Ratio Of Reaction Products Research Articles

Observations of gas-phase products from the nitrate-radical-initiated oxidation of four monoterpenes

Abstract. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry with the nitrate reagent ion (NO3- CIMS) was used to investigate the products of the nitrate radical (NO3) initiated oxidation of four monoterpenes in laboratory chamber experiments. α-Pinene, β-pinene, Δ-3-carene, and α-thujene were studied. The major gas-phase species produced in each system were distinctly different, showing the effect of monoterpene structure on the oxidation mechanism and further elucidating the contributions of these species to particle formation and growth. By comparing groupings of products based on the ratios of elements in the general formula CwHxNyOz, the relative importance of specific mechanistic pathways (fragmentation, termination, and radical rearrangement) can be assessed for each system. Additionally, the measured time series of the highly oxidized reaction products provide insights into the ratio of relative production and loss rates of the high-molecular-weight products of the Δ-3-carene system. The measured effective O:C ratios of reaction products were anticorrelated with new particle formation intensity and number concentration for each system; however, the monomer : dimer ratios of products had a small positive trend. Gas-phase yields of oxidation products measured by NO3- CIMS correlated with particle number concentrations for each monoterpene system, with the exception of α-thujene, which produced a considerable amount of low-volatility products but no particles. Species-resolved wall loss was measured with NO3- CIMS and found to be highly variable among oxidized reaction products in our stainless steel chamber.

Microstructure and Catalytic Activity of Melt Spun Al-Cu-Fe Ribbons

The Al65Cu20Fe15 (in at.%) rapidly solidified ribbon in the form of brittle flakes was produced by melt-spinning technique. It consists the cell or dendrites of the icosahedral quasicrystalline I-phase surrounded by copper rich cubic τ-Al(Cu, Fe). The pulverized ribbon (fraction <32 μm) was subjected to NaBH4 or 20% aqueous NaOH treatment, which led to the formation of oxide in the form of thin flakes at the outer layer of the powder particles. Test of the catalytic properties of the as spun ribbon and powder before and after treatment was made in the reaction of phenylacetylene hydrogenation. It was shown that for as received ribbon, even at very mild conditions (60 °C, H2 pressure of 5 bar), 40% of phenylacetylene was converted to hydrogenation products with 0.7 styrene/ethylbenzene ratio. The use of pulverized ribbon resulted in improvement of activity, with the same ratio of reaction products. The effect of treatment with NaBH4 led to improvement of the catalyst activity, while strongly alkaline solution of NaOH worsened significantly the catalytic activity, but improved selectivity to styrene (styrene/ethylbenzene=1.2).

Synthesis of omega-3 ethyl esters from chia oil catalyzed by polyethylene glycol-modified lipases with improved stability

Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil has been performed with different modified derivatives and compared with commercial immobilized lipases to produce omega-3 rich FAEE. Therefore, the main objective was to synthesize omega-3 esters from chia oil catalysed by polyethylene glycol-modified lipases using a biocatalyst with higher stability than commercial derivatives. Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) was immobilized by hydrophobic adsorption on Sepabeads C-18 followed by a physicochemical coating of lipase surface with a dense layer of PEG. Ethanolysis reactions were carried out using pressurized liquid extracted chia seed oil and with different lipase derivatives to compare the omega-3 FAEE yield and ratio of reaction products, which were analysed by HPLC-ELSD. Furthermore, reutilization of lipase derivatives was studied to evaluate the stability after several reaction cycles to minimize decreasing of catalytic activity and develop a feasible enzymatic process for food industrial applications.

A Dynamic Ion-Atom Hybrid Trap for High-Resolution Cold-Collision Studies.

We present a dynamic ion-atom hybrid trap for studies of cold ion-neutral collisions and reactions with a significantly improved energy resolution compared with previous experiments. Our approach is based on pushing a cloud of laser-cooled Rb atoms through a stationary Coulomb crystal of cold ions by using precisely controlled, tunable radiation pressure forces. We demonstrate the tuning of the atom kinetic energies over an interval ranging from 30 mK up to 350 mK with energy spreads as low as 24 mK, inferred from the comparison of experimental time-of-flight measurements with Monte Carlo trajectory simulations. We also demonstrate the first applications of our method to the investigation of chemical reactions. Our development opens up perspectives for accurate studies of the energy dependence of the reaction rates, the dynamics, and the reaction-product ratios of the ion-neutral processes in the cold regime. It also paves the way for the realization of fully energy- and state-controlled cold-collision experiments.

Stress‐Enhanced Swelling of Silica: Effect on Strength

From the work of Le Chatelier [1884], it is well known that chemical reactions that exhibit a change in volume are sensitive to the ambient pressure of the reaction. Increasing the pressure will alter the ratio of reaction products to reactants. If the change in volume is constrained to occur at a surface, then such reactions can result in residual stresses that affect the strength of the solid. These effects are applicable to silica glass, which increases in volume when reacting with water. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of using this effect to strengthen silica glass. Using a modification of Le Chatelier's theory to handle applied stresses, we show that water penetration into the surface of silica glass can yield sufficient residual stress to increase the strength of silica glass into the GPa range. Applying these ideas to recent data published by Lezzi et al., we are able to attribute the strengthening they observe to a water/silica reaction under an applied tensile stress.

황산나트륨 첨가제에 따른 플라이애시 기반 지오폴리머의 미세구조 및 강도 특성

This paper presents an investigation of the mechanical and microstructural properties of Class F fly ash based geopolymer containing sodium sulfate as an additive. Sodium sulfate was used as an chemical additive at the dosage levels of 0, 2, 4, and 6wt% of fly ash. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were used to activate fly ash. The compressive strengths of geopolymer pastes were measured at the age of 28 days. The microstructures of the geopolymer pastes were examined using XRD, MIP and SEM tests. The additions of 2wt% and 4wt% sodium sulfate produced geopolymers with high strength, while increasing the dosage of levels to 6% resulted in almost no changes in strength, comparing with the control geopolymer. The optimum increase in strength was obtained with the addition of 4wt% sodium sulfate. As the amount of sodium sulfate is increased, no additional crystalline phase was detected and no change of amorphous phase indicated despite the change in the strength development. The increase in the strength was due to the change of pore size distribution in samples. As addition of sodium sulfate altered the morphologies of reactive productions and Si/Al ratios of the reaction products, the strengths were thus affected. It was found that the strengths of geopolymer were larger for lower Si/Al ratios of reaction products formed in samples. The optimal amount of sodium sulfate in the fly ash based geopolymer helps to improve mechanical properties of the geopolymer, on the other hand, the high percentage of sodium sulfate could exist as an impurity in the geopolymer and hinder the geopolymer reaction.

Carbon flux and landscape evolution in epigenic karst aquifers modeled from geochemical mass balance

AbstractThis paper considers the contributions of epigenic karst processes as a major element of the carbon cycle and a significant agent of landscape evolution. Geochemical models developed from monitoring data and water samples are used to estimate the variation and magnitude of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) flux in karst landscapes at several scales, from local to global. At the local scale, the Cumberland River watershed of southeast Kentucky, these geochemical models are also used to evaluate the potential role of sulfur in the production of DIC and to compute an estimated rate of landscape erosion.Geochemical modeling using ionic species and modeled discharge reveal a variable rate of DIC flux driven by large fluctuations in calcite saturation and discharge. Ratios of reaction products and principal component analyses (PCA) suggest that some bedrock dissolution may be driven by the oxidation of reduced sulfur derived from brines entrained into the karst aquifers. Over the 3730 km2 of carbonate exposure in the Cumberland River, 25.8–62.4 Gg/yr of carbon dioxide (CO2) is conveyed from the atmosphere through the dissolution of carbonate. At the global scale, this translates to 123–296 Tg/yr of CO2 delivered by karst processes into the aqueous system.The bedrock portion of DIC equates to a flux of 32.6 ± 2.6 m3 – 35.2 ± 2.8 m3 of bedrock during the period of study of which 29% was dolomite. This translates to a landscape erosion rate of 13.1–17.9 mm/ka in the 3.45–4.32 km2 of carbonate exposure in the studied watershed. Based upon 16+ km of cave survey data spanning a vertical range of 72 to 75 m above base level, this suggests that cave development in the watershed spans the Plio‐Pleistocene. Using the modeled erosion rates, the ages of cave levels, 4.03–5.71, 3.08–4.56, 1.57–2.43, 1.01–1.67, 0.45–0.91, and < 0.45 Ma, are in good agreement with regional studies of Plio‐Pleistocene landscape evolution in the Appalachian Lowland Plateaus. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Condensation of β‐(Isoxazol‐5‐yl) Enamines under Treatment with Acetyl Chloride and Acids. Synthesis of Novel 1,3‐Diisoxazolyl‐1,3‐dieneamines and 1,3,5‐Triisoxazolyl Benzenes.

Abstract Two directions for self-condensation of β-(isoxazol-5-yl) enamines under treatment with either acetyl chloride or acids were found leading to new 1,3-diisoxazolyl-1,3-dieneamines and 1,3,5-triisoxazolyl benzenes. The effect of solvent, acid, temperature and the reaction time on the ratio of reaction products were investigated. Trans-E-cis configuration of prepared 1,3-diisoxazolyl-1,3-dieneamines was unambiguously confirmed by 2D NMR spectra and X-ray analysis. A new mechanism of 1,3-diisoxazolyl-1,3-dieneamines formation was proposed.

Self-condensation of β-(isoxazol-5-yl) enamines under treatment with acetyl chloride and acids. Synthesis of novel 1,3-diisoxazolyl-1,3-dieneamines and 1,3,5-triisoxazolyl benzenes

Two directions for self-condensation of β-(isoxazol-5-yl) enamines under treatment with either acetyl chloride or acids were found leading to new 1,3-diisoxazolyl-1,3-dieneamines and 1,3,5-triisoxazolyl benzenes. The effect of solvent, acid, temperature and the reaction time on the ratio of reaction products were investigated. Trans-E-cis configuration of prepared 1,3-diisoxazolyl-1,3-dieneamines was unambiguously confirmed by 2D NMR spectra and X-ray analysis. A new mechanism of 1,3-diisoxazolyl-1,3-dieneamines formation was proposed.

Generation of σ,π-furyl and thienyl ligands at di-iron centers via facile phosphorus–carbon bond cleavage: Synthesis and molecular structures of [Fe2(CO)6(μ-η1,η2-C4H3E){μ-P(C4H3E)2}] (E = O, S)

Treatment of [Fe3(CO)12] with tri(2-furyl)phosphine (PFu3) or tri(2-thienyl)phosphine (PTh3) in dichloromethane at 40°C leads to facile phosphorus–carbon bond scission affording di-iron furyl- and thienyl-bridged complexes [Fe2(CO)6(μ-η1,η2-C4H3E){μ-P(C4H3E)2}] (1E=O, Fu; 3E=S, Th) in good yields, together with smaller amounts of the phosphine-substituted [Fe2(CO)5(μ-η1,η2-C4H3E){μ-P(C4H3E)2}{P(C4H3E)3}] (2E=O, 4E=S). When the same reactions were carried out at room temperature, small amounts of the tri-iron clusters [Fe3(CO)11{P(C4H3E)3}] (5E=O, 6E=S) were isolated in which the coordinated phosphine(s) remain intact. Thermolysis of [Fe3(CO)11{P(C4H3E)3}] at 40°C in dichloromethane gave [Fe2(CO)6(μ-η1,η2-C4H3E){μ-P(C4H3E)2}], which also undergo phosphine substitution under similar conditions. However, both of these processes are too slow to account for the reaction product ratios and yields observed in the room temperature reactions. In contrast, addition of catalytic amounts of Na+[Ph2CO] to 5 resulted in the rapid formation of 1. We therefore propose that these reactions may occur via a radical-initiated mechanism proceeding through the initial formation of the 49-electron radical anions [Fe3(CO)11{P(C4H3E)3}]. The crystal structures of [Fe2(CO)6(μ-η1,η2-Fu)(μ-PFu2)] (1), [Fe2(CO)5(μ-η1,η2-Fu)(μ-PFu2)(PFu3)] (2), [Fe2(CO)6(μ-η1,η2-Th)(μ-PTh2)] (3) and [Fe3(CO)11(PFu3)] (5) have been determined. The di-iron complexes all show the expected cis arrangement of three-electron donor ligands, short iron–iron distances consistent with a 34-valence electron count, and, in 2, the phosphine is coordinated to the π-bound iron atom and lies trans to the metal–metal bond. Close inspection of the bonding parameters within the Fe2C2E core reveals that these alkenyl species are quite different to those without electron-withdrawing substituents. The tri-iron cluster 5 has two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. Each contains two bridging carbonyls and the molecules differ in the relative positions of these carbonyls and the coordinated phosphine ligand, the latter lying in the equatorial plane in both molecules.

Excitation of high-spin nuclear isomeric states by intermediate energy protons at the Moscow Meson Factory of the Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute for Nuclear Research

Isomeric ratios of reaction products obtained by irradiating 197Au, 181Ta, and 93Nb targets by protons with energies of 143–325 MeV are measured via activation. The results do not agree with measurements of stopped ions [1], even though the theoretical model in [2] predicted the same mechanism for the formation of high-spin isomers in these reactions. The obtained isomeric ratios in reactions with protons of intermediate energy are 10–100 times lower than the theoretical values; consequently, the excitation mechanisms of high-spin isomers in reactions with protons and stopped ions are different.

Morphology-dependent activity of Pt nanocatalysts for ethanol oxidation in acidic media: Nanowires versus nanoparticles

The morphology of nanostructured Pt catalysts is known to affect significantly the kinetics of various reactions. Herein, we report on a pronounced morphology effect in the electrooxidation of ethanol and carbon monoxide (CO) on Pt nanowires and nanoparticles in an acidic solution. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis showed the inherent morphology difference between these two nanostructured catalysts. Voltammetric and chronoamperometric studies of the ethanol electrooxidation revealed that these nanowires had a higher catalytic activity by a factor of two relative to these nanoparticles. The rate for CO monolayer oxidation exhibits similar morphology-dependent behavior with a markedly enhanced rate on the Pt nanowires. In situ infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy measurements revealed a different trend for chemisorbed CO formation and CO2-to-acetic acid reaction product ratios on these two nanostructures. The morphology-induced change in catalytic activity and selectivity in ethanol electrocatalysis is discussed in detail.

Enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of cyclooctene included and sensitized by benzoate modified β-cyclodextrin derivatives: switching of product chirality by solvent

Solvent effect upon asymmetric photosensitization has been investigated in the enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of cyclooctene( 1Z), sensitized by benzoate modified β-cyclodextrin derivatives bearing nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur substituents. The enantiomeric excess (ee) and E/ Z ratio of reaction products were susceptible to the concentration of methanol in the aqueous solution, which could switch to the chirality of product unprecedentedly. Further investigation indicated that the conformation of the modified CDs in aqueous methanol solutions with 1Z were highly sensitive to both the substituent(s) on benzoate moiety of the modified CDs and the concentration of methanol. Solvent content represents a new versatile tool to efficiently manipulate the asymmetric photochemical reactions, in which the chirality of products can be switched by simply changing the methanol content of reaction solvent rather than synthesizing the antipodal sensitizers.

Some critical aspects in the determination of binding constants by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry at the example of arsenic bindings to sulphur‐containing biomolecules

The influences of reactant concentrations, solvent type, acid strength, pH conditions and ionic strength on the determination of apparent gas-phase equilibrium constants K using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were elucidated. As example serves the interaction of the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) with phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It was shown that rising initial concentrations of both reactants were not adequately compensated by increasing signal intensities of the reaction products in the mass spectra. The equilibrium constant for the formation of the phenylarsenic-substituted peptide species decreased from 1.42 x 10(5) +/- 1.81 x 10(4) l micromol(-1) to 1.54 x 10(4) +/- 1.5 x 10(3) l micromol(-1) with rising initial GSH concentrations from 1 to 10 microM at fixed PAO molarity of 50 microM. K values resulting from a series with a fixed GSH molarity of 5 microM and a PAO molarity varied from 10 to 100 microM remained in a narrower range between 4.59 x 10(4) +/- 2.15 x 10(4) l micromol(-1) and 1.07 x 10(4) +/- 4.0 x 10(3) l micromol(-1). In contrast, consumption numbers calculated from the ion intensity ratios of reaction products to the unreacted peptide were not influenced by the initial reactant concentrations. In a water-acetonitrile-acetic acid mixture (48:50:2, v:v), the consumption of 5 micro M GSH increased from 8.3 +/- 1.4% to 39.6 +/- 1.6% with increased molar excess of PAO from 2 to 20, respectively. The GSH consumption was considerably enhanced in a changed solvent system consisting of 25% acetonitrile and 75% 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 5.0 (v:v) up to 80% of the original peptide amount at an only threefold molar arsenic excess.

Origin of the Relative Stereoselectivity of the β-Lactam Formation in the Staudinger Reaction

The relative (cis, trans) stereoselectivity of the beta-lactam formation is one of the critical issues in the Staudinger reaction. Although many attempts have been made to explain and to predict the stereochemical outcomes, the origin of the stereoselectivity remains obscure. We are proposing a model that explains the relative stereoselectivity based on a kinetic analysis of the cis/trans ratios of reaction products. The results were derived from detailed Hammett analyses. Cyclic imines were employed to investigate the electronic effect of the ketene substituents, and it was found that the stereoselectivity could not be simply attributed to the torquoelectronic model. Based on our results, the origin of the relative stereoselectivity can be described as follows: (1) the stereoselectivity is generated as a result of the competition between the direct ring closure and the isomerization of the imine moiety in the zwitterionic intermediate; (2) the ring closure step is most likely an intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the enolate to the imine moiety, which is obviously affected by the electronic effect of the ketene and imine substituents; (3) electron-donating ketene substituents and electron-withdrawing imine substituents accelerate the direct ring closure, leading to a preference for cis-beta-lactam formation, while electron-withdrawing ketene substituents and electron-donating imine substituents slow the direct ring closure, leading to a preference for trans-beta-lactam formation; and (4) the electronic effect of the substituents on the isomerization is a minor factor in influencing the stereoselectivity.

Effect of microwave irradiation on the structuring of polyvinyl alcohol

The interaction of microwave radiation with solid polyvinyl alcohol results in the structuring of the polymer accompanied by a change both in the contribution of competitive (both intra- and intermolecular) reactions and in the ratio of reaction products in comparison with the thermal reaction under the same conditions.

Ylide formation of singlet carbene with carbonyl compound—laser flash photolysis of (biphenyl-4-yl)chlorodiazirine in propanone

The ylide formation between a singlet carbene and a carbonyl compound has been studied by laser flash photolysis (LFP) of (biphenyl-4-yl)chlorodiazirine (BCD) in propanone and cyclopentanone, and by product analyses. (Biphenyl-4-yl)chlorocarbene (BCC) adds to the carbonyl compound to yield an equilibrium amount of the carbonyl ylide (CY) which has an absorption maximum around 490 nm. The rate constants of CY formation and dissociation have been determined. CY decays by unimolecular and bimolecular mechanisms. In the photoreaction of BCD with propanone, an aryl olefinic ketone and aryl α-hydroxy ketone were obtained. In the presence of dimethyl fumarate, the photoreaction of BCD in propanone gives a dihydrofuran derivative. The measured ratios of reaction products are in good agreement with ratios calculated from measured rate constants, which indicates that the rate constants are reliable.

Infrared and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of the Reactions of Hydrogen-Terminated Crystalline Si(111) and Si(100) Surfaces with Br2, I2, and Ferrocenium in Alcohol Solvents

The reaction chemistry of H-terminated crystalline Si(111) and Si(100) surfaces in CH3OH, CD3OD, CF3(CH2)3OH, C4H9OH, and C4D9OD solutions containing ferrocenium (Fc+)−BF4, I2, or Br2 was monitored using X-ray photoelectron (XP) spectroscopy and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Addition of the one-electron oxidant Fc+, or addition of the oxidizing species I2 or Br2, produced diagnostic changes in the IR spectra that clearly indicated formation of surficial Si−OR groups. XPS data confirmed the conclusions of the IR studies. Under our reaction conditions, no detectable reaction occurred without the presence of the oxidant. The data are consistent with oxidative activation of the surficial Si−H bonds toward nucleophilic attack by the alcohols. The reaction chemistry was generally similar on (111)- and (100)-oriented Si surfaces, although some differences were observed in the ratio of reaction products on the two different surface orientations. Alkoxylated surfaces were also prepared by a two-step process in which...

Heterometal substitution in the dimensional reduction of cluster frameworks: synthesis of soluble [Re(6-n)Os(n)Se(8)Cl(6)](4-n)- (n = 1-3) cluster-containing solids.

A general method for deconstructing cluster frameworks via heterometal substitution is demonstrated with application to the two-dimensional phase Re(6)Se(8)Cl(2). Solid-state reactions intended to replace two of the Re(III) centers in the parent compound with Os(IV)Cl units indeed yield Re(4)Os(2)Se(8)Cl(4). The crystal structure of this new phase reveals a less tightly connected two-dimensional framework, wherein face-capped octahedral [Re(4)Os(2)Se(8)](4+) cluster cores are linked through mu(2)-chloride bridges in one dimension and unsupported metal-selenium bonds in the other. Use of CsCl as a standard dimensional reduction agent in conjunction with heterometal substitution affords Cs(3)Re(5)OsSe(8)Cl(6) and Cs(2)Re(4)Os(2)Se(8)Cl(6), soluble salts containing discrete molecular clusters. Reactions employing KCl and targeting a triosmium cluster further produce the soluble mixed-cluster salt K(2)[Re(3)Os(3)Se(8)Cl(6)][Re(4)Os(2)Se(7)Cl(7)]. FT-ICR mass spectra confirm the presence of [Re(6-n)Os(n)Se(8)Cl(6)](4-n)- (n = 1-3) clusters in solutions of these solids. Metathesis reactions supply (Bu(4)N)(3)[Re(5)OsSe(8)Cl(6)] and (Bu(4)N)(2)[Re(4)Os(2)Se(8)Cl(6)], which then react with PEt(3) under forcing conditions to give [Re(5)OsSe(8)(PEt(3))(6)](3+) and [Re(4)Os(2)Se(8)(PEt(3))(6)](4+) in high yield. Analysis of the latter diosmium species by (31)P NMR spectroscopy indicates a mixture of isomers, in which 55% of the clusters have the osmium atoms disposed trans to each other, while the remainder adopt the alternative cis configuration. Cyclic voltammetry measurements reveal a reversible one-electron reduction for [Re(5)OsSe(8)Cl(6)](3-) and multiple one-electron reductions for the mono- and diosmium hexaphosphine clusters; in the latter case, the trans isomer is observed to be more easily reduced than the cis isomer. Electronic structure calculations utilizing density functional theory show the trans isomer of [Re(4)Os(2)Se(8)Cl(6)](2-) to be 4.5 kcal/mol more stable than the cis isomer, in approximate agreement with the observed ratio of reaction products. Moreover, the calculations expose significant differences in the contributions of rhenium and osmium to the frontier orbitals of the clusters, suggesting the possibility of observing metal-selective reactivity. An initial example of such behavior is provided with the synthesis of trans,trans-[Re(4)Os(2)Se(8)(PEt(3))(2)Cl(4)], wherein PEt(3) ligands preferentially bind the osmium centers.

Heterylation of 3-R1-5-R2-1,2,4-Triazoles with Derivatives of 3,5-Dinitro-1,2,4-Triazole

Heterylation of 3-R1-5-R2-1'2'4-triazoles (pKa 3-12) with N-alkyl-, N-alkenyl-, N-alkoxy-carbonyl-, N-oxoalkyl-, N-nitroxyalkyl, N-nitroaminoalkyl-3'5-dinitro-1'2'4-triazoles results insubstitution of a nitro group in 5 position of the dinitro compound yielding 1-R-methyl-3-nitro-5-(3-R1-5-R2-1,2,4-triazolyl)-1,2,4-triazoles. The side processes: Hydroxide-ion attack on C5 and (or) N1 of the ring both in the substrate and in the target compound afford 1-R-methyl3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones, 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole and NH-acids of N-C-bitriazole series. Optimal reaction media are aprotic dipolar substances, and for compounds prone to heterolysis ethyl acetate-water systems. The azole pKa is the decisive factor controlling the composition and the ratio of reaction products. The process is promising for azoles with pKa > 5, and the optimal range of pKa is 8-10.