Variation Rate Research Articles

Design of photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems through load demand characterization: A case study in Thailand

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) system at behind the meter has gained popularity due to the growing trend toward environmentally friendly energy solutions. Coupling PV systems with battery energy storage systems (BESS) addresses the uncertainties of PV energy production while enhancing energy management. Load characteristics have influence on PV and BESS design both in technical and economic aspects. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of load demand characterization methodologies tailored for the design of PV and BESS. The fundamental load properties such as daily maximum power, minimum power, and load energy, categorizing loads based on their daily and annual variation degrees are investigated. The techno-economic performance of PV-only and PV+BESS systems is analyzed, focusing on metrics such as excess energy, peak limiting performance, and economic feasibility using the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The findings of this study reveal three distinct load characteristics based on daily variation: moderate (50–70 %), moderate to high (70–80 %), and high (80–90 %). Load profiles with moderate variation (50–70 %) demonstrate economic feasibility when sized with a PV-only system matching maximum power demand. With BESS prices reduced to less than 140 USD/kWh, these loads could also integrate a 1C-BESS sized at half capacity under the same control strategy, resulting in lower excess energy and LCOE. Conversely, loads with higher variation (>70 %) and lower self-consumption rates (<70 %) face fewer viable options for both PV-only and PV+BESS configurations, especially if BESS costs remain high. These loads require custom-designed solutions and more extensive load analysis. Through analysis, this study establishes the relationship between load characteristics and system design suitability for the loads studied. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating load demand characterization techniques in the design systems, highlighting the need for tailored approaches based on specific load characteristics and economic viability.

Moment evolution equations for rational random dynamical systems: an increment decomposition method

Abstract Statistical moments are commonly used tools for exploring the ensemble behavior in gene regulation and population dynamics, where the rational vector fields are particularly ubiquitous, but how to efficiently derive the corresponding moment evolution equations was not much involved. Traditional derivation methods rely on fractional reduction and Itô formula, but it may become extremely complicated if the vector field is described by multivariate fractional polynomials. To resolve this issue, we present a novel incremental decomposition method, by which the rational vector field is divided into two parts: (proper) fractional polynomials and non-fractional polynomials. For the non-fractional polynomial part, we deduce the variation rate of a statistical moment by the Itô formula, but for the fractional polynomial part we acquire the corresponding variation rate by a relation analogous to that between the moment generating function and the distinct statistical moments. As application of the novel technique, the resultant infinite-dimensional moment systems associated with two typical examples are truncated with the schemes of derivative matching closure and the Gaussian moment closure. By comparing the lower-order statistical moments obtained from the closed moment systems with the counterparts obtained from direct simulation, the correctness of the proposed technique is verified. The present study is significant in facilitating the development of moment dynamics towards more complex systems.

Numerical Study on the Variable-Temperature Drying and Rehydration of Shiitake

Variable-temperature convective drying (VTCD) is a promising technology for obtaining high-quality dried mushrooms, particularly when considering rehydration capacity. However, accurate numerical models for variable-temperature convective drying and rehydration of shiitake mushrooms are lacking. This study addresses this gap by employing a model with thermo–hydro and mechanical bidirectional coupling to investigate five dehydration characteristics (moisture ratio, drying rate, temperature, evaporation rate, and volume shrinkage ratio) and a drying load characteristic (enthalpy difference) during VTCD. Additionally, a mathematical model combining drying and rehydration is proposed to analyze the effect of VTCD processes on the rehydration performance of shiitake mushrooms. The results demonstrate that, compared to constant-temperature drying, VTCD-dried mushrooms exhibit moderate shrinkage rates and drying time (16.89 h), along with reduced temperature variation and evaporation rate gradient (Max. 1.50 mol/(m3·s)). VTCD also improves enthalpy stability, reducing the maximum drying load by 58.84% compared to 338.15 K constant-temperature drying. Furthermore, drying time at medium temperatures (318.15–328.15 K) greatly influences rehydration performance. This study quantitatively highlights the superiority of variable-temperature convective drying, offering valuable insights for optimizing the shiitake mushroom drying processes.

Establishing Climate Change on Rainfall Trend, Variation and Change Point Pattern in Umuahia, Nigeria

This study investigates the prevailing conditions of changing climatic trends and change point dates in Umuahia, Nigeria, using daily annual maximum series (AMS) rainfall data spanning 31 years. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) was employed to downscale the time series data into durations ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours. Mann-Kendall (MK) trend and Sen's Slope Estimator (SSE) tests revealed a statistically significant increasing trend across all durations. The Sen's Slope magnitude ranged from 0.1373 mm/year for 5-minute duration to 0.9045 mm/year for 24-hour duration, corresponding to a variation rate of 9.05 mm/decade for the 24-hour duration. Trend change-point analysis, utilizing Distribution-free CUSUM and Sequential Mann-Kendall tests, identified 2002 as the initial rainfall change-point date. These results provide robust evidence of positive changing climatic conditions for rainfall in Umuahia, indicating that non-stationary Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) modelling may be more appropriate for flood risk management and urban planning in this area.

Study of thermal stress deformation in hybrid 3D printing and milling process of PEEK material

Hybrid manufacturing can enable rapid production of personalized artificial bones that are made of Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) by integrating 3D printing and milling. A main challenge, however, is the thermal stress deformation that arises from the fused deposition process, leading to warping and shrinkage. As a result, the fabrication accuracy is significantly diminished. This work aims to address this challenge by investigating the thermal stress deformation behavior of PEEK in hybrid manufacturing. The main contributions of this work, therefore, include the development of a model for this thermal deformation behavior, and the identification of key parameters such as cross-section length ( Ls), printed layer thickness ( Lh), and current workpiece height ( He). Further, experiments are conducted based on response surface methodology (RSM) to explore the relationships between temperature variation rate (Δ T), end surface height difference (Δ S), and length shrinkage rate (Δ L) with critical hybrid processing parameters. Optimal parameter combinations are then identified. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed methods effectively reduce the effects of warping and shrinkage.

A new validated TRNSYS module for phase change material-filled multi-glazed windows

Incorporating phase change materials (PCM) into multi-glazed windows (MW) has been recognized as an effective way to regulate the indoor thermal environment and reduce the energy consumption of buildings. However, the design and calculation of PCM-filled multi-glazed windows (MW + PCM) remain challenging due to the lack of general transient simulation methods and integrated tools. To address this issue, the present study developed a dynamic coupled thermal and optical model for MW + PCM based on the enthalpy-temperature and interface energy balance methods. Then, the model was implemented in C++ and integrated into the TRNSYS software as a new module (Type 2602). In parallel, a test platform comprising two test chambers was established to evaluate the effect of PCM on the thermal and optical properties of the window and to validate the newly proposed module. It was found that compared to the traditional triple-glazed window (TW), the PCM-filled triple-glazed window (TW + PCM) effectively reduces the irradiance through the window by 34.17 % and the maximum temperature of the inner surface by approximately 5.56 °C. While the increase in external surface radiation flux density from 600 to 1200 W/m2 has a diminishing effect on the heat flux variation rate during the heat dissipation process for TW + PCM, it effectively shortens the latent heat absorption time by 0.50 h and increases the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces by 3.02 °C. The new module demonstrates satisfactory accuracy through experimental validation and simulation comparisons, with the maximum heat flux coefficient of variance of the root mean square error (CV(RMSE)) less than 6.35 % and 11.25 % under TW and TW + PCM configurations.

Finite-time robust control of morphing aircraft based on time-varying observer

Morphable vehicles have strong nonlinear, strong coupling and strong time-varying characteristics in the process of variation, which brings great challenges to the design of their flight control systems. To address this problem, a time-varying gain extended state observer is proposed to accurately approximate the system coupling terms. Combining adaptive backstepping control technology and finite-time control theory, a finite-time bounded robust adaptive controller is designed. By designing the barrier Lyapunov function, the actual control law and the adaptive network update law are obtained step by step, ensuring that the system command tracking error can converge to a predetermined range within a finite time. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed control system is verified by attitude control simulation. The simulation results show that the morphable vehicle can track the command signal well in the process of variation and is basically not affected by the variation rate.

Association between body fat variation rate and risk of diabetic nephropathy - a posthoc analysis based on ACCORD database

BackgroundWeight control has consistently been regarded as a significant preventive measure against diabetic nephropathy. however, the potential impact of substantial fluctuations in body fat during this process on the risk of diabetic nephropathy remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between body fat variation rate and diabetic nephropathy incident in American patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe study used data from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial to calculate body fat variation rates over two years and divided participants into Low and High groups. The hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model, and confounding variables were addressed using propensity score matching.ResultsFour thousand six hundred nine participants with type 2 diabetes were studied, with 1,511 cases of diabetic nephropathy observed over 5 years. High body fat variation rate was linked to a higher risk of diabetic nephropathy compared to low body fat variation rate (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.26). Statistically significant interaction was observed between body fat variation rate and BMI (P interaction = 0.008), and high level of body fat variation rate was only associated with increased risk of diabetic nephropathy in participants with BMI > 30 (HR 1.34 and 95% CI 1.08–1.66).ConclusionsAmong participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, body fat variation rate was associated with increased risk of diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, the association was modified by BMI, and positive association was demonstrated in obese but not non-obese individuals. Consequently, for obese patients with diabetes, a more gradual weight loss strategy is recommended to prevent drastic fluctuations in body fat.Trial registrationClinical Trials. gov, no. NCT000000620 (Registration Date 199909).Graphical

Temperature effects on interspecific eavesdropping in the wild

Abstract Mating signals are targets of conspecific signal recognition and sexual selection, but are also subject to abiotic temperature effects and to biotic interspecific eavesdroppers. In crickets, the male calling song becomes faster at warmer temperatures, and female crickets’ recognition of male song tracks temperature in a coordinated manner, termed ‘temperature coupling.’ But female crickets are not the only ecologically relevant listeners: some cricket species are parasitized by Ormia ochracea, a parasitoid fly which finds its cricket hosts by eavesdropping on male cricket song. How temperature affects parasitoid fly phonotaxis to song is largely unexplored, with only one previous study conducted under field conditions. Here we explore six possible patterns of thermal effects on fly responses to cricket song, including temperature coupling, using field playbacks of synthetic Gryllus lineaticeps songs designed to be species-typical at various temperatures. We find that temperature does affect fly response, but that the temperature deviation of songs from ambient does not impact numbers of flies caught. We extend this finding by comparing the temperatures of the air (where flies search for their hosts) and the ground (where their host crickets signal) to show that temperature coupling is unlikely to be effective given microhabitat variation and differential rates of cooling in the evening hours when flies are most active. Our results can be interpreted more broadly to suggest (i) temperature effects on intraspecific communication systems may be more tightly coupled than are effects on interspecific eavesdropping, and (ii) variation in thermal microhabitats in the field make it difficult to translate laboratory physiological responses to natural selection in the wild.

A comparative study on combustion characteristics of PPC and RCCI combustion modes in an optical engine with renewable fuels

Application of renewable fuels in compression ignition engines provides one solution to reduce greenhouse gas emission in heavy-duty transportation sector. However, it is a big challenge to find a single alternative fuel to replace the traditional diesel under full load conditions. In this study, the combustion characteristics of two kinds of renewable fuels with different reactivity, namely methanol and hydrogenated catalytic biodiesel (HCB), were investigated in an optical engine under partially premixed combustion (PPC) and reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) modes, respectively. A two-color (2C) method was employed to quantify the in-flame soot formation. Meanwhile, the flame oscillation phenomenon was captured and evaluated. The results indicate that the RCCI mode exhibits reduced peak cylinder pressure, resulting in smoother and more stable combustion compared to that of the PPC mode. Moreover, the more uniform fuel distribution in the RCCI mode further decreases soot formation from the blended fuel. Additionally, with increasing methanol proportion, the rise in oxygen content within the blended fuel significantly reduces soot formation. The flame oscillations are primarily related to the rate of cylinder pressure variation. Under PPC mode, multi-point autoignition causes a rapid increase in cylinder pressure, leading to larger oscillation amplitudes (M15: 0.268, M25: 0.772). Conversely, under the RCCI mode, the heat release process is more stable, resulting in weaken oscillations (M15: 0.161, M25: 0.064) compared to that of PPC.

7942 Evolution of Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor and Their Cognate Receptors in Vertebrates, Invertebrates and Viruses

Abstract Disclosure: M. Chrudinova: None. Y.D. Dogru: None. R. Huang: None. R. Reiners: None. P. De Meyts: None. J. DaCosta: None. E. Altindis: None. The insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling system is an evolutionarily conserved system and controls central processes including metabolism, cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation in vertebrates. On the other hand, invertebrate insulin-like peptides (ILPs) regulate growth, stress responses, longevity and sex-related functions. In addition, we recently showed that six viruses possess viral insulin-like peptides (VILPs) that can bind to the receptors and stimulate post-receptor signaling. The evolution of these hormones and the origin of VILPs are not completely understood. Here, we collected vertebrate and invertebrate insulin, IGF and their cognate receptor sequences to analyze their evolutionary relations. We analyzed 177 vertebrate insulins, 119 vertebrate IGF-1s, 127 vertebrate IGF-2s, 197 invertebrate ILPs and 6 viral insulin/IGF-1 like peptides. We also analyzed 214 insulin receptor (IR), 160 IGF receptor (IGF1R) and 39 invertebrate receptor sequences to identify conservation and the evolutionary trajectory to reveal conserved motifs. Through phylogenetic analyses, we observed a separate branching of invertebrate ILPs and vertebrate insulins, IGF-1s and IGF-2s with notable exceptions including VILPs. IGF-1 and IGF-2 ligands were evolutionally better conserved compared to insulin ligands. Insulin C-peptide which is processed and cleaved was not well conserved compared to the functional A- and B-chain residues. In contrast, C-peptide of IGF-1 that plays an important role in receptor binding was very well conserved. IGF-1 C-domain showed higher variability in IGF1R binding residues compared to the A and B-domains, while residues important for binding of IGF-2 to IGF1R were well conserved. Insulin residues interacting with IR binding Site 1 were more conserved than those interacting with IR binding Site 2, while residues important for insulin dimerization and hexamerization residues are well conserved across species. We also showed that VILPs contain 14 amino acids that are conserved in insulin and IGFs, indicating their functional importance. Phylogenetic relationships of the receptor sequences suggest vertebrate IRs and IGF1Rs evolved from a common ancestor during early vertebrate evolution. Interestingly, receptor subunits revealed a closer relation of amphibian IR α-subunits to Mammalia IR α-subunits than Aves and Reptilians. The conservation rate of receptor residues essential for ligand-receptor interaction revealed that these residues are best conserved in the L1 domain for IR and IGF1R, with a higher rate of variation in other domains for both receptors. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of insulin, IGFs, VILPs and their cognate receptors’ evolution, and opens new avenues to better understand the evolution, function, and structure relations of this complex signaling system. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Optimized energy storage performances via high-entropy design in KNN-based relaxor ferroelectric ceramics

Dielectric capacitors play an irreplaceable role in complex and integrated electronic systems. However, attaining ultrahigh recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) alongside energy storage efficiency (η) poses a formidable challenge, impeding the advance towards the miniaturization and integration of cutting-edge energy storage devices. In this work, a high-entropy strategy with a viscous polymer process is adopted, bringing about ultrafine grains and polar nanoregions (PNRs) accompanied by enhanced electrical homogeneity and polarization relaxation characteristics. As a result, an ultrahigh Wrec ∼ 7.51 J/cm3 is achieved in a high-entropy KNN-based energy storage ceramic with a high η ∼ 88.4% at 750 kV/cm. Moreover, the ceramic capacitor exhibits a colossal power density reaching approximately 420 MW/cm3 and a discharge energy density of approximately 4.85 J/cm3 at 160 ℃. Impressively, it maintains low variation rates of less than 4% across a broad temperature range from 20 ℃ to 160 ℃. The new approach opens avenues for the design and development of superior dielectric materials used in next-generation high-power pulse devices.

Advances in Factors Affecting ALDH2 Activity and its Mechanisms.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme primarily involved in the detoxification of alcohol-derived aldehyde and endogenous toxic aldehydes. It exhibits widespread expression across various organs and exerts a broad and significant impact on diverse acute cardiovascular diseases, including acute coronary syndrome, acute aortic dissection, hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. The ALDH2 rs671 variant represents the most prevalent genetic variant in East Asian populations, with carriage rates ranging from 30 to 50% among the Chinese population. Given its widespread presence in the body, the wide range of diseases it affects, and its high rate of variation, it can serve as a crucial tool for the precise prevention and treatment of acute cardiovascular diseases, while offering individualized medication guidance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in factors affecting ALDH2 activity, encompassing post-transcriptional modifications, modulators of ALDH2, and relevant clinical drugs.

Optimization of solid oxide electrolysis cells using concentrated solar-thermal energy storage: A hybrid deep learning approach

The Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) represents a cutting-edge solution for the conversion of CO2 and H2O into syngas, offering significant economic and environmental benefits. However, the process requires substantial high-temperature heat inputs, traditionally supplied by electricity. This study introduces a novel approach leveraging concentrated solar radiation as a renewable heat source for SOEC, addressing the challenge of its inherent fluctuations through the integration of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems. We propose a hybrid model that combines multi-physics simulation with a deep learning algorithm, enabling rapid optimization of the electrolysis process under real-time direct normal irradiance conditions. Our findings demonstrate that the inclusion of TES within the system architecture results in a remarkable 53 % reduction in temperature variation rate at the SOEC inlet, ensuring operational stability and efficiency. Furthermore, by fine-tuning capacity parameters, we have developed a control strategy that harmonizes efficiency with safety performance. The robustness of our system is underscored by its resilience to step changes, achieving a 75 % reduction in temperature fluctuations. This research contributes a pioneering method for the real-time optimization and control of SOEC systems, harnessing the power of TES to drive sustainable energy conversion with enhanced reliability and economic viability, facilitating precise and swift predictive capabilities even under dynamic operating conditions.

A double communication branch between musculocutaneous and median nerves: first case report, anatomical study, and comprehensive review of clinical implications.

According to the literature, the brachial plexus presents a high rate of anatomical variations in the human neural system. The musculocutaneous nerve, a vital component of the brachial plexus, exhibits significant anatomical variations that hold clinical relevance across multiple medical disciplines. This case report, with a comprehensive review, explores the different variations in the course, branching patterns, and clinical implications of the musculocutaneous nerve. Understanding these variations is essential for surgeons, radiologists, and clinicians to enhance surgical precision, improve diagnostic accuracy, and reduce the risk of iatrogenic complications. During an anatomical dissection we observed a very rare anatomical variation of the musculocutaneous nerve. Based on this discovery, we performed research in the literature with the aim of finding if this variation has been previously described. Firstly, we identified various classifications of anatomical variations of communicating branches between the musculocutaneous and median nerves, and then we observed that these variations corresponded to various rates of frequency. Our finding is a rare undescribed anatomical variant within the variants classified as Type II according to Le Minor, which is observed in 6.8-10.7% of cases. The peculiar position of anatomical variations and anastomosis has clinical and functional relevance. Healthcare professionals must be aware of these variations to minimize surgical complications, accurately diagnose neurovascular pathologies, and optimize patient management. Further research into the genetic and embryological underpinnings of these variations may provide additional insights into this intriguing aspect of human anatomy.

Research on the hydraulic response characteristics during the water conveyance process of water diversion projects

Abstract During the initial trial period, the Hanjiang-to-Weihe River Valley Water Diversion Project (HWRVWD) sourced water from the Sanhekou water conservancy junction. It then transferred water through the Qinling water conveyance tunnel and distributed it at the Huangchigou water distribution hub, ultimately transporting it to the Guanzhong area. The hydraulic simulation and real-time control of the water conveyance system play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of this engineering project. To maintain water transfer safety and reasonable scheduling during the water supply process, the hydraulic characteristics of the transient process were calculated and analyzed in this paper. The one-dimension (1D) hydrodynamic mathematical model and advection-dispersion model were established to calculate the hydraulic factors of the 81.78 km Qinling water conveyance tunnel and the Huangchigou water distribution hub within the HWRVWD. Validation results showed that the root mean squared error tended toward zero and the coefficient of determination exceeded 0.97 between the measured values and the simulated values. The opening of gates and upstream inflow directly affected water level variations and storage. Smaller gate openings led to increased water level amplitudes before the gate and faster reaching of maximum water levels, but it also led to opposite trends in flow rates behind the gate compared to upstream water levels. The impact of incoming water flow rates on flow variations at different channel sections was significant. The time for water heads to reach each section and the rate of flow variation positively correlated with incoming water flow rates. Gradual increases in upstream inflow resulted in progressively larger water level amplitudes both before and behind the gate, with an increased maximum value, but more water might be discarded. When the water demand changes, the primary focus is on controlling the upstream inflow, with gate opening adjustments as a secondary measure, to achieve the goal of minimizing or eliminating water wastage.

3D Numerical Investigation of Bubble Upflow Condensation Behaviors During Subcooled Flow Boiling in Mini-Channel with VOSET

In the subcooled flow boiling process, bubble condensation is an inevitable basic phenomenon. This paper studies the condensation phenomenon of the single, double vertical/horizontal saturated bubbles rising in a three-dimensional mini-rectangular channel based on the interface capture method VOSET (coupled volume-of-fluid and level set method) and the phase transition model. Bubble condensation behaviors are investigated at different initial diameters, inlet velocity distributions, subcooling temperatures, bubble gaps, and arrangement for the two-bubble condensing system especially. The effects of these parametric on bubble motion trajectory, shape evolution, volume variation, and condensation rate are presented. The numerical results indicated that the initial bubble size and liquid subcooling play an important role in influencing the shape and volume variation of condensing bubble behaviors significantly, while the inlet velocity distribution only affects bubble motion trajectory. Furthermore, the interaction and coalescence between the bubbles will affect the bubble behaviors and the condensation rate. Finally, the condensation heat transfer coefficients at the bubble surfaces for different cases simulated in this paper are presented, seemingly first in the literature.

A real-time phase transition modeling of supercritical steam cycle and load variation rate enhancement of thermal power plants under deep peak shaving

The ambitious green revolution to renewable energy sources in global power grids necessitates massive integration of solar and wind energy, which involves intermittent and unpredictable challenges. Thermal power plants are crucial in stabilizing the grid and addressing these challenges through flexibility reformation including deep peak shaving and frequent load variations since the unsteady state energy transfer and thermal dynamics during combustion and heat transformation in thermodynamic processes vary significantly. These conditions lead to issues such as furnace instability and latent heat of phase transition. This study introduces a novel approach to modeling phase transitions of supercritical steam cycle, and investigatesthe length, position, temperature, and energy transfer of the working medium and components under normal and low operational states. Conducting and analyzing the thermal feasible region associating the security of components and working medium this study establishes a control strategy for dynamic heat transfer to reduce component degradation effects andenhance load variation rate under flexible operations. Simulation model of a supercritical power unit based on the proposed method demonstrates an accuracy of 97.94%. Results from the optimal approach in maximizing load variation rate show the effectiveness and achieve 1.2%p.e./min most under transition process.

Low-dose 60Co-γ-ray irradiation promotes the growth of cucumber seedlings by inducing CsSAUR37 expression.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a major vegetable crop grown globally, with a cultivation history of more than 3000years. The limited genetic diversity, low rate of intraspecific variation, and extended periods of traditional breeding have resulted in slow progress in their genetic research and the development of new varieties. Gamma (γ)-ray irradiation potentially accelerates the breeding progress; however, the biological and molecular effects of γ-ray irradiation on cucumbers are unknown. Exposing cucumber seeds to 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250Gy doses of 60Co-γ-ray irradiation, this study aimed to investigate the resulting phenotype and physiological characteristics of seedling treatment to determine the optimal irradiation dose. The results showed that low irradiation doses (50-100Gy) enhanced root growth, hypocotyl elongation, and lateral root numbers, promoting seedling growth. However, high irradiation doses (150-250Gy) significantly inhibited seed germination and growth, decreasing the survival rate of seedlings. More than 100Gy irradiation significantly decreased the total chlorophyll content while increasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 content in cucumber. Transcriptome sequencing analysis at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250Gy doses showed that gene expression significantly differed between low and high irradiation doses. Gene Ontology enrichment and functional pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the auxin response pathway played a crucial role in seedling growth under low irradiation doses. Further, gene function analysis revealed that small auxin up-regulated gene CsSAUR37 was a key gene that was overexpressed in response to low irradiation doses, promoting primary root elongation and enhancing lateral root numbers by regulating the expression of protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs) and auxin synthesis genes.

Investigation of the load’s variation rate effect on the efforts and moment intensity factors values in a cylindrical shell with a longitudinal crack

Investigation of the load’s variation rate effect on the efforts and moment intensity factors values in a cylindrical shell with a longitudinal crack