protein sources in line with the EAT-Lancet principles. The proposed diet, according to our estimation and comparison with Taiwanese DRIs, was nearly perfect in its nutrient composition.

Phytohormone-induced changes in growth, physiology, and biochemistry of Aurantiochytrium sp. for sustainable bioproduction

The study aimed to assess the effects of nine combinations of phytohormones, salicylic acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA), and jasmonic acid (JA) on the growth, physiology, and biochemistry of Aurantiochytrium sp. Parameters like optical density (OD), biomass, protein content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase activity (CAT), and gene expression (malic enzyme (ME) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)) were assessed at various cultivation stages (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). The research also analyzed fatty acid composition, unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), and the UFA to SFA ratio (USS) to understand the biochemical changes induced by phytohormones. Results demonstrated that modifying phytohormone concentrations significantly affected the characteristics of the microalgae, particularly in correlation with different growth stages, emphasizing the necessity of precise control of phytohormone levels for optimizing cultivation conditions and enhancing bioactive compound production in Aurantiochytrium sp.

Diversity of fatty acids in different coral species collected in the coastal sea of Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa

The total of 15 coral samples belonging to soft coral species Sinularia flexibilis, hard coral Acropora sp., and the hydrocoral Millepora platypylla, were collected in the coastal sea of Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam. In these samples, 39 fatty acids were identified in which Sinularia flexibilis sample identified 26 fatty acids, Acropora sp. identified 27 fatty acids, and Millepora platyphylla has the most diverse fatty acid composition with 35 fatty acids. In the coral samples of S. flexibilis, the difference between the ratio of total saturated fatty acids and the polyunsaturated fatty acids was much smaller than that of the other two species. The n-3/n-6 ratio is the highest among Millepora species, up to 4.45; in S. flexibilis and Acropora, this ratio can be lower than 1. Fatty acids 16:0 and 18:0 are the two main fatty acids in total; the content varies between samples of different species but is quite similar amongst samples of the same species. Fatty acids characterized by symbiotic microalgae 16:2n-7, 18:3n-6, 18:4n-3 Fatty acids 18:3n-6 were absent in S. flexibilis samples, minor content in M. platyphylla samples, and relatively significant in Acropora sp. (from 7.07% to 9.59% total fatty acids). Two fatty acids 16:2n-7 and 18:4n-3 were present in all 3 species, the highest in the sample S. flexibilis. The tetracosapolyenoic fatty acids 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 are soft coral marker fatty acids, present in only 5 samples of S. flexibilis with 24:5n-6 content ranging from 2.56% to 5.58% total fatty acids, 24:6n-3 is much lower (0.24% to 0.76%). The two PUFAs with the highest concentration were 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3. 20:4n-6 was present in the total fatty acids of S. flexibilis with a quite high content (9.76% to 17.12% of the total axb), in contrast, the proportion was very low in five Millepora samples and five Acropora samples. 22:6n-3 was significantly high in the five Millepora samples (12.63% to 25.29% total fatty acids) and minor in the samples of the other two species.

Antibacterial mechanism of the methanol extract of Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) W. Culb against Staphylococcus aureus.

Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) W. Culb is a species of lichen with edible and medicinal applications in China. Our previous studies demonstrated that the methanol extract of Thamnolia subuliformis (METS) exhibits broad antibacterial activity and stability against foodborne pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of METS against Staphylococcus aureus using nontargeted metabolomics, focusing on cell wall and membrane damage. The results revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.625mg ml-1 and that METS had good biosafety at this concentration. METS caused significant damage to the cell wall and membrane integrity, based on both morphological observation by electron microscopy and the leakage of alkaline phosphatase, protein, and nucleic acid in the cell cultures. Treatment with METS at the MIC disrupted the lipid metabolism of S. aureus, causing a decrease in the metabolism of various phospholipids and sphingolipids in the cell membrane and an increase in the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, it influenced intracellular amino acid and energy metabolism. These results shed light on the antibacterial mechanism of METS against S. aureus while also serving as a reference for the further development of natural antibacterial compounds derived from Thamnolia subuliformis.

Sodium nitroprusside as a signal molecule for up-regulating membrane characteristics, antioxidant defense system to improve flax productivity under water stress

Water stress is a critical environmental adversity that significantly impacts the growth, development, and yield of flax plants. In this study, flax seeds were cultivated under different water irrigation requirements (WIR) (100%, 75%, and 50%) to investigate the effects of exogenously supplied nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as foliar treatments at concentrations of 0.0 ​mmol/L, 0.5 ​mmol/L, 1.0 ​mmol/L, and 2.0 ​mmol/L. Drought stress led to a significant decrease in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, yield components such as oil and total carbohydrate percentage. It also resulted in an increase in leaf H2O2 production, lipid peroxidation levels and activities of enzymatic antioxidants including polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate reductase enzymes. However, foliar application of SNP improved photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant defense system which mitigated the negative impact of water stress on growth and yield productivity by reducing oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species accumulation. The use of SNP also decreased H2O2 accumulation levels, lipid peroxidation levels, and improved membrane stability. SNP treatment at concentration of 2 ​mmol/L showed superior results compared to other concentrations with extremely significant increases observed in yield characteristics such as oil content, total carbohydrate percentages, and unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio.

The association between fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases: A mendelian randomization study

BackgroundThe current observational studies have disputed the relationship between various fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases, and the causal relationship between the two is still unclear. MethodsIn this study, we utilized the available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data on fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases from the IEU OpenGWAS project. After identifying the appropriate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables, we employed the MR-PRESSO outlier test to remove extreme values. Subsequently, we conducted a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and performed sensitivity analyses to ensure the reliability of the results. ResultsThe results of MR analysis suggest that ratio of saturated fatty acids to total fatty acids is positively correlated with the incidence rate of coronary heart disease (OR = 1.341, 95% CI = 1.016 - 1.769, P value = 0.038), monounsaturated fatty acid levels is negatively correlated with the incidence of stroke (OR = 0.800, 95% CI = 0.642 - 0.996, P value = 0.046), and docosahexaenoic acid levels is negatively correlated with the incidence of peripheral artery disease (OR= 0.747, 95% CI= 0.572 - 0.976, P value= 0.033). All results showed no heterogeneity or pleiotropy, but leave-one-out tests showed that the analysis results of some fatty acids were driven by a single SNP. ConclusionsThis study highlights the existence of causal relationships between fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases at the genetic level. These findings provide valuable insights for potential prevention measures and therapeutic targets for the three atherosclerotic diseases.

Comparative Nutritional and Histological Analysis of Malabar Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer).

This study offers a comprehensive morpho-histological analysis of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the Malabar red snapper. A comparison of its GIT morphology with that of the Asian seabass reveals similarities and differences between the two species. Additionally, the moisture content, crude protein, and ash in the fillets of Malabar red snapper and Asian seabass were slightly different, with Malabar red snapper exhibiting higher levels of essential fatty acids. Furthermore, higher levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio, and a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio, were observed in Malabar red snapper compared to Asian seabass. The Malabar red snapper's esophagus featured protective mechanisms such as simple columnar epithelial cells, mucous-secreting glands, and goblet cells that were predominantly stained for acid and neutral mucosubstances. Furthermore, its stomach, with mucus cells that were weakly stained for acid mucosubstances, exhibited distinct regions with varying glandular densities, with the pyloric region featuring few glands. The pyloric caeca of the fish were composed of five finger-like structures and few goblet cells. Several goblet cells gradually increased from the anterior to the posterior region of the intestine. These findings provide useful insights for the aquaculture sector, focusing on Malabar red snapper.

Phenological, Pomological, Biochemical and Physical Characteristics of Siirt Pistachio Variety (Pistacia vera L.) in Five Different Ecologies of Southeast Anatolia-Türkiye

ABSTRACT This study was conducted on Siirt Pistachio variety (Pistacia vera L.) grown in five different locations (Kahramanmaraş, Pazarcık, Gaziantep, Ceylanpınar and Siirt) for two years (2017 and 2018). Phenological (bud burst, beginning of flowering, full-bloom, and beginning of leafing end of flowering), pomological (fruit size, fruit weight, and color parameters), physical (split, unsplit fruit ratios, empty and full fruit ratio) and biochemical (total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and fatty acids) analyses were conducted. Total protein contents varied between 18.55% (Ceylanpınar) and 19.45% (Gaziantep); fatty acid contents between 52.80% (Siirt) and 54.25% (Gaziantep); saturated fatty acid ratios between 10.44% (Gaziantep) and 11.58% (Pazarcık); unsaturated fatty acid ratios between 88.42% (Pazarcık) and 89.56% (Gaziantep); saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid ratios between 7.64% (Pazarcık) and 8.58% (Gaziantep); total phenolics between 18.91 (Ceylanpınar) and 23.04 mg GAE/g; total flavonoids between 7.34 (Ceylanpınar) and 10.23 mg QE/g; antioxidant activity values between between 1.65 (Siirt) and 3.25 IC50 µg/ml (Kahramanmaraş). Principal component analysis revealed that four components had eigenvalues greater than 1. The first two components explained 64.6% of total variation. Oleic (−0.98) and linoleic (0.91) acids were the most effective parameters on the first component and kernel weight, a*, protein, arachidic, gonolic acids, Mg, P and Zn were the most effective parameters on the second component. Present findings can guide new studies to be done with this species.

The Effect of Water Stress on Bioactive Compounds in Australian-Grown Black Sesame

Sesame is an emerging crop of interest in Australia and has attracted widespread interest due to the health-benefitting properties of its bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, lignans, and polyphenols. This study aimed to investigate the impact of drought stress on these bioactive compounds, using eleven cultivars of black sesame seeds grown in Australia. Specific varieties responded positively to water deficit (WD) conditions, showing increased levels of TPC, FRAP, CUPRAC, and lignans. Varieties 1, 4, 7, and 12 showed significantly increased FRAP values ranging from 158.02 ± 10.43 to 195.22 ± 9.63 mg TE/100 g DW in the WD treatment compared to the well-watered (WW) treatment, whereas varieties 7, 10, 12, 13, and 18 demonstrated the highest CUPRAC values of all varieties (2584.86 ± 99.68–2969.56 ± 159.72 mg TE/100 g) across both WW and WD conditions, with no significant variations between irrigation regimes. Moreover, lignan contents (sesamin and sesamolin) were higher in varieties 1, 2, 5, and 8 grown in WD conditions. Compared to the optimal unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (Σ UFA/Σ SFA ratio) of 0.45, all sesame genotypes showed superior ratios (ranging between 1.86 and 2.34). Moreover, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio varied from 33.7–65.5, with lower ratios in varieties 2, 4, 5, 8, and 18 under WD conditions. The high levels of phenolic compounds and healthy fats suggest the potential of black sesame to be incorporated into diets as a functional food. Furthermore, the enhanced phytochemistry of these cultivars in WD conditions is promising for widespread adoption. However, larger trial studies to confirm these findings across different geographic locations and seasons are warranted.

Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles of commercially important traditional and new improved red and white rice varieties of Sri Lanka

The present study evaluated saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (FA) profiles of seven new improved and three traditional red and white rice varieties (RV) of Sri Lanka. Oil was extracted from whole grain rice flour, derivatized to methyl esters, and analyzed by gas chromatography (n = 3 each). Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in FA profiles among the RV, red vs white RV, and traditional vs new improved RV. The oil % of RV varied from 1.94–3.19%. Total FAs, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), total unsaturated FAs, and PUFAs to SFAs ratios of studied RV varied from 19.40–31.90, 4.40–7.04, 8.35–13.60, 6.65–11.26 and 15.00–24.86 mg/g of rice and 1.44–1.83 respectively. The tested RV had four omega-6 FAs while omega-3 FAs were absent. The major FAs found in all RV were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids and these three FAs together contributed to 88–95% of the total FAs present in rice. Among these FAs, 70–76% were unsaturated FAs. Considering all, RV consisting of healthy fatty acid profiles could be identified by studying their total fatty acid profile rather than studying their oil % and the total fatty acid contents.

High-energy ultrasound improves culture activity, polyunsaturated fatty acids and in-vitro protein digestibility in probiotic yogurt

The effect of ultrasound (US) on viable, bacteria counts, free fatty acid and amino acid content and in vitro protein digestibility of set-type probiotic yogurts produced with fortification of milk proteins (caseinate and whey protein concentrate) or skimmed milk powder (SMP) was investigated. US application increased the protein content of probiotic yogurts and enhanced the growth of yogurt bacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and the probiotic bacterium, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12), in yogurt samples. All US-treated groups had higher probiotic counts between 8.44 and 8.61 log cfu/g than their counterpart controls at the end of storage. One- or two- stage US application reduced the saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio by up to 19% and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio of probiotic yogurts by up to 40%. At the beginning and end of storage, one-stage US applied Y2 and YP2 groups had the highest PUFA ratio as 36.86, 33.25 and 25.10, 20.03%, respectively, but it did not affect the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) ratio. It also positively affected the in vitro protein digestibility, and total amino acid amounts of probiotic yogurts in pre- and post-digestion. The soluble protein ratios of all US-treated samples were higher both at the beginning and end of storage. Industrial relevanceUltrasound is a promising approach in dairy technology. The results obtained in this study can help to improve the probiotic viability, antioxidant capacity, PUFA content, and digestibility of proteins in dairy products by US treatment and provide an opportunity for US-treated dairy products in the functional food market. Ultrasound is a so- called green technology because it is environmentally friendly, and the use of ultrasound in production will positively affect consumer preferences. In addition, obtained data may be beneficial for the industrial use of this technology.

Investigation of the ability of fat emulsification in the production of spread

The article examines the main technological parameters of spread production, since the development of formulations for functional emulsion products and their production technology is an urgent task for the food industry. Currently, it is necessary to provide the population with low-calorie products, the organoleptic properties of which do not differ from traditional ones. When creating formulations for emulsion products, technological parameters are first taken into account. Compliance with the correct technological parameters leads to stable organoleptic properties during long-term storage. To do this, the ingredients are selected in such a way that when they interact, they produce a stable product. Since it is possible to obtain emulsion products of the desired composition with different ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as to change the content of various additives, it is natural that the attention of specialists is focused on the effective use of technical capabilities. industries in the production of products for different age groups of the population, as well as functional nutrition. Based on the emulsion study, micrographs were taken of different types of emulsion at different process parameters. Dispersion of the milk-fat phase “Butter: vegetable oil” is carried out until an emulsion of the “Solid” type with a fat globule size of 61.9 microns is obtained, which is carried out with mechanical stirring at a rotation speed of an anchor-type mixer of 110 - 150 rpm. The physicochemical and crystallization properties of the finished product were also studied. The purpose of this study is to study technological parameters in the production of spreads and their impact on the process of formation of fat emulsion balls.

Production and meat quality traits of genetically lean immunocastrated pigs naturally divergent for loin tenderness.

Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) is a quantitative measurement of meat toughness that has great impact on the consumer acceptability of meat. This study was conducted to evaluate growth performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics, and fatty acids profile of longissimus lumborum (LL) intramuscular fat (IMF) of pigs that are genetically divergent for WBSF. Based on WBSF values of the LL from a previous study, 12 immunocastrated male pigs selected from 96 pigs were divided into two groups with high WBSF (53.28 to 42.50 N) and low WBSF (37.27 to 27.79 N). Although high-WBSF pigs tended to have improved (P = 0.08) gain-to-feed ratio, overall performance was similar between WBSF groups. High-WBSF pigs also tended to have higher (P = 0.09) cooling loss and lean percentage as well as decreased (P = 0.08) 10th-rib backfat depth than low-WBSF pigs. Loins from high-WBSF pigs tended to have lower (P = 0.07) IMF content and higher (P = 0.09) cooking loss than low-WBSF pigs. Compared to low-WBSF pigs, IMF of the LL from high-WBSF pigs had lower (P = 0.05) percentage of oleic acid and tended to have a decreased (P = 0.07) percentage of total monounsaturated fatty acids. Loins from pigs with high WBSF tended to have increased (P = 0.09) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content and had higher (P = 0.03) PUFA: saturated fatty acid ratio than low-WBSF pigs. Selecting pigs for pork tenderness could potentially conflict with lean growth efficiency and a healthier fatty acids profile for human consumption.

Complex bioconversion of secondary products of processing pea flour into fodder yeast

The purpose of the research is to develop a comprehensive bioconversion of secondary processing products (SPP) of pea flour: liquid whey and insoluble starch-protein residue (ISPR), formed during the isolation of food protein concentrate (PC) using various enzyme preparations. The research was carried out in 2021-2023. The bioconversion of whey and ISPR into fodder yeast (FY) was performed with the association of cultures of S. cerevisiae 121 and G. candidum 977 (1:1). There was created a mathematical model of the dependence of biomass growth on whey on technological factors, and the optimal parameters were determined: pH, temperature, amount of inoculum. In the process of biomass synthesis microorganisms absorbed glucose, xylose, galactose, fructose from whey. The parameters of ISPR hydrolysis and the conditions for its joint bioconversion with whey with the same microorganisms were established: the amount of residue added to the mass of whey, pH, temperature, process duration, pressure. With insoluble starch-protein residue hydrolyzed at pH 1.8, the amount of protein in the biomass increased by 2.2 times, reducing sugars – by 6.1 times, compared with the original whey. At the same time, glucose and maltose were absorbed. Dry FYs contained 51.09-61.68 % protein, 2-8 % lipids, and ash content 5-8 % per dry matter. The amino acid score of proteins was 90-247 %, the ratio of saturated (23.5 %) and unsaturated fatty acids (71.67 %) – 1:3, omega-6 fatty acids – 19.73 %, trans-isomers – 5.0 %. Yeast is rich in sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc. The mass fraction of nucleic acids and heavy metals in FYs were within the normal range, in vitro digestibility was 85.73-89.74 %. The data indicated the expediency of utilization of pea flour secondary processing products into high-quality FY by comprehensive bioconversion.