Slow Flow Rate Research Articles

Identifying environmental impacts on planktonic algal proliferation and associated risks: a five-year observation study in Danjiangkou Reservoir, China

Understanding the risks of planktonic algal proliferation and its environmental causes is crucial for protecting water quality and controlling ecological risks. Reservoirs, due to the characteristics of slow flow rates and long hydraulic retention times, are more prone to eutrophication and algal proliferation. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) serves as an indicator of planktonic algal biomass. Exploring the intricate interactions and driving mechanisms between Chl-a and the water environment, and the potential risks of algal blooms, is crucial for ensuring the ecological safety of reservoirs and the health of water users. This study focused on the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR), the core water source of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (MRSNWDPC). The multivariate statistical methods and structural equation modeling were used to explore the relationships between chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) contents and water quality factors and understand the driving mechanisms affecting Chl-a variations. The Copula function and Bayesian theory were combined to analyze the risk of changes in Chl-a concentrations at Taocha (TC) station, which is the core water source intake point of the MRSNWDPC. The results showed that the factors driving planktonic algal proliferation were spatially heterogeneous. The main factors affecting Chl-a concentrations in Dan Reservoir (DR) were water physicochemical factors (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH value, and turbidity) with a total contribution rate of 60.18%, whereas those in Han Reservoir (HR) were nutrient factors (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen) with a total contribution rate of 73.58%. In TC, the main factors were water physicochemical factors (turbidity, pH, and water temperature) and nutrient factors (total phosphorus) with total contribution rates of 39.76% and 45.78%, respectively. When Chl-a concentrations in other areas of the DJKR ranged from the minimum to the uppermost quartile, the probabilities that Chl-a concentrations at the TC station exceeded 3.4 μg/L (the benchmark value of Chl-a for lakes in the central-eastern lake area of China) owing to the influence of these areas were all less than 10%. Thus, the risk of planktonic algal proliferation at the MRSNWDPC intake point is low. This study developed an integrated framework to investigate spatiotemporal changes in algal proliferation and their driving factors in reservoirs, which can be used to support water quality management in mega hydro projects.

Multidisciplinary hydrogeochemical and isotopic assessment of the Pordenone Plain (Northeastern Italy) for water resources sustainability

This study aims to comprehensively characterize the hydro-geochemical and isotopic features of the complex groundwater system in the Pordenone Plain (northeastern Italy). The area is an important industrial and agricultural area exposed to severe anthropogenic pressure and climate change, which put its water resources at risk in terms of quantity and quality, making it of high scientific and social interest. The hydrogeological setting of the Pordenone Plain has been previously simplified as a phreatic continuous aquifer in the High Plain that changes into a multilayered aquifer system towards the Low Plain. However, this study reveals significant lithological and structural heterogeneities in the High Plain that exert a strong influence on its subsurface hydrodynamics. All waters exhibit a Ca(Mg)–HCO3 composition with relatively high Na–K values in the aquifers of the Low Plain likely related to cation exchange processes. Water stable isotopes (δ2H–H2O and δ18O–H2O) indicate that the deep aquifers in the Low Plain are confined by impermeable geological formations, such as clays and siltstones, which entirely restrict water mixing with shallower aquifers. Concurrently, tritium analysis provides evidence of slow recharge and flow rate. Three primary groundwater flows have been identified within the plain, as follows: 1) a surface flow that affects the unconfined or semi-confined aquifers of the High Plain hosted in gravelly sediments; 2) an intermediate flow fed by the pedemontane zone, which includes unconfined deep aquifers of the High Plain, semi-confined/shallow aquifers (at a depth of 40–50 m) located near the resurgence belt area and karst springs located in eastern pedemontane of the Cansiglio Plateau; 3) a deep flow fed by the mountainous zone that affects the deep confined aquifers of the Low Plain. A reliable hydrogeochemical conceptual model has been developed to explain the compositional variability of the studied waters, providing valuable insights for the sustainable management of groundwater resources in the Pordenone Plain.

Chromium removal from concentrated ammonium-nitrate solution: Electrocoagulation with iron in a plug-flow reactor

Highly concentrated ammonium nitrate (AN) solutions are characteristic of explosives manufacturing wastewaters and liquid fertilizer commodities, but chromium (Cr) contamination from corroding metal infrastructure or source impurities can pose problems. Technologies are needed to decontaminate AN from Cr without chemical alterations if AN is to be recovered as a resource. Iron-based electrocoagulation is a proven way to produce Fe(II) for reducing dissolved Cr(VI) to the less soluble and less toxic form of Cr(III), but is an untested technology for AN brines. This work examined Cr removal from synthetic wastewater with high concentrations of AN (400 g/L) by electrocoagulation in a flow-through reactor, where the effects of time, solution flow rate, applied current, and coexisting ions were analyzed. This method not only reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III) using the produced Fe(II), but also promotes complete Cr removal from solution with the formation of insoluble Fe-Cr precipitates. A slower flow rate and higher applied current increased the removal efficiency of the reactor; furthermore, the reactor took up to one hour to reach steady state conditions, depending on the flow rate. Cr concentrations along the anode length were modeled using a simplified advection–dispersion-reaction model, providing reaction rate coefficients for various flow rates and currents. Overall, the results of this work showed that electrocoagulation with iron can be used for treatment of AN solution contaminated with Cr(VI). This work also provides design guidelines with a corresponding model for field applications in future work.

Design of reactive particle fluidized bed heat exchangers for gas–solid thermochemical energy storage

Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems integrated with a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton power cycle are regarded as the primary future direction for CSP technologies. Calcium-based particles can be a suitable storage medium to achieve high temperatures exceeding 750 ℃. However, there have been few studies on reactive particle/sCO2 heat exchangers (HXs) to drive high-performance power cycles with high energy storage efficiencies. In this paper, the mechanisms by which chemically reactive particles release energy in a fluidized bed (FB) heat exchanger has been investigated to evaluate the performance of thermochemical storage systems. A 1-MWt thermal duty fluidized bed heat exchanger with sCO2 as the working fluid operating at 988 K was designed in different configurations, featuring single stage and multistage counter-flow HXs. A detailed shell and tube model combining the chemical reaction kinetics and the heat transfer between the fluidized particle and sCO2 FB HX design was developed. A comparison of sensible and chemical heat materials shows that thermochemical energy storage is advantageous due to the relatively short tube length and slow particle mass flow rate. The tube length and particle mass flow rate are reduced by 3.5 and 11.5 times, respectively. The average chemical conversion is 97.30 % for a one-stage heat exchanger, which is lower than the 99.95 % conversion achieved by the two-stage heat exchanger. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to understand the impacts of key operating parameters on the process performance. These findings provide insights into the operational stability and efficiency of the system, contributing to the development of advanced heat exchangers for thermochemical energy storage applications.

The role of fluid flow patterns in microbubble-mediated endothelial cell membrane permeabilization

Blood flow dynamics vary throughout the circulatory system, influencing the pathophysiology of vascular endothelium. We investigated endothelial cell response to ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles across diverse anatomical sites by mimicking assorted blood flow patterns. First, we examined the effect of culture condition on cell sensitivity to sonication by culturing HUVECs either statically or under pulsatile flow (8 or 16 dyn/cm2) for two days. Flow chambers were then co-perfused with microbubbles and propidium iodide under pulsatile flow (8 or 16 dyn/cm2) and sonicated (1MHz, 20 cycles, 1ms PRI, 300kPa) using an acoustically coupled microscope. Additionally, in a subset of studies we investigated ultrasound-assisted endothelial permeability under both pulsatile and oscillatory flow patterns. Compared to static, cells cultured under pulsatile flow resulted in 1.2 to 2.0-fold increase in the percentage of permeabilized endothelial cells (p < 0.0001). Next, compared to sonication under laminar flow (15–30 ml/min), endothelial permeability was significantly augmented under pulsatile flow, ranging from 1.3 to 2.1-fold. Additionally, compared to laminar flow, oscillatory flow at ∼16 ml/min with 0.5 Hz oscillation resulted in a 1.76-fold enhancement in cell perforation, yet yielded no observable permeability at slower flow rates (∼8 ml/min). These findings highlight the influence of local blood flow dynamics on ultrasound-mediated cell permeabilization.

Comparative investigation on capture characteristics of chalcopyrite and hematite in PHGMS process

Pulsating high-gradient magnetic separation (PHGMS) is a promising method of separating chalcopyrite from other minerals with similar floatability. However, the capture characteristics of chalcopyrite in PHGMS process remains poorly understood. In this study, the difference in the capture capacity of chalcopyrite and hematite, a typical weak magnetic mineral, was theoretically compared. The effects of the key operating parameters, i.e., magnetic induction, slurry flow rate, and magnetic wire diameter, on the capture difference of chalcopyrite and hematite were investigated through experimental verification. The comparison results showed that chalcopyrite shared similar capture trend with hematite. The capture mass weight of the matrix decreased with an increase in the pulsating frequency, slurry flow rate, and magnetic wire diameter, but it increased with improved magnetic induction. However, chalcopyrite exhibited an obviously smaller capture mass weight due to its lower susceptibility, which required a higher magnetic induction, slower flow rate, lower pulsating frequency and smaller matrix diameter for high efficient recovery of chalcopyrite. This study provides a reference for the PHGMS of separating chalcopyrite from typically applied weakly magnetic minerals by PHGMS process.

Improved mRNA affinity chromatography binding capacity and throughput using an oligo-dT immobilized electrospun polymer nanofiber adsorbent

Increased demand for mRNA-based therapeutics and improved in vitro transcription (IVT) yields have challenged the mRNA purification platform. Hybridization-affinity chromatography with an immobilized oligo-deoxythymidilic acid (oligodT) ligand is often used to capture mRNA through base pairing with the polyadenylated tail. Commercially available oligodT matrices include perfusive cross-linked poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) 50 µm POROS™ chromatography resin beads and convective polymethacrylate CIMmultus® monolithic columns consisting of 2 µm interconnected channels. POROS™ columns may be limited by poor mass transfer for larger mRNAs and slow flowrates, while monoliths can operate at higher flowrates but are limited by modest binding capacity. To enable both high flowrates and binding capacity for mRNA of all lengths, prototype chromatography media was developed by Cytiva using oligodT immobilized electrospun cellulose nanofibers (Fibro™) with a 0.3–0.4 µm pore size. In this work, four polyadenylated mRNAs ranging from ∼1900–4300 nucleotides were used to compare the dynamic binding capacity (DBC) of Fibro™, POROS® and CIMmultus® columns as a function of residence time and binding buffer compositions. Fibro™ improved the DBC ∼2–4-fold higher than CIMmultus® and ∼2–13-fold higher than POROS™ across all residence times, mRNA length, and binding matrix compositions tested. CIMmultus® DBC was least dependent on residence time and mRNA size, while both Fibro™ and POROS™ DBC increased at slower flowrates and with shorter mRNA. Surprisingly, inverse size exclusion (ISE) experiments showed that POROS™ was not limited by diffusion and POROS™ along with CIMmultus® demonstrate higher mRNA permeation however the Fibro™ prototype is not in the final configuration. Lastly, IVT reaction products were subjected to purification and oligodT elution product yield, quality, and purity were consistent across the three matrices investigated. These results highlight the benefits of high DBC and equivalent product profiles offered by the oligodT Fibro™ prototype compared to commercially available oligodT media.

Investigation on the improvement method of ampacity for cable in duct bank: Using the mixed filler with high thermal conductivity material and phase change material

Duct laying is a common cable laying way for the case of not meeting excavation conditions. However, due to the slow air flow rate in the duct, the cable section laying the duct becomes one ampacity bottleneck. Backfilling the duct with the mixed filler of high thermal conductivity material and phase change material is an effective method to solve the problem. In this paper, the simulation models of cable in ducts with backfilling the mixed filler were used to analysis the effect of relative position of cable and duct on temperature distribution and guide the thermal modeling of external environment. Then, the thermal model of cable in duct was conducted and the layered method was adopted to optimize the model. The real cable experiment was designed to verify the accuracy of proposed model. The improvement effect of mixed filler with different thermal conductivity and phase transition region on the cable ampacity were discussed by using the proposed model. The investigations in this paper show that the use of mixed filler material can have a great contribution to ensure the safe operation of cable in duct.

Factors improving intravenous fluid flow rate for rapid resuscitation, based on the Hagen-Poiseuille law

Primary approach to the resuscitation of critical patients, in the emergency setting, requires a swift establishment of 2 large-bore peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVC) access accompanied by rapid fluid administration. This preferred use of a PIVC over a central venous catheter (CVC) stem from its ability to achieve faster fluid delivery, due its larger radius and shorter length. This is explained by the Hagen-Poiseuille Law whereby doubling the radius can increase flow 16-fold, and halving the length can double the flow. The law was applied in this experiment for the I.V tubing system itself. The results demonstrated that the 4mm I.D tube achieved the highest flow rates under both gravity and compression with a p-value of 0.009. Despite the Hagen-Poiseuille Law favoring shorter lengths, the 30 cm length resulted in the slowest flow rates. As emphasis is held on the importance of circulation in rapid resuscitation, ideal fluid delivery instruments specifically designed for volume-depleted patients need to be sought.

Sorption of methyl orange molecules on polyacrylonitrile-coated kapok fibers in a fixed bed set-up at dynamic conditions

Polyacrylonitrile-coated kapok fibers (PAN-KF) were used as sorbent material for methyl orange (MO) dye under dynamic conditions using a fixed bed set-up. The PAN molecules were coated on kapok fibers using a facile surfactant-assisted technique. In this technique, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) molecules were used as the surfactant and acrylonitrile as the precursor monomer. PAN-KF successfully absorbed MO under dynamic conditions. Long breakthrough and exhaustion times were achieved at lower initial concentration of methyl orange, higher bed height, and slower flow rate. Furthermore, PAN-KF sorbent in a fixed bed set-up has larger removal efficiency and exhaustion capacity compared to that of activated charcoal with the same mass and bed height.

Using microdialysis with a deuterium oxide tracer to estimate water exchange, water content and active surface area of the probe

Microdialysis is a useful tool for measuring in situ fluxes of soil compounds with minimal disturbance of soil structure and function. Fluxes of sampled compounds are commonly calculated per unit of membrane surface area, assuming that the entire membrane surface is capable of exchange – which is unlikely given varying soil moisture and the occlusion of membrane pores by the soil solid phase. We present a method to quantify the degree of connectivity of the microdialysis probe membrane to the surrounding soil by means of water exchange between a microdialysis perfusate and soil solution using deuterium (2H2O; equilibrated to DHO) as an internal standard. We applied the method to a range of probe membrane surface areas and soil moisture conditions to generate empirical models that estimate membrane surface area active in exchange. Our results suggest that even in a saturated sandy soil, active membrane surface areas reach only 40.3% of the probe surface area, perhaps due to occlusion by soil particles. However, when accounting for volumetric water content of the soil, active surface areas approached 80–90% of the area likely in contact with water, indicating that sampling efficiency of water-filled pores may still be high, particularly at slow flow rates. Furthermore, our method enables assessment of local soil water content around the probe. Models estimating soil water content were applied to field measurements of DHO exchange in three soil horizons (Organic, B1, B2) at two boreal sites, and in situ estimates were similar to those from conventional soil moisture methods when models were calibrated with the same soil type. We present DHO exchange as a powerful method for improving microdialysis flux interpretations in future studies, and for exploring small-scale water variability in relatively undisturbed soils.

Ultrasound imaging of the testes in children and adolescents

Ultrasound, the imaging method of choice to evaluate abnormalities of the testes and the scrotum, provides accurate anatomic details and allows the assessment of perfusion using color Doppler and power Doppler. Ultrasound represents arapid and reliable procedure which in most cases leads to aconclusive diagnosis. The three most common conditions in the clinical picture of acute scrotum are testicular torsion, torsion of the testicular appendages and inflammatory changes of the testis and the epididymis (epididymo-orchitis). Especially in the case of testicular torsion, rapid diagnosis is essential since time is an important factor to initiate organ-preserving therapy. High-frequency linear array transducer (at least 10 MHz), which allows detection of slow flow rates, is recommended.

Electrochemical advanced oxidation for removal of xanthate from flotation process water

In this work, the removal of xanthate from flotation process water by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) was investigated. An electrochemical cell was fabricated using a pair of carbon electrodes as the anode and cathode. Electrodes were prepared by depositing an aqueous slurry of activated carbon and PVA binder onto graphite sheets. Carbon disulfide (CS2) was produced during the process and removed to some extent by absorption of carbon electrodes and/or further oxidation to sulfate (SO42−).The effect of operating parameters such as applied voltage, flow rate, and influent concentration on process efficiency was evaluated to achieve efficient xanthate removal. Application of various potentials ranging from 1 V to 7 V showed that xanthate removal efficiency increased at higher voltages. The effluent concentration was cleaner and the salt removal efficiency was higher at slower flow rates. The highest removal efficiency of 95% was achieved at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Since the density of ions between the electrodes increased with increasing influent concentration, the total xanthate removal increased from 599.4 mg/m2 at 5 mg/L influent concentration to 12834.2 mg/m2 at 40 mg/L. Long-term stability tests showed that electrode performance degraded steadily and the removal efficiency decreased from 85% to 56% in 30 h.Batch mode experiments in the presence of ion exchange membranes showed that xanthate was oxidized to CS2 at 0.8 V and 1.0 V and to monothiocarbonate (ROCSO−) at 1.2 V. 96% of xanthate was removed from 5 mg/L xanthate solution at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at 1.0 V.The effect of real mine water components on xanthate removal efficiency was investigated by using flotation process water from a copper mine in Turkey. The results showed that the process efficiency decreased from 67% to 32% in the presence of mine water, which could be attributed to electrode fouling.

Predicted roundtrip efficiency for compressed air energy storage using spray-based heat transfer

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a low-cost, long-duration storage option under research development. Several studies suggest that near-isothermal compression may be achieved by injecting water droplets into the air during the process to increase the overall efficiency. However, little is known about the thermal-fluid mechanisms and the controlling nondimensional parameters of the expansion process, which has previously been assumed to mirror the compression process. Furthermore, the isothermal round-trip efficiency and the impact of spray-based CAES have not been investigated. This study uses a validated 1-D model for compression and expansion with spray injection to complete a parametric analysis to analyze the thermal-fluid time-dependent physics and resulting roundtrip isothermal efficiency of a CAES system. Comparing the results for compression and expansion simulations, compression is found to have a higher isothermal efficiency than expansion for the same set up. The polytropic index for both compression and expansion tends to decrease and approach the ideal isothermal limit as nondimensional mass loading increases and as nondimensional Crowe number (ratio of thermal response time to domain time) decreases. As such, the highest efficiency designs are those with slow compression speeds and high spray flow rates to achieve high mass loading and those with small droplets to achieve low Crowe numbers—as long as spray work is neglected. If spray work is included, the optimum spray conditions shift to those with lager drop sizes. For example, roundtrip isothermal efficiency peaks around 95 % at a mass loading of 14 and at Crowe numbers <0.1 with a pressure ratio of ten. The results indicate that near-isothermal CAES compression and expansion is possible but that spray work should be included for significant mass loadings (e.g. greater than unity). Further investigation is recommended to consider effects of multi-dimensionality, turbulence, wall-interactions, and droplet dynamics.

Assessment of catchment scale groundwater-surface water interaction in a non-perennial river system, Heuningnes catchment, South Africa

A significant proportion of the world's river networks are non-perennial rivers that are characterized by segments of dry, standing, and flowing water. However, the role of groundwater and the controlling elements governing the flow processes in these rivers is not widely documented. In this study, aquifer-river interaction was assessed using a combo of geological, hydrological, environmental stable isotope, and hydrochemical data in the Heuningnes catchment, South Africa. Results showed the depth to groundwater levels ranging from 3 to 10 m below ground level and aquifer transmissivity values of 0.17 to 1.74 m2/day. The analytical data indicated that Na-Cl type water dominates most groundwater and river water samples. Environmental stable isotope data of river samples in upstream areas showed depleted δ18O (-4.3 to -5.12 ‰) and δ2H (-22.9 to -19.3 ‰) signatures similar to the groundwater data, indicating a continuous influx of groundwater into the river water. Conversely, high evaporative enrichment of δ18O (1.13 to 7.08 ‰) and δ2H (38.8 to 7.5 ‰) were evident in downstream river samples. It is evident from the local geological structures that the fault in the north-eastern part of the study area passing Boskloof most likely acts as a conduit to groundwater flow in the NE-SW direction thereby supplying water to upstream river flow, while the Bredasdorpberge fault likely impedes groundwater flow resulting in hydraulic discontinuity between upstream and downstream areas. Relatively low conductive formation coupled with an average hydraulic gradient of 8.4 × 10−4 suggests a slow flow rate resulting in less flushing and high salinization of groundwater in downstream areas. The results underscore the significance of using various data sets in understanding groundwater-river interaction thereby providing a relevant water management platform for managing non-perennial river systems in water-stressed regions. Overall, the study provides important insights into the need for maintaining moderately high groundwater levels in shallow and local groundwater systems for sustaining the ecological integrity of non-perennial rivers.

A Low-Flow Fiber-Optic Flowmeter Based on Bending Measuring Using a Cladding Fiber Bragg Grating

A low-flow flowmeter based on the bending measurement of a cladding fiber Bragg grating (CLFBG) has been proposed and demonstrated. The CLFBG is fixed in a cantilever beam structure composed of a spring and a circular target. A femtosecond laser side-illumination technique was utilized to ensure that the grating inscription remains close to the core–cladding interface of the multi-cladding fiber (MCLF). The cladding resonance presents fiber bending dependence because of the asymmetrical distribution of the CLFBG along the fiber cross section. The force exerted on the circular target by the slow flow rate of the fluid on the order of mm/s bends the fiber, which changes the peak intensity of the cladding mode. The experimental results show that the sensor responds in the range of 0–87 mm/s and has extremely low-temperature cross-sensitivity. The proposed sensor has potential application prospects in high-precision, low-start flow measurement and can be applied to oil pipelines, downhole, and other fields.

Environmental fate of microplastics in an urban river: Spatial distribution and seasonal variation

Rivers are recognized as an important pathway for transport of microplastics (MPs) from land to sea, but limited information is available on the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of riverine MPs from upper reaches to estuaries. Such information is critical for source apportionment and development of effective management measures for riverine MPs. To fill the knowledge gap, we investigated the occurrence of MPs in surface water along an urban river in Guangzhou, southern China in wet and dry seasons. The abundances of MPs from 16 sampling sites in the wet and dry seasons varied from 0.123 to 1.84 particles m-3 and from 0.046 to 4.21 particles m-3, respectively. The spatial distribution of MP abundances showed an increasing trend from upstream to midstream and a decreasing trend from midstream to downstream and estuaries. The abundances of MPs peaked at the midstream, which is surrounded by a highly urbanized region with high population density (∼2530 persons per km2). The large surface water runoff during the wet season elevated the MP abundance in riverine water, except for that flowing through the central urban area where the abundance of MPs collected in the dry season was higher than that in the wet season. This was mainly ascribed to the large input from extensive anthropogenic activities and slow water flow rate in urban areas. The estimated monthly riverine MP fluxes from Humen, Hongqili, and Jiaomen were 7.42, 2.38, and 2.3 billion particles, respectively, in the wet season, and 0.86, 0.71, and 0.19 billion particles, respectively, in the dry season. An increase of riverine MP fluxes from Humen, Hongqili, and Jiaomen in the past three years was evident. The results from the present study provide valuable information for source apportionment of riverine MPs and support the initialization of possible MPs controlling measures.

Numerical and Machine Learning Analysis of the Parameters Affecting the Regionally Delivered Nasal Dose of Nano- and Micro-Sized Aerosolized Drugs.

The nasal epithelium is an important target for drug delivery to the nose and secondary organs such as the brain via the olfactory bulb. For both topical and brain delivery, the targeting of specific nasal regions such as the olfactory epithelium (brain) is essential, yet challenging. In this study, a numerical model was developed to predict the regional dose as mass per surface area (for an inhaled mass of 2.5 mg), which is the biologically most relevant dose metric for drug delivery in the respiratory system. The role of aerosol diameter (particle diameter: 1 nm to 30 µm) and inhalation flow rate (4, 15 and 30 L/min) in optimal drug delivery to the vestibule, nasal valve, olfactory and nasopharynx is assessed. To obtain the highest doses in the olfactory region, we suggest aerosols with a diameter of 20 µm and a medium inlet air flow rate of 15 L/min. High deposition on the olfactory epithelium was also observed for nanoparticles below 1 nm, as was high residence time (slow flow rate of 4 L/min), but the very low mass of 1 nm nanoparticles is prohibitive for most therapeutic applications. Moreover, high flow rates (30 L/min) and larger micro-aerosols lead to highest doses in the vestibule and nasal valve regions. On the other hand, the highest drug doses in the nasopharynx are observed for nano-aerosol (1 nm) and fine microparticles (1-20 µm) with a relatively weak dependence on flow rate. Furthermore, using the 45 different inhalation scenarios generated by numerical models, different machine learning models with five-fold cross-validation are trained to predict the delivered dose and avoid partial differential equation solvers for future predictions. Random forest and gradient boosting models resulted in R2 scores of 0.89 and 0.96, respectively. The aerosol diameter and region of interest are the most important features affecting delivered dose, with an approximate importance of 42% and 47%, respectively.

Ağız tabanını perfore eden tükürük bezi taşı: Olgu sunumu

Sialolithiasis is the most common disease of the salivary gland. It is most commonly found in the submandibular gland, but less frequently in the parotid and sublingual glands. The submandibular gland is more prone to sialolithiasis than the parotid gland, because Wharton’s canal is wider and longer, it angulates against gravity at the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle and submandibular gland secretion is more alkaline, mucinous, richer in calcium and phosphate and slower flow rate. In this case report, a patient whose floor of the mouth mucosa was perforated by a sialolith was presented. Although sialoliths are infrequently seen, they cause severe recurrent infections and pain in patients and adversely affect the quality of life. Therefore, the clinician should consider submandibular sialolithiasis in case of foreign body sensation in the floor of the mouth or swelling under the chin associated with a meal.

Formative Research for the Development of Evidence-Based Targeted Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions to Reduce Cholera in Hotspots in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Preventative Intervention for Cholera for 7 Days (PICHA7) Program.

Compared to the general public, household members of cholera patients are at a 100 times higher risk of contracting cholera during the 7-day high-risk period after a cholera patient has been admitted to a health facility for treatment. The Preventative-Intervention-for-Cholera-for-7-days (PICHA7) program aims to reduce household transmission of cholera during this 7-day high-risk period through a health facility-initiated water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) program promoting handwashing with soap, water treatment, and safe water storage. The PICHA7 program is delivered to cholera patient households through: (1) a pictorial flipbook delivered by a health promoter; (2) a cholera prevention package (handwashing station, drinking water vessel with lid and tap, and chlorine tablets); and (3) weekly WASH mobile messages sent to patient households in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The objectives of this study were to conduct formative research to identify facilitators and barriers of the promoted WASH behaviors for cholera patient households and to tailor the PICHA7 program to target these facilitators and barriers. Formative research included 93 semi-structured interviews with diarrhea patient households and healthcare workers during exploratory research and a pilot study of 518 participants. Barriers to the promoted WASH behaviors identified during exploratory and pilot study interviews included: (1) low awareness of cholera transmission and prevention; (2) unaffordability of soap for handwashing; and (3) intermittent access to water limiting water for handwashing. For intervention development, narratives of the lived experiences of patient households in our study were presented by health promoters to describe cholera transmission and prevention, and soapy water and ash were promoted in the program flipbook and mobile messages to address the affordability of soap for handwashing. A jerry can was provided to allow for additional water storage, and a tap with a slower flow rate was attached to the handwashing station to reduce the amount of water required for handwashing. The pilot findings indicate that the PICHA7 program has high user acceptability and is feasible to deliver to cholera patients that present at health facilities for treatment in our study setting. Formative research allowed for tailoring this targeted WASH program for cholera patient households in the DRC.