Revenue Ratio Research Articles

The Relationship Between EBIT/Total Revenue and Annual Returns: A Study of Leading Technology Companies

This study examines the relationship between Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)/Total Revenue and annual returns for four leading technology companies: Amazon (AMZN), Alibaba (BABA), Google (GOOG), and Baidu (BIDU). Using data from Yahoo Finance from 2018 to 2022 and applying regression analysis, the study finds a significant positive relationship between EBIT/Total Revenue ratios and annual returns. This suggests that higher EBIT/Total Revenue ratios may be associated with better annual returns. However, limitations include a narrow sample size and time frame, which may affect the generalizability of the results. Future research should consider a broader sample and longer time periods.

A simple model of internal and external balance for resource‐rich developing countries

AbstractWe present a simple model of internal and external balance that incorporates key features of resource‐rich developing countries (RRDCs). The main result is that ‘government take’—the ratio of fiscal resource revenue to resource output—is a key determinant of the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) in these countries. Examining the case of Papua New Guinea, which has grappled with foreign exchange restrictions since 2015, we find that about half of the RER overvaluation estimated at 26% in 2019 would disappear if the current low level of government take was to be lifted to its long‐term average. The analysis has two key takeaways for RRDCs. First, changes in the government take require adjustments to the RER and fiscal policy to maintain internal and external balance. Second, economic adjustments to falls in the take are difficult; therefore, policies seeking to stabilise the take over time to promote macroeconomic stability are recommended.

Web Data Analytics and Tools - A Review

The objective of web analytics is to function as a business metric for promoting specific products to the purchasers who are presumably to shop for them and to work out which products a selected customer is presumably to get. This helps improve the ratio of revenue to marketing costs.In addition to those features, web analytics may track the clickthrough and drill down behavior of consumers within an internet site, determine the sites from which customers most frequently arrive, and communicate with browsers to track and analyze online behavior. The results of web analytics are provided within the sort of tables, charts and graphs.

STRATEGY TO INCREASE THE TAX RATIO THROUGH DIGITAL ECONOMY TAXATION: REVIEW OF LESSONS FROM ASEAN COUNTRIES

This study aims to investigate the effect of tax increase strategies on the Tax Revenue Ratio, moderated by the Digital Economy in Indonesia. The data used is panel data consisting of 60 observations over a specific period. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression methods and other statistical tests to examine the research hypotheses. The analysis results indicate that, although there are initially intriguing indications, there is insufficient statistical evidence to support a significant effect of the tax increase strategy on the Tax Revenue Ratio within the context of the sample studied. Similarly, the Digital Economy does not appear to have a significant influence on the Tax Revenue Ratio. Additionally, there is no significant moderating effect of the Digital Economy on the relationship between the tax increase strategy and the Tax Revenue Ratio. Nonetheless, this study's findings provide valuable insights for further understanding the dynamics between tax strategies, the digital economy, and the Tax Revenue Ratio. The policy implications of these findings underscore the need for further research and a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the Tax Revenue Ratio in Indonesia, particularly in facing the challenges and opportunities of the continuously evolving digital economy. Keywords: Tax Increase Strategy, Digital Economy, State Tax Revenue, Tax Policy, Digital Economy Dynamics

Analyzing and Measuring the Impact of Financial Policy on Bank Credit in Iraq

This study dealt with the basics of government spending, public revenues, and public loans as indicators of financial policy and bank credit, in addition to explaining the relationship between these variables in Iraq for the period (2005-2021), by analyzing the reality of the study variables economically and analogically, the descriptive approach was used in analyzing Data for financial policy indicators and bank credit, where bank credit (BC) was analyzed as a dependent variable, and public spending (GS), public revenues (GR) and public loans (GL) were analyzed as independent variables, and according to the Dickey-Fuller test (ADF), it was found that the degree of integration of the study variables is A mixture of type (0)I and type (1)I, and thus the model was estimated according to the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology, thus, the model was estimated according to the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology, and according to the bounds test for co-integration, it was revealed that there was a co-integration relationship for the model, and the estimated model was successful in all standard goodness tests (autocorrelation, heterogeneity of variance, normal distribution of residuals), in addition to that it was Stable according to the CUSUM and CUSUM SQ tests. The most important results of the study were that the relationship of both public revenues and public loans in the two terms to bank credit was positive, but the relationship of government spending in the two terms was inverse, and that all of these relationships were significant. The credit provided to the public sector witnessed a continuous increase throughout the study period, while the percentage of credit provided to the government was increasing at the expense of a continuous decrease in the percentage of credit provided to public institutions, the percentage of credit provided to the public sector witnessed a decline compared to the increase in the percentage of credit provided to the public sector out of total credit. Cash, both public revenues and government spending in Iraq were negatively affected by the financial, security and health crises, but bank credit was positively affected by the same crises. The study came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which was: Iraq should work to diversify its sources of income and reduce its dependence on crude oil and its revenues in forming its public revenues and public spending, which fluctuate with the fluctuation of global oil prices, increasing with its rise and decreasing with its fall, Iraq must work to increase the proportion of investment spending to Total government spending, Iraq must also work to reduce dependence on its oil revenues and work to increase the ratio of non-oil revenues to total public

Fiscal policy and inclusive growth in Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of fiscal policy on inclusive growth in Nigeria from 1985-2022. Secondary data on the human development index, the ratio of total tax revenue to GDP, total government expenditure, inequality, and government expenditure on infrastructure and education were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique was employed as the main analytical tool. The ARDL Bounds test showed that in the long run, government expenditure on infrastructure, and education, has a positive and insignificant relationship with inclusive growth (human development index) in Nigeria. Also, total government expenditure and the ratio of total tax revenue to GDP have a negative and insignificant relationship with inclusive growth (human development index) in Nigeria. Interestingly, inequality has a negative and significant relationship with inclusive growth (human development index) in Nigeria. In the short run, the ratio of total tax revenue to GDP and government expenditure on infrastructure has a negative and significant relationship with inclusive growth (human development index) in Nigeria. At the same time, government expenditure on education, total government expenditure, and inequality has a positive and significant relationship with inclusive growth (human development index) in Nigeria. These results highlight the vital role that responsible fiscal policy management plays in promoting sustainable development and inclusive growth. The study recommended a need to augment tax revenue, enhance capital investment, and address income inequality to bolster inclusive growth efforts in the country further.

Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

This study aims to determine the analysis of government financial performance in increasing PAD in East Nusa Tenggara Province. The type of research used in this study is descriptive with a quantitative research approach. The source of data in this study is secondary data with document study data collection techniques. The technical data used in this research is secondary data with data collection techniques of document study. The data analysis techniques used are financial independence ratio analysis, financial effectiveness and efficiency ratio analysis and financial decentralization ratio analysis. The results of this research show that the Regional Financial Independence Ratio during the 2019-2023 period has slightly increased. However, the level of independence is still relatively low because there is still a dominant role of the central government. The Regional Original Revenue (PAD) Effectiveness Ratio in NTT Province during the 2019-2023 period can be categorized as less effective. The Efficiency Ratio of Regional Original Revenue (PAD) shows that the financial performance of the NTT Province government can be categorized as very efficient. For the average ratio of the degree of decentralization within a period of 5 (five) years, it has slightly increased every year, but its financial capacity is still in the less capable category.

ANALISIS KOMPARASI KINERJA KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DENGAN OPINI WAJAR TANPA PENGECUALIAN DAN OPINI WAJAR DENGAN PENGECUALIAN DI PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA

This research is entitled Comparative Analysis of the financial performance of local governments with unqualified opinion and qualified opinion in Southeast Sulawesi Province. The aim is to find out the Comparative Financial Performance of local governments with unqualified opinion and fair opinion with exceptions in Southeast Sulawesi Province. The method of analysis is to use a comparative descriptive method, namely describing the financial performance of local governments that obtain WTP Opinions and WDP Opinions and using financial ratios. The results showed that the Independence Ratio obtained the Unqualified Opinion and the WDP Opinion were still low or instructive, the Effectiveness Ratio obtained the Unqualified Opinion and the WDP Opinion were each very effective, the Efficiency Ratio obtained the Unqualified Opinion was less efficient, while obtaining the WDP Opinion was quite efficient, the Compatibility Ratio obtained the Unqualified Opinion and the WDP Opinion each prioritized operating expenditure over capital expenditure; and the Growth Ratio of Regional Original Revenue (PAD) obtained the Unqualified Opinion and the WDP Opinion each still experiencing a fluctuating growth trend

Fiscal decentralization and economic growth: Empirical evidence from European countries

In this paper we empirically investigate the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in the European countries, using panel dataset for 31 European countries, over the period 1972-2012. Our empirical results indicate that fiscal decentralization, quantitatively measured as the ratio of local government expenditures and revenues in general government expenditures and revenues has a favorable impact on economic growth in the European countries and also that revenue decentralization is shown to be more effective than expenditure decentralization in terms of stimulating economic growth. Further, our empirical results also suggest that the relationship between decentralization and economic growth is nonlinear, i.e. there is a certain optimal level of fiscal decentralization in terms of economic growth. This means that fiscal decentralization is expected to have a more pronounced positive impact on growth in less decentralized countries, while in more decentralized countries, a further increase in decentralization starts to hinder economic growth. In addition, the growth-enhancing effect of fiscal decentralization is even strongly confirmed in our subsample of advanced European countries, when long termed effect of decentralization was examined. Therefore, compared with our previous findings on the impact of fiscal decentralization on growth in Central and Eastern European countries, we find that fiscal decentralization has a different impact on economic growth in advanced European countries vis-à-vis Central and Eastern European countries, i.e., while it enhances growth in the former, it hindered growth in the latter.

Factors Affecting the Income Curly Red Chili Farmers in Bocek Village, Karangploso Sub-District, Malang Regency

Bocek Village. once produced 1.650 tons of red chillies in 2017. However. the problem that farmers often complain about is price fluctuations. which affect farmers' income. Other factors are land area. production yields. and production costs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of income. feasibility and factors that influence red chili farming income. This research is a descriptive-quantitative study with a population of 207 farmers and a sample of 37 farmers determined through simple random sampling through a questionnaire instrument and analyzed using the revenue formula (total revenue = production obtained x selling price). production cost formula (total cost = fixed cost + variable cost) . the revenue formula (revenue = total revenue – total cost). and the feasibility formula (R/C). The results of the study stated that the average level of red chili farming income at the research location was 129.609.150 per year. This was obtained from an average total revenue of 178.647.297 and an average total production cost of 49.038.147 per season or per year. Furthermore. the results of this farming feasibility assessment were declared feasible based on the value of the ratio of revenues and production costs of 3.64> 1.

Uniform agricultural tax abolition and differential household labor supply: Evidence from China's urban household survey

Uniform government public policy has steadily shaped the labor supply from households in the past few decades in China with possible differential impact on each parent. This paper investigates how uniform tax policy change plays differential roles in household's labor supply through government public education spending. Utilizing the exogenous shock from China's agricultural tax abolition in 2005, we find that the abolition results in a reduction in female employment but an increase in male employment. Specifically, a 1% increase of agricultural tax to public revenue ratio in the reference year leads to a 0.485% labor supply reduction and 1.50 fewer hours of work per month for married women, whereas the married men's labor supply increases by 0.191% and their working hours by 1.06 h in a typical urban family with school-going children. The effects are greater on married women with primary school-age children and married men from high-asset households. Our mechanism analysis indicates that public education spending works as a substitute for private education spending and affects the household labor supply through investment in children's human capital. Our findings offer a new perspective on the decreasing female labor supply and the widening employment gap between (married) women and (married) men in the Chinese labor market. The findings suggest that public tax policy could lead to unintended consequences on household's labor supply decisions, and thus exacerbate the gender employment gap in the labor market.

The Role of the Government's Self- Depth in Bearing Financial Pressures in Iraq for the Period (2006-2022)

This study aimed at analyzing the government's self-financing depth in withstanding financial pressures in Iraq during the period (2006-2022). The study assumed that increasing government's financial capacity was having a positive impact on facing financial pressures of public expenditure burdens and economic non-stability in Iraq. The study relied on the inductive and data analysis method to verify the hypothesis of the study and access to results. With reference to the use of the ratio of oil revenues to GDP as deputy for self- financing depth due to the Iraqi government's heavy reliance on oil revenues to finance the general budget. It also used the following indicators as deputy financial pressure: the ratio of public expenditure, consumption, investment, and public debt to gross domestic product, tax effort index, monetary stability coefficient index and exchange rate discipline index. The study found that the financial capacity of the Iraqi government relied heavily on volatile self-financing depending on the volatility of oil revenues in financing current expenditures, which reduced the financial capacity to stand financial pressure. It’s reflected in the government's high financial burden and the existence of economic non-stability (inflation pressure, external debt pressure, foreign currency exchange pressure) in Iraq. Paper type: Research paper.

Determinants of banking crises (Fragility) in the Malawian banking sector

This paper studies the determinants of banking crises or fragility in Malawi. In this study we modelled banking crisis conditions in a developing country banking sector applying a Logistic Regression model using data for Malawi for the period 1980 to 2022. We embedded banking crisis dummy, bank specific and macroeconomic drivers of crisis in the model. Our study finds that under crisis conditions macroeconomic, monetary and fiscal drivers such as the ratio of external debt stock to gross national income ratio, debt service costs to primary export revenue ratio, broad money to GDP ratio, changes in real interest rates, growth in real GDP, total reserves to GDP ratio has a negative and significant impact on banking crisis and fragility in Malawi. These findings are important for policy makers especially in an environment where fiscal dominance is prevalent and drives a significant build up of domestic debt (treasury assets) on the banks’ balance sheets.

Impact of Indirect Tax on the Gross Domestic Product of Nepalese Economy

This study investigated the impact of indirect tax on GDP in Nepal from fiscal year 2057/2058 to 2078/2079 based on empirical evidence. Descriptive and analysis research designed was used. To meet this objective, time series macroeconomic data of GDP and indirect tax were used. Data are collected from economic survey, ministry of finance. The ordinary Least Square technique was employed to test the hypotheses formulated. The result shows that indirect tax contributes significantly to GDP. During the periods under review, the growth rate of indirect tax revenue was 16.52 % on average and the average ratio of indirect tax revenue to that of GDP was 9.98 %. The coefficient of determination was 98.4 %. P-value is very low (p < 0.001). The hypothesis suggests a positive relationship between indirect tax revenue and GDP in Nepal. The regression model indicates significance, rejecting the null hypothesis. Indirect tax revenue plays a crucial role in Nepal's GDP. The findings also reveal that there is the existence of both a positive and strong relationship between indirect tax revenue and GDP. Hence, the Government of Nepal should search for a way to boost the revenue from indirect tax by mostly supporting the configurations of networks among all the agencies of government and taxing authorities of the federal level, each providence, and local bodies to meet the growth and to facilitate public services for the country.

PERFORMANCE OF CATFISH (CLARIASGARIEPINUS) FARMING IN IKORODU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

Background: In a growing nation like Nigeria, where millions of its teeming people suffer from malnutrition, the need for proper nutrition is especially important. Nigerians consume a lot of fish, with a 3.6 million metric ton annual demand. Yet, there is a national demand-supply mismatch of 2.5 million metric tons, and imports are used to make up the difference at a cost of about 625 million US dollars annually. Hence, the demand-supply gap can be effectively closed by starting widespread small- and large-scale fish production.Objective: The study examined the Per for mance of catfish, Clarias gariepinus farming in Ikorodu Local Government area, Lagos State, Nigeria.Methods: 50 randomly selected far mer s from the Ikorodu LGA completed a standardized questionnaire to gather the primary data for the analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an assessment of net farm revenue.Results: The results of the budgetary analysis showed that the total cost (TC) of ₦4,234,313 ($9,993.27) was incurred, total revenue (TR) of ₦4,953,125 ($11,689.71) and a returning gross margin (GM) of ₦787,312.50 ($1,858.11) were attained. The benefit-cost ratio was 1.17, the rate of return on investment was 0.17, the gross revenue ratio was 0.16 and an operating ratio of 0.84. This indicates that catfish farming is marginally profitable due to the high cost of fish feed which was 84 % of the total cost of production in the study area

Geothermal harvest from a CO2 storage Reservoir: Coupled impacts of geological channel length and horizontal well configuration

Partial stored CO2 in a suitable geological reservoir could be used as the heat-bearing media to harvest geothermal energy, as a CO2 utilization method integrated with sequestration. Impacts of geological heterogeneity on CO2 sequestration or water-based geothermal production have been widely recognized and extensively studied. However, very limited studies have been conducted to investigate its impact on this emerging CO2-circulated geothermal harvest. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impacts of a particular heterogeneity type, channel structures in parallel with a horizontal well couplet, on the performance of CO2 circulation and geothermal extraction from thin-layered reservoir blocks. Particularly, the coupled impacts of channel length, horizontal well length, well space, and reservoir extension on the system performance are quantitatively evaluated by response surface models and global sensitivity analysis. The results demonstrate that channels with lengths of 250–500 m and 2000 m lead to the worst and best system performance, respectively. Injection-production well space is identified as the most sensitive parameter, and 700 m is found optimal for system cost-efficiency. Well lengths show moderate impacts on the performance metrics. Lateral boundary cell volume magnifier affects CO2 storage considerably, and 60 is identified as a cost-efficient value for the license area of the integrated system. It is also found that both channel and well lengths are negatively correlated to the CO2 storage/injection ratio, an indicator of the revenue ratio between CO2 storage credit and geothermal energy sales. The findings could be a useful guidance for implementation of CO2-circulated geothermal development in the similar reservoirs of this study.

PENGARUH RASIO BIAYA OPERASIONAL PENDAPATAN OPERASIONAL (BOPO) DAN NON PERFORMING FINANCING (NPF) TERHADAP NET OPERATING MARGIN (NOM) PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH YANG TERDAFTAR DI OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN (OJK)

The Financial Services Authority is a state administration tasked with administering a system of regulation and supervision of all activities in the financial sector, such as the banking sector, capital market and non-bank financial services sector, such as insurance, pension funds, financing institutions and others. The phenomenon of a decrease in the net operating margin of Islamic banks attracted the author's interest to investigate further. This purpose of this study is to determine the effect of operating expense on operating revenue ratio (BOPO) and non performing financing (NPF) on the net operating margin (NOM) of Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) registered on the OJK, either partially or simultaneously. This study uses quantitative methods with secondary data in the form of financial statements. The population are 12 BUS, but the sample used are only 6 BUS for 5 years with purposive sampling method. The analytical technique used is data normality test, product moment correlation test, multiple correlation test, multiple regression test, coefficient of determination test, t test and F test. The results of t test indicate that BOPO has a significant effect partially on NOM, while NPF has no significant effect partially on NOM. The results of the F test show that the BOPO and NPF have a significant effect simultaneously on NOM with a percentage coefficient of determination is 69.8%.

Pengaruh FDI Dan Kontribusi Sektor Jasa Terhadap Penerimaan Pajak Dengan Pemoderasi Kualitas Peraturan

According to several reports from the international monetary authority, countries belonging to Sub-Saharan Africa still maintain their tax ratio below the threshold of 15%. In fact, the structure of tax revenues in many of these countries has improved in several periods. The slow growth of domestic revenue mobilization, the increase in the debt-to-GDP ratio and the occurrence of a budget deficit are clear manifestations that the tax policy needs to be reformed. This study focuses on analyzing the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), the contribution of the Service Sector and the ratio of tax revenues in 33 countries in Sub Saharan Africa during the 2002-2019 period. Through a quantitative approach, this study uses multiple linear regression methods on panel data with the Fixed Effect Model estimation. The research results strongly state that all dependent variables can be explained by the independent variable by 89.19%. As independent variables, FDI and the contribution of the service sector are moderated by the regulatory quality variable. The conclusion stated FDI has a significant positive effect on tax revenues. However, the contribution of the service sector has a negative coefficient values but does not have a significant effect on tax revenues. This study also uses government effectiveness and the industrial sector's contribution to GDP as control variables.

Financial Performance Analysis of Local Government: A Case Study on Karanganyar Regency

The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial ratios of the Karanganyar Local Government Budget Realization Report for the 2017-2022 fiscal year, with a quantitative descriptive method at the Local Finance Agency (BKD) of Karanganyar Regency. Data were sourced from the budget realization reports, scientific articles, and interviews. Data were collected through document analysis and interviews. The components analyzed include the financial independence ratio, financial growth ratio, effectiveness ratio of original local government revenue (PAD), and local financial efficiency ratio. This study has found a low financial independence ratio of an average of 23.62%. The average PAD growth ratio was 5.14%, local income was 1.98%, operational expenditure was 1.80%, and capital expenditure was 3.72%. The PAD effectiveness ratio was classified as very effective with an average of 107.22%, and the financial efficiency ratio showed a moderate level with an average of 87.17%. This study concludes that the financial performance of the Local Government of Karanganyar Regency needs to be improved. The researchers recommend the government diversify sources of income, evaluate project management, and utilize information technology. Thus, this study provides guidance for the Local Government of Karanganyar Regency in improving the local financial performance.

Application of Optimization Algorithms for Leakage Identification for Data Sparse Old Town

Numerous cities developed in the 20th century have a Water Distribution Network(WDN) with decade-old pipes. Aging pipelines can leak with lower the water revenue ratio, thus resulting in waste and economic losses. In this study, new methods for localizing leakage in WDNs are proposed and tested. Two meta-heuristic methods based on Harmony Search(HS) and Genetic Algorithm(GA) are developed to detect leakage of WDNs through an evaluation of emitter coefficients. The old town of G-Town in South Korea has a 50-year-old WDN and a low water revenue ratio. High quality field measurements in G-Town allowed detailed testing of optimization methods based on emitter coefficients for leakage detection. As a result, both GA and HS yielded comparable outputs. The HS method performed with slightly better accuracy in minimizing the objective function than GA after about 1,000 iterations. Leakage detection becomes fairly accurate after approximately 30 minutes of optimization and pipe networks with more than 100 pipes and 50 nodes require more iterations and calculation time.