Rates Of Nuclei Research Articles

Bridge for thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical corrosion: Cathodic process with a complex equilibrium and deposition competition

The dissolution-ionization-diffusion-deposition (DIDD) model is corrected by a cathodic process with the feature of complex equilibrium and deposition competition. CO2/H2S corrosion of steel is taken as an example to better understand whether the main factor controlling the corrosion is CO2, H2S or both. The preliminary assessment reveals that when the rate of nuclei is less than 10 % of the total, the corrosion is controlled by only one factor. Furthermore, the calculated results also have a good agreement with morphology and weight loss experiments. This study makes a significant contribution to promoting the application of DIDD model.

Muon conversion to an electron in nuclei in the B−L symmetric SSM

In a few years, the COMET experiment at J-PARC and the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will probe the $\mu-e$ conversion rate in the vicinity of $\mathcal{O}(10^{-17})$ for an Al target with high experimental sensitivity. Within the framework of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model with local $B-L$ gauge symmetry (B-LSSM), we analyze the lepton flavor violating (LFV) process of $\mu-e$ conversion in nuclei. Considering the constraint of the experimental upper limit of the LFV rare decay $\mu\rightarrow e\gamma$, the $\mu-e$ conversion rates in nuclei within the B-LSSM can achieve $\mathcal{O}(10^{-12})$, which is 5 orders of magnitude larger than the future experimental sensitivity at the Mu2e and COMET experiments and may be detected in the near future.

Electron In-Medium Effects on Electron Captures of Neutron-Rich Nuclei in Stellar Core Collapse

We investigate the influences of the electron in-medium effect on the electron capture of heavy nuclei in the core-collapse of massive stars. Electron capture rates in nuclei are estimated by using...

Single crystal HPGe (80%) versus BGO shielded CLOVER detector for high precision decay rate measurements: a comparative study

In this study, various detector configurations have been investigated in order to explore the optimal condition for decay rate measurements of radioactive samples using gamma spectroscopy technique. A limitation of detecting low energy gamma rays from decaying radioactive nuclei, is the Compton background which can be significantly reduced by rejecting Compton scattered events through active Bismuth germanate (BGO) shielding. On the other hand, for a CLOVER detector without BGO shielding, one can place the radioactive samples very close to the detector for enhancing geometrical efficiency. A single crystal High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector can also be used for decay rate measurements. In order to measure the decay rate of nuclei decaying via gamma emission with reasonable intensity, optimal close geometry options have been investigated for various HPGe detector configurations.

Muon conversion to electron in nuclei within the BLMSSM

In a supersymmetric extension of the standard model with local gauged baryon and lepton numbers (BLMSSM), there are new sources for lepton flavor violation, because the right-handed neutrinos, new gauginos and Higgs are introduced. We investigate muon conversion to electron in nuclei within the BLMSSM in detail. The numerical results indicate that the mu rightarrow e conversion rates in nuclei within the BLMSSM can reach the experimental upper bound, which may be detected in the future experiments.

Implementation of the Doppler shift attenuation method using TIP/TIGRESS at TRIUMF: Fusion-evaporation lifetime measurements in 22Ne

A method is presented for the determination of gamma-ray energies and transition rates in nuclei populated using the fusion-evaporation reaction mechanism and measured using the Doppler-shift attenuation method (DSAM). This method is applied to data collected for the stable benchmark nucleus 22Ne during a commissioning experiment at TRIUMF, Canada's National Laboratory for Particle and Nuclear Physics, employing a 12C(18O,2α)22Ne fusion-evaporation reaction. Gamma-ray energies were determined using offline reconstruction to correct for the Doppler shift. Mean lifetimes of the corresponding transitions were then measured via a comparison to Monte-Carlo lineshape simulations developed using the GEANT4 framework. Best fit lifetimes obtained using χ2 analysis were in general agreement with the existing literature, validating the analysis method used.

Large-scale evaluation ofβ-decay rates ofr-process nuclei with the inclusion of first-forbidden transitions

R-process nucleosynthesis models rely, by necessity, on nuclear structure models for input. Particularly important are beta-decay half-lives of neutron rich nuclei. At present only a single systematic calculation exists that provides values for all relevant nuclei making it difficult to test the sensitivity of nucleosynthesis models to this input. Additionally, even though there are indications that their contribution may be significant, the impact of first-forbidden transitions on decay rates has not been systematically studied within a consistent model. We use a fully self-consistent covariant density functional theory (CDFT) framework to provide a table of $\beta$-decay half-lives and $\beta$-delayed neutron emission probabilities, including first-forbidden transitions. We observe a significant contribution of the first-forbidden transitions to the total decay rate in nuclei far from the valley of stability. The experimental half-lives are in general well reproduced, both for even-even, odd-A and odd-odd nuclei, in particular for short-lived nuclei.

Global description ofβ−decay in even-even nuclei with the axially-deformed Skyrme finite-amplitude method

We use the finite amplitude method for computing charge-changing Skyrme-QRPA transition strengths in axially-deformed nuclei together with a modern Skyrme energy-density functional to fit several previously unconstrained parameters in the charge-changing time-odd part of the functional. With the modified functional we then calculate rates of beta-minus decay for all medium-mass and heavy even-even nuclei between the valley of stability and the neutron drip line. We fit the Skyrme parameters to a limited set of beta-decay rates, a set of Gamow-Teller resonance energies, and a set of spin-dipole resonance energies, in both spherical and deformed nuclei. Comparison to available experimental beta-decay rates shows agreement at roughly the same level as in other global QRPA calculations. We estimate the uncertainty in our rates all the way to the neutron drip line through a construction that extrapolates the errors of known beta-decay rates in nuclei with intermediate Q values to less stable isotopes with higher Q values.

THE SENSITIVITY OF CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE TO NUCLEAR ELECTRON CAPTURE

ABSTRACT A weak-rate library aimed at investigating the sensitivity of astrophysical environments to variations of electron-capture rates on medium-heavy nuclei has been developed. With this library, the sensitivity of the core-collapse and early post-bounce phases of core-collapse supernovae to nuclear electron capture is examined. The rates are adjusted by factors consistent with uncertainties indicated by comparing theoretical rates to those deduced from charge-exchange and β-decay measurements. To ensure a model-independent assessment, sensitivity studies across a comprehensive set of progenitors and equations of state are performed. We find a +16/−4% range in the mass of the inner core at shock formation and a ±20% range of peak &ngr; e ?> luminosity during the deleptonization burst. These ranges are five times as large as those seen from a separate progenitor study, where we evaluate the sensitivity of these parameters to 32 presupernova models. Additionally, the simulations are found to be more sensitive to a reduction in electron-capture rates than an enhancement, and specifically to the reduction in rates for neutron-rich nuclei near the N = 50 closed neutron shell. As measurements for medium-heavy ( A > 65 ?> ) and neutron-rich nuclei are sparse, and because accurate theoretical models that account for nuclear structure considerations of individual nuclei are not readily available, rates for these nuclei may be overestimated. If more accurate estimates confirm this, results from this study indicate that significant changes to the core-collapse trajectory are expected. For this reason, experimental and theoretical efforts should focus on this region of the nuclear chart.

Evolution ofE2transition strength in deformed hafnium isotopes from new measurements onHf172,Hf174, andHf176

The available data for E2 transition strengths in the region between neutron-deficient Hf and Pt isotopes are far from complete. More and precise data are needed to enhance the picture of structure evolution in this region and to test state-of-the-art nuclear models. In a simple model, the maximum collectivity is expected at the middle of the major shell. However, for actual nuclei, this picture may no longer be the case, and one should use a more realistic nuclear-structure model. We address this point by studying the spectroscopy of Hf. We remeasure the 2^+_1 half-lives of 172,174,176Hf, for which there is some disagreement in the literature. The main goal is to measure, for the first time, the half-lives of higher-lying states of the rotational band. The new results are compared to a theoretical calculation for absolute transition strengths. The half-lives were measured using \gamma-\gamma and conversion-electron-\gamma delayed coincidences with the fast timing method. For the determination of half-lives in the picosecond region, the generalized centroid difference method was applied. For the theoretical calculation of the spectroscopic properties, the interacting boson model is employed, whose Hamiltonian is determined based on microscopic energy-density functional calculations. The measured 2^+_1 half-lives disagree with results from earlier \gamma-\gamma fast timing measurements, but are in agreement with data from Coulomb excitation experiments and other methods. Half-lives of the 4^+_1 and 6^+_1 states were measured, as well as a lower limit for the 8^+_1 states. We show the importance of the mass-dependence of effective boson charge in the description of E2 transition rates in chains of nuclei. It encourages further studies of the microscopic origin of this mass dependence. New data on transition rates in nuclei from neighboring isotopic chains could support these studies.

Spin Responses in Nuclei and Nuclear Weak Processes in Stars

New shell-model Hamiltonians which can successfuly describe spin-dependent transition rates in nuclei are applied to study nuclear weak processes in stars. New v-induced reaction cross sections in 12C and 56Fe evaluated by the new Hamiltonians are shown to reproduce well the experimental data. Nucleosynthesis of light elements in supernova explosions (SNe) as well as v oscillation effects are discussed with the new cross sections. Electron capture and β-decay rates in stellar environments are re-evaluated in fp- and sd-shell nuclei. Nucleosynthesis in Type-Ia SNe, rp-process and X-ray burst are discussed with the new reaction rates in Ni isotopes. Important roles of accurate e-capture and β-decay rates in sd-shell nuclei on the cooling of stars with 8-10 solar masses by nuclear URCA processes and the fate of the stars are demonstrated. β-decay half-lives of waiting-point nuclei at N =126 are evaluated by shell- model calculations, and r-process nucleosynthesis up to Th and U region in both core-collapse SNe and binary neutron star mergers are studied.

Influence of nuclear reaction rates on the nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds

We study the sensitivity of the νp-process abundance pattern to (n,p), (p,γ), and (n,γ) rates for nuclei between Ni and Sn. We illustrate our findings for two different initial electron fractions and a representative trajectory. We discuss how these rates influence the abundance pattern and the nuclear flow. Core-collapse supernovae are important contributors to the chemical enrichment of galaxies. They synthesize heavy elements and eject these newly synthesized elements (iron and heavier elements) into the interstellar medium to- gether with elements produced during the star's lifetime. After the explosion, the nascent, hot neutron star cools by emitting neutrinos. These neutrinos interact with the stellar matter and deposit energy, resulting in a supersonic outflow, the neutrino-driven wind. The conditions in the winds are not suitable for the synthesis of the heaviest ele- ments by the r-process. However, lighter heavy elements, such as Sr, Y, Zr, can be formed. Recent hydrodynamic models suggest that very outward in a neutrino wind, the large proton density allows for a small number of neutrons to be produced by νe cap- tures on protons. This permits neutron-induced reactions - such as (n,γ) and (n,p) - to compete with proton cap- tures, electron captures, and β + -decays. Especially (n,p) reactions on proton-rich nuclei have cross sections 10 − 12 orders of magnitude larger than proton captures. There- fore, already a tiny neutron abundance can cause neutron- induced reaction flows competing with proton captures. The (n,p) reactions in the νp-process overcome the wait- ing points in the rp-process which are characterized by slow proton capture rates and long β-decay (electron cap- ture) lifetimes. Depending on the neutron density ρn, the (n,p) reactions regulate the flow from one isotonic chain to the next higher as they are faster than the β + -decays or electron captures. The path of the νp-process lies initially close to the N = Z line and moves towards stability at higher masses.

Erratum: Muon conversion to electron in nuclei within the μνSSM with a 125 GeV Higgs

Within framework of the $\mu$ from $\nu$ Supersymmetric Standard Model ($\mu\nu$SSM), three exotic right-handed neutrino superfields induce new sources for lepton-flavor violation. In this work, we investigate muon conversion to electron in nuclei within the $\mu\nu$SSM in detail. With a 125 GeV Higgs, the numerical results indicate that the $\mu-e$ conversion rates in nuclei within the $\mu\nu$SSM can reach the experimental upper bound, which could be detected with the future experimental sensitivities.

Muon conversion to electron in nuclei within the μνSSM with a 125 GeV Higgs

Within framework of the μ from ν Supersymmetric Standard Model (μνSSM), three exotic right-handed neutrino superfields induce new sources for lepton-flavor violation. In this work, we investigate muon conversion to electron in nuclei within the μνSSM in detail. With a 125GeV Higgs, the numerical results indicate that the μ − e conversion rates in nuclei within the μνSSM can reach the experimental upper bound, which could be detected with the future experimental sensitivities.

Radiative recombination of ions and nuclei in electron cooling systems

Experimental data on rates for the radiative recombination of nuclei (from helium to uranium) and various ions in interaction with an electron beam in electron cooling systems are reviewed. An analysis of the experimental data has yielded the dependence of the radiative recombination rate on the relative electron energy appreciably differently than the theoretical models obtained earlier by H. Kramers and R. Schuch. In addition, it is shown that the radiative recombination rate of nuclei in the experiment depends on the transverse electron energy as T⊥−0.82,which is also different from the results of the calculations by the theoretical model proposed by M. Bell and J. Bell. Experimental data on the cooling of ions in intermediate charge states are analyzed and the dependence of the radiative recombination rate on the charge state of the ion (electron-shell configuration) is shown. For some ion charge states, the rate of the process is of a resonance character. Loss to radiative recombination in the electron cooling system of the NICA Booster is evaluated for the Au32+, Au33+, Au50+, and Au51+ ion beams. Limitations imposed on the Au79+ beam lifetime by radiative recombination in the electron cooling system of the NICA Collider are analyzed. Possible ways to decrease the radiative recombination rate of nuclei by selecting the parameters of the electron cooling system for the NICA Collider are proposed.

The core-collapse supernova rate in Arp 299 revisited

We present a study of the CCSN rate in nuclei A and B1 of the luminous infrared galaxy Arp299, based on 11 years of Very Large Array monitoring of their radio emission at 8.4 GHz. Significant variations in the nuclear radio flux density can be used to identify the CCSN activity in the absence of high-resolution very long baseline interferometry observations. In the case of the B1-nucleus, the small variations in its measured diffuse radio emission are below the fluxes expected from radio supernovae, thus making it well-suited to detect RSNe through flux density variability. In fact, we find strong evidence for at least three RSNe this way, which results in a lower limit for the CCSN rate of 0.28 +/- 0.16 per year. In the A-nucleus, we did not detect any significant variability and found a SN detection threshold luminosity which allows only the detection of the most luminous RSNe known. Our method is basically blind to normal CCSN explosions occurring within the A-nucleus, which result in too small variations in the nuclear flux density, remaining diluted by the strong diffuse emission of the nucleus itself. Additionally, we have attempted to find near-infrared counterparts for the earlier reported RSNe in the Arp299 nucleus A, by comparing NIR adaptive optics images from the Gemini-N telescope with contemporaneous observations from the European VLBI Network. However, we were not able to detect NIR counterparts for the reported radio SNe within the innermost regions of nucleus A. While our NIR observations were sensitive to typical CCSNe at 300 mas from the centre of the nucleus A, suffering from extinction up to A_v~15 mag, they were not sensitive to such highly obscured SNe within the innermost nuclear regions where most of the EVN sources were detected. (abridged)

Pathogenetic effects of salted pork in an area of China with high-risk for stomach cancer.

To study the pathogenetic effects of salted pork (SP) (a special food in Zhuanghe City, a region of northern China that is a high-risk area for stomach cancer) on stomach cancer, and a provide scientific basis for the primary prevention of stomach cancer in this high-risk region. This study consisted of three distinct parts. The first part involved a study of SP mutagenicity and employed both the Ames test and micronuclei assay using V79 cells. The second part included a study of SP's effect on the gastric mucosa of residents in the Zhuanghe area who had consumed SP for more than ten years. Additionally, these studies involved an analysis of the dose effect relationship between SP and pathological changes in gastric mucosa, with a total of 300 cases analyzed. The third part of this study involved an observation of the mucosal lesions from experimental dogs by both gastroscopy and mucosal biopsy. Six healthy male dogs were selected, three were fed with SP, and the others served as controls. This study revealed that SP extract could mutate Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and induce an increase in both the micro nuclei rate (MNR) and micro nuclei cell rate (MNCR) of V79 at a dose range of 20-80 μL/mL. There were significant dose-effect relations between SP and either MNR or MNCR. Pathological changes in the gastric mucosa of local residents who had consumed SP were significantly different from those of the control group. In people who had consumed SP for ten years, mucosal lesions were found that contained evidence of necrosis and erosion; In those who consumed SP for ten-20 years, both hyperplasia and dysplasia were seen in addition to the above lesions. In individuals who had consumed SP for 20-30 years, severe dysplasia and malignant changes were found. Furthermore, SP had damaging effect on the gastric mucosa of dogs that were fed SP. The mucosal lesions became more severe with increased feeding time. SP is a strong mutagen and long-term SP exposure may result in repeated gastric mucosal damage and repair, ultimately leading to severe dysplasia and malignancy.

水温一定の水槽を用いた養生によるアコヤガイの脱核低減法

水温一定の水槽を用いた養生によるアコヤガイの脱核低減法

Neutrino energy loss by electron capture on strongly screened iron group nuclei

The influences on the neutrino energy loss rates in iron group nuclei at the same density are investigated in the presence of strong electron screening and in the absence of electron screening. The results show that at a temperature of 15 ? 109 K, the neutrino energy loss rates which come from the electron capture process for most iron group nuclei decrease no more than 2 orders of magnitude but for the others (such as 53,55,56,57,58,59,60 Co, 56,59Ni) they can decrease about 3 orders of magnitude due to strong electron screening (SES), whereas, at a temperature of 109K the neutrino energy loss rates of the most iron group nuclei can be diminished greatly due to the SES. For example, 61Fe, 60Fe, and 62Ni the neutrino energy loss rates decrease about 4, 15 and 16 orders of magnitude and for 57Cr, 58Cr, and 60Cr decrease about 18, 12, and 10 orders of magnitude respectively. According to our calculations the neutrino energy loss rates of nuclei 58Mn, 59Mn, 60Mn, and 62Mn may decrease about 13 orders of magnitude at a temperature of 109 K due to the SES.

Regulation of ROMK (Kir 1.1) Channel Expression in Kidney Thick Ascending Limb by Hypertonicity: Role of TonEBP and MAPK Pathways

The present study assessed the mechanisms by which hypertonicity caused by NaCl enhances the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) mRNA abundance in rat kidney medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) and in cultured mouse TAL cells. Using the run-off technique, we observed that the ROMK gene transcription rate in nuclei isolated from MTAL fragments was enhanced ∼40% by a high NaCl medium. In MTAL fragments, hypertonicity (450 mosm) caused by NaCl, not by mannitol or urea, enhanced both ROMK mRNA abundance and tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) total abundance and nuclear localization. In an immortalized mouse TAL cell culture in which ROMK is apically expressed, hypertonicity caused by both NaCl and mannitol, not urea, enhanced both ROMK mRNA abundance and TonEBP total abundance and nuclear localization. Confocal microscopy confirmed an increased nuclear translocation of TonEBP in response to NaCl-induced hypertonicity. Finally, inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway by SB203580 and of the ERK pathway by PD98059 abolished the NaCl-induced stimulation of TonEBP and ROMK. These results establish that mRNA expression of ROMK is augmented in the MTAL by NaCl-induced hypertonicity through stimulation of ROMK gene transcription, and that TonEBP and the p38 MAPK and ERK pathways are involved in this effect.