Propagation Rate Research Articles

To test or not to test? A new behavioral epidemiology framework for COVID-19.

Evidence from clinical research suggests that in the first two waves of COVID-19, the virus spread rapidly through a large number of undocumented asymptomatic infections. These 'silent' infections camouflaged the actual incidence of the disease, leading to downward biases in the rates of transmission, disease prevalence, and fatality. These, in turn, had implications for how people and policymakers responded to changing infection prevalence. This paper posits that in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, a considerable number of SARS-CoV-2 infections spread through asymptomatic infected individuals who lacked economic incentives to test and isolate adequately. The decision to undertake testing and the subsequent possibility of isolation entails a calculus of benefits and costs for an individual. Given that the perceived net benefit of such actions is correlated with the observed risk of infection, the likelihood of an asymptomatic individual choosing to undergo testing increases with the existing infection prevalence rate. This behavior, in turn, influenced disease transmission and mortality dynamics. This study presents an analytical framework that integrates prevalence-dependent testing behavior into a traditional epidemiological model. The model's predictions provide critical policy insights. It reveals that failing to account for testing and isolation behavior results in underestimation of the infection propagation and fatality rates when reported disease prevalence is low, thereby, skewing the containment strategies in the initial and late stages of a pandemic. The findings underscore the necessity of enhancing testing capacity as a crucial countermeasure for future contagions like COVID-19.

On the prediction of fatigue life of WAAM-processed Ti-6Al-4V under consideration of manufacturing defects

PurposeThere is still a need for a comprehensive investigation into how wire and arc manufactured (WAAM) parts fail under cyclic loading. This study investigates the effect of process-induced defects on the high-cycle fatigue performance of WAAM-processed Ti-6Al-4V with dedicated thermal treatment. Furthermore, the study assesses the applicability of the fatigue life prediction model, which was originally developed and validated for laser beam-welded Ti-6Al-4V joints, to WAAM-fabricated structures.Design/methodology/approachThe fatigue life assessment model was adapted to WAAM-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V. This model is based on the NASGRO equation, which considers short crack growth from internal and surface defects, such as lack of fusion defects and pores. The model was used to create artificial Wöhler curves, and the results from stress intensity factor range-decreasing fatigue crack propagation rate tests are compared to the experimental data in the form of a Kitagawa–Takahashi (KT) diagram.FindingsThe results demonstrate that the model can accurately predict the minimum fatigue life of specimens extracted from WAAM structures. When considering that the crack from internal defects grows in a vacuum-like environment, accurate Wöhler curves are predicted. The experimental data does not follow the expected trends of the KT diagram. Nonetheless, the measured long crack threshold stress intensity factor range produces a suitable estimate of defect severity.Originality/valueThe study results in a model with which a probabilistic computation of the fatigue life of additively manufactured samples based on the defect size distribution is possible. Furthermore, the KT diagram as a criterion for the assessment of defect severity is evaluated.

Model of sensitivity to the initial conditions of the equations of motion in the electric fieldn

A numerical method for calculating ste¬ady periodic processes of nonlinear differential equations of motion in an electric field is proposed based on their integration under initial conditions that exclude transi¬ent reaction. The calculation of such initial conditions is based on Newton's iterative formula. At each iteration, together with the basic equations of motion, the corresponding equations of the first variation are integrated over the periodicity time interval, which represent a model of sensitivity to the initial conditions, In addi¬tion, the number of unknown variational equations has been reduced, which makes it possible to lower their or¬der, and, at the same time, the order of the monodromy matrix. All this contributes to the simplification of the relevant computational algorithms and computer programs. The method takes into account the finite rate of electric field propagation.

Effects of Anisotropic Microstructure and Load Ratio on Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate in Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to advanced technologies for building 3D objects by adding material layer upon layer using either electron beam melting (EBM) or selective laser melting. AM allows us to produce lighter and more complex parts. However, various defects are created during the AM process, which severely affect fatigue behavior. In the current research, the effects of the anisotropic microstructure in the in-plane and out-of-plane orientations and defects on the fatigue crack propagation rate (FCPR) and crack path were studied. A resonance machine was used to determine the fatigue crack propagation rate (da/dN vs. ΔK) from the near-threshold up to the final fracture, accompanied by in situ Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring. Micro-Computerized Tomography (µCT) enabled us to characterize surface and microstructural defects. Metallography was used to determine the microstructure vs. orientations and fractography to classify the fatigue fracture propagation modes. Calculations of the local stress distribution were performed to determine the interactions of the cracks with the defects. In the out-of-plane direction, the material exhibited high fatigue fracture toughness accompanied by a slightly lower fatigue crack propagation rate as compared to in-plane orientations. The near-threshold stress intensity factor was slightly higher in the out-of-plane orientation as compared to that in the in-plane one, accompanied by a lower exponent of the Paris law regime. The threshold decreased with an increasing load ratio as expected for both orientations. The crack propagation direction that crosses the elongated grains plays an important role in increasing fatigue resistance in the out-of-plane direction. In the in-plane directions, the crack propagates parallel to the grain boundary, interacts with more defects and exhibits more brittle striations on the fracture surface, resulting in lower fatigue resistance.

Future propagation characteristics of meteorological drought to hydrological drought in the Yellow River basin

An in-depth understanding of drought evolution in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is essential for effective drought prevention and water resource management. This study coupled the model data released by CMIP6 and the PCR-GLOBWB model to simulate the hydrological processes in the YRB, and characterize the spatial and temporal distributions of meteorological and hydrological droughts in the period of 2021–2050 (T1 period) and 2051–2080 (T2 period). Furthermore, this study explored the propagation characteristics from meteorological droughts to hydrological droughts. The results indicate that future climate change significantly impacts meteorological-hydrological droughts and their propagation characteristics in the YRB. In T1, overall meteorological drought tends to alleviate with increasing emission scenarios. However, in T2, meteorological drought duration and severity worsen, with fewer but more severe drought events compared to T1. Hydrological drought worsens in the future and exceeds past severity, with minor differences between emissions scenarios. Additionally, the study reveals the correlation between meteorological and hydrological droughts in the basin, with an enhanced correlation in upstream regions as emission scenarios intensify, indicating a rapid hydrological response to climate change. Notably, there are significant differences in drought propagation timescales across the basin, primarily concentrated at 2–10 month scales. The effective propagation rate ranges from 37 % to 50 % in T1 for low emission scenarios, but significantly decreases across the entire basin in T2, with decreasing trends in propagation rates for all sub-basins with increasing emission scenarios. These findings enhance understanding of future drought risks in the YRB and inform relevant policy development.

Efficient and accurate determination of crack propagation rate without unloading-induced crack closure

The accurate delineation of the fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) model, encompassing the short crack stage, assumes paramount importance in the operation and maintenance of transportation vehicles such as aircraft. Nonetheless, the determination of the da/dN encounters challenges, notably crack closure engendered by unloading observations on the specimen and the attendant issue of exorbitant test expenditures due to low load amplitude (ΔP), thereby impeding the precise establishment of the da/dN model, particularly in the short crack stage. Hence, this study initially posits a novel crack observation methodology employing a self-engineered stress transfer apparatus to sustain the stress (σ) on the specimen at its closure stress (σcl) level post-unloading, thus mitigating the impact of crack closure on crack observation and augmenting the accuracy of da/dN curve determination. Subsequently, building upon this innovation, a fatigue crack propagation (FCP) test protocol tailored for the short crack stage is advanced, principally by substantially augmenting ΔP to surmount the cost constraints of the test, thereby broadening the scope of da/dN curve determination to 10−8 mm/cycle. Lastly, premised on the acquisition of high precision and comprehensive da/dN curves, a da/dN model is posited by integrating with the extant da/dN model, which can comprehensively and precisely delineate the FCP behavior across the entire crack growth spectrum, particularly in the short crack stage. Illustratively demonstrated through a case study on 42CrMo steel crankshaft, a fatigue life (Nf) prediction investigation conducted based on this da/dN model substantiates its efficacy in accurately assessing the FCP behavior of crankshaft materials vis-à-vis existing models, thereby reducing the Nf prediction error by 14.64 %.

An experimental study on flame propagation and combustion characteristics of multiple emulsified diesel and biodiesel fuel droplets

To unravel the interaction mechanism between droplets that is relevant for practical liquid fueled burners, the flame propagation characteristics of multi-droplet of emulsified diesel and biodiesel (FAME) fuels were studied using a suspended line droplet array. It was found that when S/d0 ≤ 3 (ratio of droplet spacing to initial droplet diameter), the double droplets were ignited simultaneously and surrounded by a single flame, and as the droplet spacing increased, two independent flames were formed around each droplet. The highest flame propagation rate was attained at S/d0 = 3, which was attributed to the consistent values of flame standoff ratio limited by the dominant heat conduction and finite evaporating rate. The droplet interaction, such as oxygen competition effect, enhanced with smaller droplet distance, can result in the reduction in the droplet combustion rate and flame propagation rate; the latter one, however, showed an increasing trend when small droplet or the size non-uniformity of droplet cloud was considered. In addition, the child droplet ejected from the emulsified droplets showed three burning modes and was an important factor promoting the flame spread, and the results showed that compared with the FAME emulsified fuels, the child droplets in diesel cases were more prone to ignition, expanding the burning regime.

Reactivity Ratios of Biobased Dialkyl Itaconate Radical Polymerizations Derived from In-Line NMR Spectroscopy and Size-Exclusion Chromatography.

Itaconates available from renewable resources constitute a group of monomers that are used in several types of polymerizations. Their use in free-radical polymerizations (FRPs) is still limited due to the low propagation rate coefficients resulting in low polymerization rates and the occurrence of depropagation which is responsible for limited monomer conversion. Since FRP is considered very robust with few requirements concerning monomer purity, it is still interesting to investigate how itaconate FRP may become feasible. For this reason, copolymerizations of itaconates with other monomers well-suited for FRP are considered. In particular, copolymerization with acrylates appears to be interesting because the propagation rate of these monomers is high and depropagation is not operative at common polymerization temperatures. Copolymerizations of dibutyl and dicyclohexyl itaconate with butyl acrylate were performed to determine the copolymerization reactivity ratios required for tailoring copolymer composition. To limit the number of experiments, copolymerizations were carried out until high conversion and consumption of the individual monomers was obtained from 1H NMR spectroscopy and quantitative size-exclusion chromatography.

Simulation of mixed mode I-II fatigue crack propagation in concrete with different strengths

The mode-I fatigue crack propagation in concrete has been extensively studied. However, many concrete structure failures occur subjected to mixed-mode fatigue loads in practice. The accurate predictions for the mixed mode I-II fatigue crack propagation and fatigue life are crucial for evaluating the structural safety of concrete constructions. In this paper, the mixed mode I-II fatigue crack propagation process on concrete with different strengths is simulated using the fatigue tension-softening constitutive model and the crack propagation criterion of the initial fracture toughness as a parameter (SIF-based criterion). The numerical results indicated that the fatigue crack length decreases with increasing the concrete strength for a given fatigue load level, but the fatigue life significantly increases with concrete strength. Further, a modified Paris law is presented on the basis of the numerical results for concrete with different strengths. With the known tensile strength of concrete, the mixed mode I-II fatigue crack propagation rate of concrete with different strengths can be presented. The proposed model in this study is useful in further predicting the fatigue life of concrete structures under mixed-mode fatigue loads.

Localization and Delocalization During Seismic Slip

AbstractThe thickness of a seismic slip layer controls style and rate of rupture propagation, frictional heating, weakening, and energy budget of earthquakes. Slip layer thickness changes dynamically with feedbacks between temperature rise, roughness, damage, and fluid pressurization. Natural faults have complex slip histories, ambiguating which layer thicknesses represent a record of seismic slip. The thickness of proven paleoseismic slip layers in nature are 1 mm–1 cm. Thicker slip layers do not get hot enough to retain coseismic frictional temperature anomalies and thereby prevent the detection of big earthquakes using current methods. We suggest that delocalization—the spontaneous increase in slipping layer thickness during slip—plays a role in coseismic healing and cause biases in the rock record of earthquakes. Recognizing the importance of feedbacks affecting slipping layer thickness is critical to understanding strength and stress variations during earthquakes and to correctly interpreting earthquake source parameters from exhumed faults.

The 9th Victor de Mello lecture: reflections and speculations

The paper reviews the published literature on some aspects of fabric and particle behaviour in cohesionless soils. It uses insights from Discrete Element Modelling and Microcomputed Tomography to speculate on reasons for the difference in behaviour observed between moist tamped and sedimented sands at the same global void ratio and stress state. It is suggested that inhomogeneities in the form of macrovoids in moist tamped samples trigger localisation, collapse and the development of a local scale chain reaction. It questions whether a similar sequence applies at the field scale and whether expansive partial drainage influences the rate of propagation of the chain reaction. The paper offers reasons why the use of critical state based on moist tamped samples to assess the stability of tailings, may not be the best approach, and suggests that identifying instability lines for sedimented samples at appropriate void ratios and principal stress directions, may be preferable. Critical state reflects behaviour at large strains where initial and evolving inhomogeneities affect identification of relevant void ratios; instability lines reflect behaviour at small strains where inhomogeneities probably initiate collapse. The paper emphasises the importance of spatial variations in local void ratios in loose material, the importance of anisotropy of collapse potential and of load-controlled rather that strain-controlled shearing.

A slope-based J-integral approach and advanced image processing for assessment of the cyclic fatigue delamination behavior of adhesive joints

A fatigue fracture mechanics methodology was developed and established, employing a slope-based J-integral approach combined with advanced image processing techniques. Adhesively bonded double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were tested under constant displacement amplitude loading. The beam rotation was tracked by affixing a repetitive pattern on the DCB specimens and capturing images at the maximum displacement amplitude. Using a custom-developed image processing procedure, the beam rotation was deduced. To validate the methodology, DCB fatigue experiments were conducted at 23, 60 and 75 °C on aluminum adherends bonded with a structural 2-K epoxy adhesive. The J-based approach was compared with a conventional, compliance-based linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) method. The epoxy was a rather brittle, high-modulus adhesive with a bond line thickness of 0.25 mm, resulting in predominantly linear elastic material behavior. By analyzing the images taken during fatigue testing, a stiffening effect of the steel load blocks was observed. Excluding pattern elements directly below the load block yielded the best agreement between J-integral and LEFM data. Both approaches were in excellent agreement within the investigated temperature range. The investigated adhesive exhibited a highly temperature-dependent behavior, which was associated with higher crack propagation rates and a lower fatigue threshold at 60 and 75 °C.

Multi-crack spatial propagation evolution analysis of 3D-TSV under thermal-electric-mechanical coupling field

As an interconnected microstructure, Through-Silicon Via (TSV) play a vital role in three-dimension (3D) chip. With the improvement of interconnection density, the reliability problems origin from interface crack initiation and propagation become increasingly prominent. In this study, the effects of the crack type, crack propagation direction, current magnitude and direction on the spatial characteristic of crack propagation under thermal-electric-mechanical coupling field is deeply investigated based on 3D J-integral-based fracture mechanics method. Results shows that: 1) Crack J-integral is consistent with the variation of ambient temperature and positively correlated with the current magnitude; 2) When the current direction is same as crack propagation direction, electron holes will gradually accumulate at crack tip, which can accelerate the crack propagation rate; 3) Different cracks will present different morphological characteristics, the shell pattern cracks can be found at RDL-SiO2 and Si-SiO2 cracks, and the internal cracks TSV-Cu present irregular trapezoidal shape. Relevant result is hope to provide certain references for the reliability analysis and optimal design of TSV.

Prediction of fatigue crack propagation behavior in elastic plastic region under block loading for type 316 steel via artificial neural network approach

This study investigated the fatigue crack propagation behavior from small defect in the elastic–plastic region under block loading conditions and clarified the influence of cycle ratio on the crack growth rate. Fatigue tests were conducted under constant and repeated two-step strain amplitude loading conditions using various cycle ratios. The results of the constant amplitude loading test indicated that the J integral can be employed to predict fatigue crack propagation rate in one master curve by considering the material constant, l0. The results of the repeated two-step test showed that the fatigue life evaluated via the J integral had a larger scatter for test conditions at strain amplitudes of 1.0%/0.2% and 0.8%/0.2% with various cycle ratios. A highly accurate model was established to predict fatigue crack propagation behavior and investigate the effect of algorithms on the precision of models. To achieve this, three deep learning algorithms feed forward neural network (FFNN), cascade-forward neural network (CFNN) and function fitting neural network (FNN), were employed. It was observed that the precision of the constructed models was dependent on the algorithms and dataset split. The model constructed using the CFNN exhibited the highest prediction accuracy.

Implications of Asymptomatic Carriers for Tuberculosis Transmission and Control in Thailand: A Modelling Approach

Tuberculosis (TB) is a regional and global bacterial illness that has been expanding and affecting individuals in every generation. An unknown percentage of asymptomatic hosts have TB, and the infection can spread while exhibiting no symptoms. These asymptomatic TB carriers, who contribute to the spread of the illness yet go mostly undetected, may make it more difficult to prevent transmission. In this study, we utilized the concept of symmetry to construct a manageable disease modelling framework for TB transmission and control. We developed a TB model to investigate the potential influence of asymptomatic carriers, symptomatic infections, and the entirety of TB prevalence on different approaches to treatment and prevention in Thailand. Annual TB incidence data from Thailand from 2000 to 2022 were used to calibrate the model parameters. We assessed the potential for reaching conflicting results about the management and spread of tuberculosis in Thailand. Our results showed that some TB strategies that were thought to be effective in reducing transmission may have the opposite impact, or that an intervention’s effectiveness might be overestimated, making it seem unfeasible in certain scenarios. For example, the objective of TB treatment, which attempts to decrease the occurrence of symptomatic TB infections, is to decrease the TB infection and propagation rates if the relative carrier (η) is less than one. Nonetheless, our results indicate that this strategy may increase the frequency of asymptomatic TB patients, symptomatic TB viral infections, and overall TB prevalence if η has been sufficiently understated. We also found that reducing only the progression rate of symptomatic TB infections cannot stop asymptomatic TB carriers and total TB prevalence, even when the relative infection of carriers (η) is less than unity. Our research provides a better understanding of the role of asymptomatic patients in spreading TB and highlights the need to accurately include bearers in models that guide Thailand’s TB control strategy.

QUASI-ERGODICITY OF COMPACT STRONG FELLER SEMIGROUPS ON $L^2$

Abstract We study the quasi-ergodicity of compact strong Feller semigroups $U_t$ , $t> 0$ , on $L^2(M,\mu )$ ; we assume that M is a locally compact Polish space equipped with a locally finite Borel measue $\mu $ . The operators $U_t$ are ultracontractive and positivity preserving, but not necessarily self-adjoint or normal. We are mainly interested in those cases where the measure $\mu $ is infinite and the semigroup is not intrinsically ultracontractive. We relate quasi-ergodicity on $L^p(M,\mu )$ and uniqueness of the quasi-stationary measure with the finiteness of the heat content of the semigroup (for large values of t) and with the progressive uniform ground state domination property. The latter property is equivalent to a variant of quasi-ergodicity which progressively propagates in space as $t \uparrow \infty $ ; the propagation rate is determined by the decay of . We discuss several applications and illustrate our results with examples. This includes a complete description of quasi-ergodicity for a large class of semigroups corresponding to non-local Schrödinger operators with confining potentials.

Enhancing fatigue resistance of Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni multi-principal element alloys by varying stacking fault energy and sigma (σ)-phase assisted grain-size reduction

This study investigates two key aspects of the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of alloys from the Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni system at room temperature: (1) the influence of stacking fault energy (SFE) in single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) alloys and (2) a grain size reduction triggered by the precipitation of a small amount of σ-phase. The first effect is investigated using model alloys (Cr26Mn20Fe20Co20Ni14 and Cr14Mn20Fe20Co20Ni26 in at.%, grain size: ∼60 µm), which have distinct SFEs at room temperature. A reduction in SFE from 69 to 23 mJ/m2 results in a 10 to 20 % increase in tensile/compressive peak stresses, i.e., cyclic strength, across all examined strain amplitudes (±0.3 %, ±0.5 %, and ±0.7 %) while maintaining comparable fatigue lives. Despite its higher cyclic strength, the low-SFE alloy exhibits delayed, and less evolved dislocation substructures than the other alloy. In both single-phase alloys, fatigue cracks originated from the surface reliefs, surface-exposed coherent annealing twin boundaries, and occasionally from high-angle grain boundaries. However, the crack propagation rate was slower in the low-SFE alloy, contributing to its superior fatigue resistance. By aging the low-SFE Cr26Mn20Fe20Co20Ni14 alloy differently, we could induce the precipitation of ∼5 % σ-phase during recrystallization, which strongly reduced the FCC grain size to ∼5 µm. With this microstructure, the cyclic strength increased by 50–65 % and remained more stable during fatigue testing while maintaining a comparable life. The σ-precipitates were found to deflect and arrest fatigue cracks, while extensive deformation twinning around cracks complements slip activity and reduces crack propagation rate. Overall, the σ-phase-assisted grain size reduction is 3 to 5 times more effective in improving cyclic strength than SFE reduction.

Self‐promoted Controlled Ring‐opening Polymerization via Side Chain‐mediated Proton Transfer for the Synthesis of Tertiary Amine‐pendant Polypeptoids

AbstractProton transfer is essential in virtually all biochemical processes, with enzymes facilitating this transfer by optimizing the proximity and orientation of reactants through site‐specific hydrogen bonds. Proton transfer is also crucial in the rate‐determining step for the ring‐opening polymerization of N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), widely used to prepare various peptidomimetic materials. This study utilizes side chain‐assisted strategy to accelerate the rate of chain propagation by using NCAs with tertiary amine pendants. This moiety enables hydrogen bond formation between the incoming NCA and the polymer amino growing end. The tertiary amine side chain of the NCA forms a proton shuttle, via a less constrained transition state, to facilitate the proton transfer process. Moreover, the tertiary amine side chains enable the precipitation of NCA monomers through in situ protonation during the monomer synthesis. This greatly facilitates the synthesis of these unreported monomers, allowing the direct controlled synthesis of tertiary amine‐pendant polypeptoids. This side chain‐promoted polymerization has rarely been reported. Additionally, the tertiary amine side chains, as widely used functional groups, endow the polymers with unique properties including pH‐ and thermo‐responsiveness, tunable pKas, and siRNA transfection capability. The self‐promoted synthesis, facile monomer preparation, and attractive properties make tertiary amine‐pendant polypeptoids promising materials for various applications.

Self-promoted Controlled Ring-opening Polymerization via Side Chain-mediated Proton Transfer for the Synthesis of Tertiary Amine-pendant Polypeptoids.

Proton transfer is essential in virtually all biochemical processes, with enzymes facilitating this transfer by optimizing the proximity and orientation of reactants through site-specific hydrogen bonds. Proton transfer is also crucial in the rate-determining step for the ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs), widely used to prepare various peptidomimetic materials. This study utilizes side chain-assisted strategy to accelerate the rate of chain propagation by using NCAs with tertiary amine pendants. This moiety enables hydrogen bond formation between the incoming NCA and the polymer amino growing end. The tertiary amine side chain of the NCA forms a proton shuttle, via a less constrained transition state, to facilitate the proton transfer process. Moreover, the tertiary amine side chains enable the precipitation of NCA monomers through in situ protonation during the monomer synthesis. This greatly facilitates the synthesis of these unreported monomers, allowing the direct controlled synthesis of tertiary amine-pendant polypeptoids. This side chain-promoted polymerization has rarely been reported. Additionally, the tertiary amine side chains, as widely used functional groups, endow the polymers with unique properties including pH- and thermo-responsiveness, tunable pKas, and siRNA transfection capability. The self-promoted synthesis, facile monomer preparation, and attractive properties make tertiary amine-pendant polypeptoids promising materials for various applications.

Transverse impact performance and finite element analysis of three‐dimensional woven tubular composite with different structures

AbstractIn this study, experiments combined with finite element analysis (FEA) were used to investigate the damage mechanism of transverse low‐velocity impacts on three‐dimensional woven tubular composites (3DWTC) with different structures. The damage morphology after impact was observed using three‐dimensional microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three mesoscale models were constructed based on the authentic structure of the 3DWTC. Additionally, the effects of the structure type on the impact resistance, stress distribution, and damage morphology of 3DWTC were studied. The impact resistance of the shallow cross‐linked (SCL) structure is the strongest, according to the data. The structure that resists impacts the least is the through orthogonal (TO) structure. The greater the straightness of the warps in the structure, the density of the weft, the volume fraction, the greater the cooperative load‐bearing capacity of the warps and wefts, and the greater the speed of stress propagation. The wefts and inner warps are subjected to tensile forces at the point of impact. The outer warps are subjected to compression. The stresses are distributed in a cross‐shaped pattern. The straightened warp and weft parts of the TO serve a key structural role in load‐bearing. The warps of the SCL and the shallow‐crossed curved joint (SCCJ) structure serve a key structural role in the load‐bearing capacity.Highlights The impact resistance of 3DWTCs was investigated. The tensile state, stress propagation rate of 3DWTC were analyzed using the mesoscale model. The main load‐bearing components are revealed. The differences in damage morphology of 3DWTCs are analyzed.