Rate Performance Of Batteries Research Articles

Research on the Performance Improvement Method for Lithium-Ion Battery in High-Power Application Scenarios

With the development of technology, high-power lithium-ion batteries are increasingly moving towards high-speed discharge, long-term continuous output, instantaneous high-rate discharge, and miniaturization, and are being gradually developed towards the fields of electric tools, port machinery and robotics. Improving the power performance of batteries can be achieved from multiple dimensions, such as electrochemical systems and battery design. In order to improve the power performance of lithium-ion batteries, this paper proposes design methods from the perspective of electrochemical systems, which include increasing the high-rate discharge capacity and low impedance of the battery. This article also studies the preparation of high-power lithium-ion batteries. This article aims to improve the rate performance of batteries by studying high-performance cathode materials, excellent conductive networks, and high-performance electrolytes. This article successfully screened high-performance cathode materials by comparing the effects of different particle sizes of cathode materials on electrode conductivity and battery internal resistance. By comparing the effects of electrolyte additives under pulse cycling, high-quality electrolyte additive materials were selected. By comparing the effects of different types, contents, and ratios of conductive agents on electrode conductivity, battery internal resistance, high-quality conductive agents, and appropriate ratios were selected. Finally, a 10 Ah cylindrical high-power lithium-ion battery with a specific energy of 110 Wh/kg, pulse discharge specific power of 11.3 kW/kg, an AC internal resistance of ≤0.7 m Ω, a 10C full capacity discharge cycle of over 1700, a 30C full capacity discharge cycle of over 500, and a continuous discharge capacity of 10C–30C, and a pulse discharge capacity of over 100C was prepared.

Influence of Particle Size and Mass Loading of Hard Carbon on Sodium Ion Battery Rate Performance in Industrially Relevant Full Cells

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a great opportunity for stationary storage, back-up power supply and light electric vehicle applications. Energy and power requirements for these applications needs to be satisfied. Beside material improvement, electrode microstructure plays a critical role. Herein, the influence of hard carbon (HC) particle size and mass loading on the rate performance have been comprehensively investigated. This work analyses the relative contribution of ionic resistance within the porous electrode (Rion) in SIB full cells employing relevant mass loadings. Rion was obtained by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to symmetrical cells and by fitting a transmission line model (TLM) under “blocking” conditions. The relative contribution of Rion arising from HC electrodes was further compared to the charge transfer resistance (RCT) in full cell configuration utilising a three-electrode cell under “non-blocking” conditions. Results illustrate mass loading to be as far more influential on cell rate performance compared to the two particle sizes analyzed. The three-electrode study reveals the contribution of Rion to be greater than that of RCT at high mass loadings and high states of charge for the HC electrode and elucidates that the gravimetric and volumetric discharge capacity of cells is limited by the layered oxide cathode and HC electrode respectively.

First-principles study of bismuthene as a high energy density and excellent rate performance anode material for potassium-ion batteries

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), with their abundance of resources, lower cost, high ion conductivity, and comparable redox potential, hold potential as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage. Nonetheless, the scarcity of high-performance electrode materials remains a major obstacle in the advancement of KIBs. Here, the viability of bismuthene as an anode material for KIBs was systematically investigated using first-principles calculations. We found that bismuthene exhibits a maximum adsorption capacity of two layers of K atoms, offering a moderate theoretical capacity of 256.5 mAh g−1. Additionally, the adsorption of K atoms on bismuthene leads to a notable enhancement in the electronic conductivity. Moreover, the ultralow average open circuit voltage (0.17 V) and diffusion barrier (0.02 eV) of K on bismuthene monolayer along the zigzag direction, suggesting a high energy density and outstanding rate performance of batteries. Hence, bismuthene demonstrates remarkable potential as a high-performance KIBs anode material, making it a hopeful contender in the field of energy storage.

MnO2@PANI nanorod arrays for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Eco-friendliness, economic benefits, and good security make aqueous zinc-ion batteries show wide application foreground for energy storage. Developing cathode materials that possess both high structural stability and excellent performance is considerably important. In this work, MnO2@PANI nanorod arrays were used as a binderless cathode material, achieving superb specific capacity (293.7 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1). The ordered nanorod arrays also optimize of electrolyte ions transportation, which is benefit to improving rate performance of batteries. MnO2@PANI nanorod arrays show a capacitance retention of 51 % (150.5 mA h g−1), when current density increased by 10-fold while that of MnO2@PANI layer is 35 % (59.9 mA h g−1).

Preparation and properties of flexible integrated cathode and electrolyte all-gel zinc-air batteries

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are of great interest in meeting the growing demand for flexible portable electronics due to their high energy density and low cost. In this paper, the interfacial dry crosslinking strategy is adopted, in which the dehydrated air cathode spontaneously absorbs water from the surface and inside of the electrolyte under the combined action of osmotic pressure and hydrophilic amide group, and the full gel integrating cathode and electrolyte is obtained by the interfacial dry crosslinking method of hydrogen bond adsorption. After water absorption, the conductive gel dry film electrode softens again, and a fusion interface is formed between the electrode and the electrolyte, and the integrated full gel is the best material for flexible batteries, which plays a vital role in the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the battery. In this paper, a polyacrylamide-based (PAM) all-in-one full gel with an optimal monomer content of 30 wt% is synthesized and used for bendable flexible packaging ZAB. The prepared ZAB exhibits good cycle stability of 177 h, excellent battery rate performance, stable discharge performance (high gram capacity of 785.16 mAh g−1), relatively high maximum power density (111.0 mW cm−2), and low interfacial contact impedance. With this 30 wt% all-in-one gel assembly soft pack ZAB can power a wide range of electronic devices and exhibit excellent flexibility in a wide range of bending conditions.

Revealing the Electrochemical Kinetics of Electrolytes in Nanosized LiFePO4 Electrodes

Lithium-ion battery rate performance is ultimately limited by the electrolyte, yet the behaviors of electrolytes during high-rate (dis)charge remain elusive to electrochemical measurement. Herein, we develop and study a nanosized LiFePO4 model system in which the electrolyte completely controls the electrochemical kinetics of the porous electrode. Impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and rate performance testing prove that ion transport in the electrolyte is the sole rate-limiting process, even in thin electrodes. A novel pseudo-steady-state extrapolation (S3E) method for Tafel analysis shows that LiFePO4 obeys Butler-Volmer kinetics with a transfer coefficient of 3. The combination of these unexpectedly rapid interfacial kinetics and an activation barrier for phase transformation causes extreme reaction heterogeneity, which manifests as a moving reaction zone. Resistance versus capacity analysis enables direct measurement of electrolyte resistance growth during high-rate (dis)charge, revealing how the interaction between concentration polarization and a moving reaction zone controls electrolyte rate performance in LiFePO4 electrodes. This work elucidates the profound impacts of the electrolyte on electrochemical measurements in porous battery electrodes: when the active material is not rate limiting, it is impossible to directly measure the intrinsic kinetics of the active material, but conversely, it becomes possible to directly measure the kinetics of the electrolyte.

Oxygen self-doping pyrolyzed polyacrylic acid as sulfur host with physical/chemical adsorption dual function for lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high theoretical capacity and energy density need to solve problems such as the high decomposition energy barrier of Li2S and large volume change of sulfur in the charging process caused by the shuttle effect before practical application. Herein, a green synthesis method is used to prepare polyacrylic acid (PAA) superabsorbent material, and then the pyrolyzed PAA (P/PAA) material is obtained as the positive electrode of Li-S battery. Density functional calculation reveals that the oxygen self-doping pyrolyzed polyacrylic acid (P/PAA) delivered stronger binding energy toward Li2S species in carbonyl C=O than that of graphite powder (GP) which are −1.58 eV and −1.02 eV, respectively. Coupled with the distribution of relaxation time analysis and the in-situ electrochemical impedance approach, it is further demonstrated that the designed P/PAA as sulfur host plays a physical/chemical adsorption dual function in maintaining the stability and rate performance of batteries. With an initial discharge capacity of 1258 mAh/g at 0.1 C and a minimal capacity decline of 0.05% per cycle even after 800 cycles at 0.5 C, the produced cathode demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance. The average Coulombic efficiency is nearly 100%. The P/PAA electrodes may typically retain 96% of their capacity while declining on average only 0.033% per cycle after 130 cycles at 3 C. This effort provides a new method for the future development of heteroatomic self-doping superabsorbent with promising adsorption properties for polysulfides as cathode materials of Li-S batteries.

Effect of tungsten metal-oxide addition on physical, structural, and electrical properties of borophosphate glasses

Demand for electrical energy storage (EES) is growing, necessitating the development of improved batteries. Inorganic glassy materials are a class of essential electrodes due of their excellent conductivity and stable structures, they are appropriate for both cathode and anode applications. The most important characteristics that determine the dynamic behavior and rate performance of batteries are the ionic and electronic conductivities of active materials. In this sense, many crystalline, vitreous, and glass ceramics are investigated for their electrical properties. To create uniformly mixed glasses within the xLi2WO4–(50–x)Li2O–40P2O5–10B2O3 system, the melt-quenching technique is employed. Glasses containing up to 50 mol% Li2WO4 are synthesized with a substantial region of glass formation. They are homogeneous, transparent, and bubble-free. The structural approach and selected physical parameters of these glasses, such as density, molar volume, electrical conductivity, and glass transition temperature, are evaluated. The study emphasizes that an increase in the Li2WO4 amount leads to an elevation in both the density (ρ) and molar volume (Vm). Infrared spectroscopy identifies the presence of numerous structural units within the glass framework. Electrical conductivity measurements of the glasses are investigated using impedance spectroscopy. The measurements are taken over a wide frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz and across temperatures ranging from 303K to 403K. It is highlighted that the electric conductivity rises as the Li2WO4 content is added. The glass with x = 30 mol% exhibits a dc conductivity of 8.63 × 10−7 (Ω−1 cm−1) at room temperature and 8.90 × 10−5 (Ω−1 cm−1) at 150°C. To gain insight into the conductivity relaxation mechanism, the frequency dependence of the glasses' conductivity is investigated. The results indicate that the ion transport in the glasses is governed by the correlated barrier hopping mechanism, which follows Jonscher's power behavior. The scaling conductivity spectra reveal that the conduction mechanism in the glasses is influenced by both temperature and composition.

Recent advances in hard carbon anodes with high initial Coulombic efficiency for sodium-ion batteries

Initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) has been widely adopted in battery research as a quantifiable indicator for the lifespan, energy density and rate performance of batteries. Hard carbon materials have been accepted as a promising anode family for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their outstanding performance. However, the booming application of hard carbon anodes has been significantly slowed by the low ICE, leading to a reduced energy density at the cell level. This offers a challenge to develop high ICE hard carbon anodes to meet the applications of high-performance SIBs. Here, we discuss the definition and factors of ICE and describe several typical strategies to improve the ICE of hard carbon anodes. The strategies for boosting the ICE of such anodes are also systematically categorized into several aspects including structure design, surface engineering, electrolyte optimization and pre-sodiation. The key challenges and perspectives in the development of high ICE hard carbon anodes are also outlined.

High‐Pressure Induction and Quantitative Regulation of Oxygen Vacancy Defects in Lithium Titanate

AbstractInspired by the functional properties of ion defect induction and charge compensation in defect engineering, these methods are expected to be an effective strategy to solve the constraints of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) inherent conductivity and diffusion dynamics, and further improve battery rate performance. The oxygen vacancy (OV) content in LTO can be controlled quantitatively by high‐pressure induction using the high‐pressure and high‐temperature (HPHT) method. In addition, the relationship between the electrochemical properties and OV is further explored. The theoretical calculations indicate that the OV defects cause the electrons to delocalize into the conduction band of the LTO, and thus fundamentally improve the intrinsic conductivity. In particular, the high‐pressure quenching strategy of HPHT causes LTO to instantly produce crack holes with massive crystalline layers, which can be regarded as storage for the electrolyte to facilitate ion diffusion. The fabricated LTO anodes containing OVs compensate for the limitation of the poor rate performance with a capacity of 176 mAh g−1 at 20 C. Pressure‐induced OV defects not only open up a new perspective in the field of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), but also provide a certain degree of freedom for the functional design characteristics of defect engineering.

Analysis of Differences in Electrochemical Performance Between Coin and Pouch Cells for Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications

Small coin cell batteries are predominantly used for testing lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in academia because they require small amounts of material and are easy to assemble. However, insufficient attention is given to difference in cell performance that arises from the differences in format between coin cells used by academic researchers and pouch or cylindrical cells which are used in industry. In this article, we compare coin cells and pouch cells of different size with exactly the same electrode materials, electrolyte, and electrochemical conditions. We show the battery impedance changes substantially depending on the cell format using techniques including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT). Using full cell NCA‐graphite LIBs, we demonstrate that this difference in impedance has important knock‐on effects on the battery rate performance due to ohmic polarization and the battery life time due to Li metal plating on the anode. We hope this work will help researchers getting a better idea of how small coin cell formats impact the cell performance and help predicting improvements that can be achieved by implementing larger cell formats.

Improved performance of graphite coated by hard carbon of PTCDA sodium salt for lithium-ion batteries

The graphite layers are combined with van der Waals forces. During the charging and discharging process, the graphite layer spacing changes, causing the graphite flakes to peel off and pulverize, resulting in unsatisfactory electrical cycle performance. In addition, lithium ions can only be inserted from the end surface of the graphite, Will inevitably cause the increase of lithium-ion diffusion resistance, and affect the battery rate performance. In this paper, a sodium salt of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride is used. By adjusting different coating modification processes, the graphite anode particles coated with sodium salt of perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride are further calcined at high temperature to obtain a graphite-like structure The amorphous hard carbon-coated modified graphite anode material, through comparison, it is found that different thicknesses (9–40 nm) of organic carbon coating show different surface morphologies, which effectively improves the structural stability of the graphite anode material. Performance, and finally obtain more excellent capacity, cycle stability performance and rate performance.

Optimization of electrode loading amount in lithium ion battery by theoretical prediction and experimental verification

Lithium ion battery is a complex system, and any change in device parameters may significantly affect the overall performance. The prediction of battery behavior based on theoretical simulation is of great significance. In this work, the battery performance with LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes of different active material loading amounts was theoretically investigated, such as battery rate performance, capacity decay rate, energy and power density, SOC (State of Charge) change, temperature response, and heat source distribution. A 1D electrochemical–3D thermal coupling model was established, and the accuracy and predictability of the model were verified by experiments. An in-depth analysis of batteries under different discharge rates and batteries with different electrode loading amounts is carried out. The results show that the rate performance and capacity change with different electrode loading amounts, which is attributed to the variation in lithium ion diffusion. At the same time, the change in load affects the growth of lithium dendrites and the distribution of SOC, resulting in the thermal runaway of the battery and shortening the battery life.

Overpotential decomposition enabled decoupling of complex kinetic processes in battery electrodes

Identifying overpotential components of electrochemical systems enables quantitative analysis of polarization contributions of kinetic processes under practical operating conditions. However, the inherently coupled kinetic processes lead to an enormous challenge in measuring individual overpotentials, particularly in composite electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, the full decomposition of electrode overpotential is realized by the collaboration of single-layer structured particle electrode (SLPE) constructions and time-resolved potential measurements, explicitly revealing the evolution of kinetic processes. Perfect prediction of the discharging profiles is achieved via potential measurements on SLPEs, even in extreme polarization conditions. By decoupling overpotentials in different electrode/cell structures and material systems, the dominant limiting processes of battery rate performance are uncovered, based on which the optimization of electrochemical kinetics can be conducted. Our study not only shades light on decoupling complex kinetics in electrochemical systems, but also provides vitally significant guidance for the rational design of high-performance batteries.

Controlled Synthesis of 2D Prussian Blue Analog Nanosheets with Low Coordinated Water Content for High-Performance Lithium Storage.

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) with open and porous frameworks have attracted wide attention in alkali metal ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacities and fast ion insertion/extraction kinetics. However, abundant coordinated water usually exists in traditional PBAs synthesized in aqueous systems. Consequently, the competition between coordinated water and alkali ions easily causes the rapid structural collapse of PBAs during the repeated discharge/charge cycles, lowering the cycling stability, and rate performance of batteries. Besides, most reported PBAs adopt the cubic/particle-like morphologies with large sizes, which usually suffer from insufficient ion diffusion especially at high rates. Herein, a facile and general strategy for the synthesis of 2D CoCo, CuFe, CuCeFe, and CuCeCo-based PBA nanosheets is reported. As a proof-of-concept application, Co3 [Co(CN)6 ]2 nanosheets are evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Thanks to the lower coordinated water content, smaller impedance and higher lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, Co3 [Co(CN)6 ]2 nanosheets deliver a superior reversible capacity of 810.4 mAh g-1 at 100mA g-1 , better rate performance, and higher cycling stability compared to common Co3 [Co(CN)6 ]2 cubes. Further studies indicate that the capacitance-controlled electrochemical behaviors dominate in the Co3 [Co(CN)6 ]2 nanosheets, giving rise to their excellent structural stability and superior lithium storage performance even at high rates.

Effects of sodium salts on compatibility between Na2Ti3O7@C anode and electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries

A non-carbonaceous titanium-based materials of Na2Ti3O7 have been considered as an attractive anode material for sodium ion battery (SIBs), due to its low charge potential and high energy density. However, the selection of preferred sodium salts in liquid electrolyte is still a challenge to improve battery performance. Herein, the compatibility of Na2Ti3O7 @C anode material with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)-based and sodium trifluoromethyl sulfonate (NaCF3SO3)-based electrolytes are studied, respectively. The results show that solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film formed by NaCF3SO3-based electrolyte is thin, compact and uniform, which can effectively reduce the transmission energy barrier of Na+. Different from that, the SEI film derived in NaClO4-based electrolyte contains more Na2CO3 and NaF, caused by the continuous decomposition of NaClO4 salt in carbonate solvent. It makes the SEI film thicker and the interface impedance larger, which results in the decline of battery cycle performance. In addition, more sulfur-containing compounds with good sodium conductivity and stability are generated due to the decomposed of NaCF3SO3 salt in carbonate solvent, which improves interfacial transport performance of materials, and inhibits the increase of the SEI film thickness and thus improves the cycling and rate performance of batteries. This study provides a reference method for designing advanced SIBs.

An angstrom-level d-spacing control of graphite oxide using organofillers for high-rate lithium storage

•Layer spacing greatly affects the rate performance of batteries •Interlayer engineering with an angstrom-level precision (7.4–13 Å) is achieved •Rapid charging with high lithium storage capacity is realized •Interlayer-performance relationship for fast Li+ diffusion kinetics is provided To increase the viability of electric vehicles for the general population, it is critically important that rechargeable batteries are designed to support rapid charging, which is as important as increasing their energy density. However, commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) encounter a ceiling of rate capability due to the sluggish intercalation kinetics of graphite anodes originated from their narrow interlayer spacing. Here, we report on graphite oxide frameworks (GOFs), whose interlayers are enlarged between 7.4 and 13 Å via a solvothermal reaction employing α,ω-diamino organic fillers. The GOFs offer ultrafast charging properties with a high lithium storage capacity of 370 mA h g−1 (at 3,000 mA g−1). In addition, we could determine the optimum interlayer spacing of layered electrode materials, at which the barrier for Li+ transport could be minimized. Altogether, our findings provide deep insight for the rational design fast chargeable LIBs with electrodes based on layered materials. To increase the viability of electric vehicles for the general population, it is critically important that rechargeable batteries are designed to support rapid charging, which is as important as increasing their energy density. However, commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) encounter a ceiling of rate capability due to the sluggish intercalation kinetics of graphite anodes originated from their narrow interlayer spacing. Here, we report on graphite oxide frameworks (GOFs), whose interlayers are enlarged between 7.4 and 13 Å via a solvothermal reaction employing α,ω-diamino organic fillers. The GOFs offer ultrafast charging properties with a high lithium storage capacity of 370 mA h g−1 (at 3,000 mA g−1). In addition, we could determine the optimum interlayer spacing of layered electrode materials, at which the barrier for Li+ transport could be minimized. Altogether, our findings provide deep insight for the rational design fast chargeable LIBs with electrodes based on layered materials.

Review on the lithium transport mechanism in solid‐state battery materials

AbstractThe growing demands to mitigate climate change and environmental degradation stimulate the rapid developments of rechargeable lithium (Li) battery technologies. Fast Li transports in battery materials are of essential significance to ensure superior Li dynamical stability and rate performance of batteries. Herein, the Li transport mechanisms in solid‐state battery materials (SSBMs) are comprehensively summarized. The collective diffusion mechanisms in solid electrolytes are elaborated, which are further understood from multiple perspectives including lattice dynamics, crystalline structure, and electronic structure. With the exponentially improving performance of computers, atomistic simulations have been playing an increasingly important role in revealing and understanding the Li transport in SSBMs, bridging the gap between experimental phenomena and theoretical models. Theoretical and experimental characterization methods for Li transports are discussed. The design strategies toward fast Li transports are classified. Finally, a perspective on the achievements and challenges of probing Li transports is provided.This article is categorized under: Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Effects of the Separator MOF-Al2O3 Coating on Battery Rate Performance and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have unique advantages in optimizing the ionic conductivity of battery separators because of their rich cavity structure and highly ordered and connected pores. In this study, we used a hydrothermal method to synthesize a functional material, Ag-MOF crystal, as a separator coating content, and then studied the properties and application effect of the MOF-Al2O3-blended coating applying to a polyethylene (PE) separator (MOFxAl1-x/PE). Results show that MOF0.08Al0.92/PE (MOF/Al2O3 = 0.08:0.92) used in NCM811||Li cells significantly not only improves the fast charge-discharge performance of the cells but also inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites during long-term charge-discharge cycling; the Li+ transference number (tLi+) of the MOF0.08Al0.92/PE composite separator is 0.61; the Li||separator||Li half-cell circulates stably for 1000 h at varying current density from 0.5 to 10 mA cm-2 and only produces low overpotentials, indicating that MOF0.08Al0.92 stabilizes lithium. The initial capacity of the NCM811||Li cell using the MOF0.08Al0.92/PE separator is 165.0 mA h g-1, its capacity retention is 70.67% after 300 cycles at 5 C, and the interface resistance of the cells only increases from 13.8 to 31.5 Ω, whereas the capacity retention of Al2O3/PE separator batteries is only 40.41% (62.2 mA h g-1) under the same conditions. During the charge-discharge cycling, the MOF-Al2O3 coating induces the lithium anode to quickly form a stable and dense solid-electrolyte interphase layer, promotes the uniform deposition of Li+, and inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites as well.

Thorn-like and dendrite lead sulfate as negative electrode materials for enhancing the cycle performance of lead-acid batteries

During deep charge-discharge cycling of lead-acid batteries, the compact PbSO4 layer on the negative electrode surface blocks the ion transport channels, limiting the mass transfer process. In this study, to enhance the electrochemical characteristics of lead-acid batteries, thorn-like and dendrite PbSO4 with a high aspect ratio were prepared and used as negative electrode material. During the formation process, thorn-like and dendrite PbSO4 increased the pore diameter and the total pore volume of the negative electrode. For the charge-discharge process, this provided enhanced ion transport channels, which improved the utilization rate of the negative active material (NAM) and rate performance of batteries. Under a current density of 100 mA g−1 and 100% depth of discharge (DOD), the specific discharge capacity of thorn-like and dendrite PbSO4 batteries reached 110 mAh g−1, and the batteries still maintained >70% of the maximum specific capacity after 1200 cycles. When the capacity decayed to 80% of the maximum specific capacity, the cycle life of thorn-like and dendrite PbSO4 batteries was 64% higher than that of the nearly spherical PbSO4 batteries. Owing to the thorn-like and dendrite PbSO4 significantly changing the pore structure of the electrode and enhancing the mass transfer process, the irreversible sulfation of the negative electrode was inhibited, and the cycle life of the lead-acid battery effectively extended.