Rate Of Orthodontic Tooth Movement Research Articles

Testing a new micro-osteoperforation modality on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in a rabbit model

Objectives. The current study objective was to test and compare the impact of a new micro-osteoperforation (MOP) modality with 2 other modalities on the rate of tooth movement (RTM) in rabbits. Methods. The sample comprises 45 adult male albino rabbits aged 24 weeks and divided equally into 3 groups regarding MOP modalities; a single vertical MOP (1V-MOP), a single vertical MOP + 2 horizontal MOPs (1V+2H-MOP), as the new MOP design; and 3 horizontal MOPs (3H-MOP). The first right mandibular premolar (RMP1) received MOP(s) + orthodontic force 50g by traction spring. The contralateral tooth on left (LMP1), as positive (+ve) control, received only 50g orthodontic force by another spring. Both springs were fixed by a mini-screw between the 2 lower incisors. Evaluations of the clinical RTM and histopathology with H and E stain of the compressed PDL at the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of MP1 root were performed for comparing after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of OTM respectively. Results. The RTM (P<0.001) and number of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, blood vessels and PDL width (P<0.001 to P=0.039) significantly increased in the MOP groups; the 1V+2H-MOP was in between the higher 1V-MO P and the lower 3H-MOP. Conclusion. All MOP modalities could efficiently accelerate RTM and increase the activity of the compressed PDL, but with a variant rate. The new 1V+2H-MOP modality can be chosen as the best modality for faster RTM, because it showed moderate RTM after the 1V-MOP.

The effect of single versus multiple piezocisions on the rate of canine retraction: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPiezocision is a minimally invasive surgical method aiming to accelerate tooth movement. However, its effect was found to be transient, appertaining to the regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of single and multiple piezocisions on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Moreover, the impact of both protocols on canine tipping and orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) has been assessed.MethodsThirty indicated patients for the therapeutic extraction of maxillary first premolars were enlisted in this split-mouth study, and they were randomly split into two equal groups, each including 15 subjects. In the Single Application Group (SAG), one side of the maxillary arch arbitrarily received a single piezocision before the onset of canine retraction, whereas in the Multiple Application Group (MAG), piezocisions were randomly performed on one side, three times on a monthly basis, over the 12-week study period. The contralateral sides of both groups served as the controls. Canine retraction was carried out bilaterally using nickel-titanium closed-coil springs, delivering 150 g of force, and the rate of tooth movement, as well as canine tipping were evaluated on a monthly basis, over a 3-month period. Cone-bean computed tomography scans were also conducted pre- and post- canine retraction, and OIIRR was assessed using Malmgren Index.ResultsThe reported outcomes revealed a significant increase in the amount of canine retraction, canine tipping, as well as root resorption scores on the experimental sides in both groups SAG and MAG post-retraction (p < 0.001). However, upon comparing the experimental sides in both groups, non-significant differences have been observed between them regarding all the assessed outcomes (p > 0.05).ConclusionsSingle and multiple piezocisions effectively accelerate OTM in comparison to conventional orthodontic treatment, with relative outcomes reported by both intervention frequencies. Accordingly, single piezocision is recommended as an adjunct to OTM. Furthermore, significant tooth tipping as well as a significantly higher root resorption risk accompanies both single and multiple piezocision applications in conjunction with OTM.Name of the RegistryClinicaltrials.govTrial Registration NumberNCT05782088Date of Registration23/03/2023 “Retrospectively registered”.URLhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05782088

Comparison of various modes of acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement- A clinical study

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Micro-osteoperforations (MOPs), Corticision, Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Randomly10 patients were selected in each study group. All the studies had a split-mouth study design. All the patients were bonded with MBT 0.022 X 0.028 inch brackets and maxillary canine retraction was performed on 0.019 X 0.025 stainless steel wires with different methods of accelerating tooth movement. Data was collected from the orthodontic study models prepared from alginate impression taken at each appointment interval. The results of the study revealed that the amount of maxillary canine retraction was rapid in all the groups as compared to conventional method of orthodontic tooth movement and the results conclude thatmicro-osteoperfortaions showed better rate of accelerated orthodontic tooth movement as compared to other methods.

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy enhances the rate of canine retraction by increasing &amp;beta; glucoronidase and pentraxin – 3 in gingival crevicular fluid: A clinical study

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of low-level laser therapy in enhancing the rate of orthodontic tooth movement using β glucoronidase and pentraxin-3 (TNF) biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid.A split-mouth design was used in 16 subjects (8 experimental and 8 controlled) aged 14 to 25 years, who’s maxillary first premolars were extracted. A gallium-aluminium-arsenide semiconductor diode laser (wavelength, 810 nm; energy density, 10 J/cm2; power output, 100 mW) delivered low-level laser therapy to the experimental canine undergoing distalization at 10 points. The control canine was distalized without low-level laser therapy. The experimental and control canines were distalized using a force of 150 g provided by nickel-titanium closed coil springs. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected at 5 time points from the control and experimental sides, and the levels of β glucoronidase and pentraxin-3 were analysed by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The rate of canine retraction was calculated by using ortho analyser software.Increased levels of β glucoronidase and pentraxin-3 were observed in the experimental canines compared with the control canines (P &amp;#60;0.001). Cumulative tooth movements over an 8-week experimental period were greater for the experimental canines compared with the control canines. A positive correlation existed between the β glucoronidase and pentraxin-3 levels and the amounts of tooth movement across all time intervals.Low level laser therapy in adjunct with continuous and light forces leads to increase in β glucoronidase and pentraxin-3 leading to accelerated orthodontic tooth movement.: Low-level laser therapy fastens the rate of canine retraction thus accelerating the orthodontic tooth movement. The levels of β glucoronidase and Pentraxin 5 are increased significantly after laser irradiation which aids in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement.

Age-related mitophagy regulates orthodontic tooth movement by affecting PDLSCs mitochondrial function and RANKL/OPG.

A thorough comprehension of age-related variances in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and bone remodeling response to mechanical force holds significant implications for enhancing orthodontic treatment. Mitophagy plays a crucial role in bone metabolism and various age-related diseases. However, the impact of mitophagy on the bone remodeling process during OTM remains elusive. Using adolescent (6 weeks old) and adult (12 months old) rats, we established OTM models and observed that orthodontic force increased the expression of the mitophagy proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin, as well as the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts and osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts. These biological changes were found to be age-related. Invitro, compression force loading promoted PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy in periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) derived from adolescents (12-16 years old) and adults (25-35 years old). Furthermore, adult PDLSCs exhibited lower levels of mitophagy, impaired mitochondrial function, and a decreased ratio of RANKL/OPG compared to young PDLSCs after compression. Transfection of siRNA confirmed that inhibition of mitophagy in PDLSC resulted in decreased mitochondrial function and reduced RANKL/OPG ratio. Application of mitophagy inducer Urolithin A enhanced bone remodeling and accelerated OTM in rats, while the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 had the opposite effect. These findings indicate that force-stimulated PDLSC mitophagy contributes to alveolar bone remodeling during OTM, and age-related impairment of mitophagy negatively impacts the PDLSC response to mechanical stimulus. Our findings enhance the understanding of mitochondrial mechanotransduction and offer new targets to tackle current clinical challenges in orthodontic therapy.

Clinical and preclinical evidence on the bioeffects and movement-related implications of photobiomodulation in the orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been demonstrated as a non-invasive and painless technique with great potential to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, there is a great inconsistency among PBM protocols and reported outcomes, probably due to the poor translatability of preclinical knowledge into early clinical practice. Hence, this review aims to fill this gap by establishing the state-of-the-art on both preclinical and clinical applications of PBM, and by comprehensively discussing the most suitable stimulation protocols described in the literature. This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases using a combination of keywords. Only studies written in English were eligible and no time limit was applied. A total of 69 studies were selected for this review. The revised literature describes that PBM can effectively reduce orthodontic treatment time and produce analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. We found that PBM of 640 ± 25, 830 ± 20 and 960 ± 20 nm, delivered at a minimum energy density per irradiation point of 5 J/cm2 daily or every other day sessions is robustly associated with increased tooth movement rate. Pain relief seems to be achieved with lower irradiation doses compared to those required for OTM acceleration. For the first time, the bioeffects induced by PBM for the acceleration of OTM are comprehensively discussed from a translational point of view. Collectively, the evidence from preclinical and clinical trials supports the use of PBM as a coadjuvant in orthodontics for enhancing tooth movement and managing treatment-associated discomfort. Overall, the revised studies indicate that optimal PBM parameters to stimulate tissue remodelling are wavelengths of 830 ± 20 nm and energy densities of 5-70 J/cm2 applied daily or every other day can maximize the OTM rate, while lower doses (up to 16 J/cm2 per session) delivered in non-consecutive days seem to be optimal for inducing analgesic effects. Future research should focus on optimizing laser parameters and treatment protocols customized for tooth and movement type. By fine-tuning laser parameters, clinicians can potentially reduce treatment times, improve patient comfort and achieve more predictable outcomes, making orthodontic care more efficient and patient-friendly, thus consolidating PBM usage in orthodontics.

THE IMPACT OF LEUKOCYTE-PLATELET-RICH FIBRIN (L-PRF) ON THE ACCELERATION OF ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT

Objective. To determine the efficacy of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) in orthodontics in achieving accelerated orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Materials and methods. The search of records was carried out based on PRISMA methodological guidelines. Articles were identified using four electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library. The search in selected databases was performed using combinations of the following keywords: (orthodontic tooth movement) AND (L-PRF) OR (leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin). The JBI critical appraisal tool was utilized to assess the quality of selected studies. Results. A total of 780 articles were identified. After eliminating duplicates and applying eligibility criteria, five studies were included in the review. The trials included 74 patients. Four studies showed a statistically significant increase in canine distalization with L-PRF on the experimental intervention sides compared to the control sides. However, one study indicated that L-PRF decreased the rate of OTM. The results of four studies show that L-PRF had the greatest effect on the distalization rate during the first 8 weeks; after 8 weeks, the rate of OTM decreased.

Enhancement of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Local Administration of Biofunctional Molecules: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.

Enhancement of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) through local administration of biofunctional molecules has become increasingly significant, particularly for adult patients seeking esthetic and functional improvements. This comprehensive systematic review analyzes the efficacy of various biofunctional molecules in modulating OTM, focusing on the method of administration and its feasibility, especially considering the potential for topical application. A search across multiple databases yielded 36 original articles of experimental human and animal OTM models, which examined biofunctional molecules capable of interfering with the biochemical reactions that cause tooth movement during orthodontic therapy, accelerating the OTM rate through their influence on bone metabolism (Calcitriol, Prostaglandins, Recombinant human Relaxin, RANKL and RANKL expression plasmid, growth factors, PTH, osteocalcin, vitamin C and E, biocompatible reduced graphene oxide, exogenous thyroxine, sclerostin protein, a specific EP4 agonist (ONO-AE1-329), carrageenan, and herbal extracts). The results indicated a variable efficacy in accelerating OTM, with Calcitriol, Prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGE2), RANKL, growth factors, and PTH, among others, showing promising outcomes. PGE1, PGE2, and Calcitriol experiments had statistically significant outcomes in both human and animal studies and, while other molecules underwent only animal testing, they could be validated in the future for human use. Notably, only one of the animal studies explored topical administration, which also suggests a future research direction. This review concluded that while certain biofunctional molecules demonstrated potential for OTM enhancement, the evidence is not definitive. The development of suitable topical formulations for human use could offer a patient-friendly alternative to injections, emphasizing comfort and cost-effectiveness. Future research should focus on overcoming current methodological limitations and advancing translational research to confirm these biomolecules' efficacy and safety in clinical orthodontic practice.

Effect of autophagy on aging-related changes in orthodontic tooth movement in rats

BackgroundThe number of adult orthodontic patients is increasing, and studies have shown that autophagy is involved in regulating orthodontic tooth movement and plays an important role in aging-related changes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of autophagy in aging-related changes during orthodontic tooth movement by establishing a rat orthodontic tooth movement model.MethodsForty-five 6-week-old and sixty-five 8-month-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were selected to represent adolescents and adults and establish orthodontic tooth movement model. They were sacrificed on days 0,1,3,7 and 14. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were applied to measure the expression level of osteogenesis, autophagy, aging factors and osteoclast number in periodontal membrane of left upper first molar during orthodontic tooth movement. Then, we regulated the autophagy level by injecting autophagy activator rapamycin during orthodontic tooth movement and measured these factors and tooth movement distance by micro-computed tomography.ResultsAging factor levels in the periodontal membrane were higher in adult rats than in adolescent rats and the autophagy factor levels were lower. The levels of osteogenic factors were lower on the tension side in adult rats than in adolescent rats. The peak osteoclast number on the pressure side occurred later in adult rats than in adolescent rats. The injection of rapamycin increased autophagy, accelerated orthodontic tooth movement in adult rats, and reduced the levels of aging factors. The levels of osteogenic factors were higher and reached those in adolescent rats at some time points. The number of osteoclasts increased significantly in the early stage.ConclusionsAutophagy may play a substantial role in regulating aging-related changes in orthodontic tooth movement.

Impact of concentrated growth factor (CGF) injection on acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits

BackgroundThe present study aimed to assess how a concentrated growth factor (CGF) injection affects the rate of orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits.MethodsThis experimental investigation employed a split-mouth configuration. Before orthodontic mesialization of the maxillary first molars, CGF was prepared and administered using submucosal injections on the buccal and palatal sides of the maxillary first molars in one randomly assigned quadrant. The opposite quadrant was used as a control. The study examined four time points:1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The measurement of tooth movement was conducted at each follow-up point using a digital caliper. The rabbits were euthanized, and their maxillary segments, specifically the maxillary first molars, were studied histologically to identify any alterations occurring on both the tension and compression sides.ResultsSignificant tooth movement was observed in the experimental sides versus control sides in the second, third, and fourth week of follow-up periods (p ≤ 0.05). Histologically, on the compression side, the CGF group showed bone resorption and periodontal ligament active reactions from the first week and continued throughout the next three weeks. Also, on the tension side, the CGF group depicted cementoblastic and osteoblastic activities from the first week followed by fibroblastic activities from the second week and all activities continued till the fourth week.ConclusionsCGF has the potential to effectively enhance orthodontic tooth movement without adverse clinical or histological effects.

Medications and Orthodontic Tooth Movement: What Accelerates and Diminishes Tooth Movement?

The biological aspect of orthodontic tooth movement is influenced by the magnitude and duration of the applied force. This initiates signaling cascades essential for bone remodeling, which involve activating various cell signaling pathways that enhance the metabolism of the periodontal ligament, leading to localized bone resorption and deposition. This process facilitates tooth movement on the pressure side and promotes healing on the tension side. The remodeling associated with orthodontic tooth movement is an inflammatory reaction involving mediators. Key components in this process include hormones, systemic influences, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, specific cytokines like interleukin 1, colony-stimulating factors, calcium, collagenase, and prostaglandins, all of which are essential for the biological adjustments necessary for tooth movement. Medications that influence molecular pathways critical for the homeostasis of periodontal tissues or that affect changes during orthodontic tooth movement and clastic cell regulationcan potentially modulate tooth movement. With the recent increase in prescription medication use, it is essential for clinicians to be aware of medication consumption in prospective patients and understand its potential impact on orthodontic treatment. This review aimed to explore the effects of commonly prescribed medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, thoroughly review the existing evidence on this topic, and identify potential areas for future research.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes the osteogenesis of mechanical force-treated periodontal ligament cells via Piezo1.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can accelerate tooth movement and preserve tooth and bone integrity during orthodontic treatment. However, the mechanisms by which LIPUS affects tissue remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) remain unclear. Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) are pivotal in maintaining periodontal tissue equilibrium when subjected to mechanical stimuli. One notable mechano-sensitive ion channel, Piezo1, can modulate cellular function in response to mechanical cues. This study aimed to elucidate the involvement of Piezo1 in the osteogenic response of force-treated PDLCs when stimulated by LIPUS. After establishing rat OTM models, LIPUS was used to stimulate rats locally. OTM distance and alveolar bone density were assessed using micro-computed tomography, and histological analyses included hematoxylin and eosin staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and immunohistochemical staining. GsMTx4 and Yoda1 were respectively utilized for Piezo1 functional inhibition and activation experiments in rats. We isolated human PDLCs (hPDLCs) in vitro and evaluated the effects of LIPUS on the osteogenic differentiation of force-treated hPDLCs using real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot, alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. Small interfering RNA and Yoda1 were employed to validate the role of Piezo1 in this process. LIPUS promoted osteoclast differentiation and accelerated OTM in rats. Furthermore, LIPUS alleviated alveolar bone resorption under pressure and enhanced osteogenesis of force-treated PDLCs both in vivo and in vitro by downregulating Piezo1 expression. Subsequent administration of GsMTx4 in rats and siPIEZO1 transfection in hPDLCs attenuated the inhibitory effect on osteogenic differentiation under pressure, whereas LIPUS efficacy was partially mitigated. Yoda1 treatment inhibited osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs, resulting in reduced expression of Collagen Ⅰα1 and osteocalcin in the periodontal ligament. However, LIPUS administration was able to counteract these effects. This research unveils that LIPUS promotes the osteogenesis of force-treated PDLCs via downregulating Piezo1.

Evaluating the Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Second Lower Molars Protraction: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in dentistry was entered several decades ago, yet its clinical use in orthodontics still requires further investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of local injection of PRP on the rate and typeof mandibular second molar protractionmovement compared with the comparator (no PRP) group. Material and methods Eighteen patients aged between 17 and 25 years were randomly allocated in a split-mouth study design to receive PRP injections on one sideimmediately before the start of molar protraction (PRP group), while the other side received only saline solution (comparator group). Eligibility criteria included bilaterally extracted mandibular first molars casesand indicated mandibular second molars protraction. The primary outcome of the study consisted of measuring the rate of molar protraction from the beginning of protraction (T0) to the end of the seventh month (TF), using a digital gauge. The secondary outcome included measuring the typeof second molar protraction movement between T0 and TFby lateral cephalometric images. Randomization of the intervention side was performed by picking out opaque sealed envelopes. The blinding of the principal investigator was impossible but blinding of the patient was achieved by injection of saline. Analyses were done using paired samples T-test to compare the changes in all variables between T0 and TF. The level of significance was taken at a P-value < 0.05. Results No significant difference was detected between the PRP and comparator groups in the rate of second lower molar protraction during seven months (0.56±0.07 mm per month in the comparator group, whereas, was 0.6±0.11 mm per month in the PRP group). Molar protraction parameters in both groups showed second lower molars moving by controlled tipping closer to bodily movement (Root Movement:Crown Movement≈0.8). Conclusions Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is ineffective in accelerating the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) during molar protraction, and it has no effect on the type of tooth movement. In addition, the mechanics that we used (6 mm power arm in combination with miniscrews) are effective in mandibular second molar protraction by controlled tipping closer to bodily movement.

Correlation of Leptin Concentration in Gingival Crevicular Fluid on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement - A Prospective Study.

The evaluation of genetic markers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and their connection to tooth movement can be helpful. The objective of this research is to assess the relationship involving leptin levels and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Thirty individuals reporting to the Department of Orthodontics participated in an observational prospective study. Thirty orthodontic patients (15 male and 15 female) were included in the current study. The association of leptin concentration (GCF) was measured before and after orthodontic force was applied to move the mesially impacted canine distally (tooth movement distance on dental cast). With the help of SPSS software version 21, the data were statistically examined using the " t " test, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni correction in Chicago. The average degree of tooth movement was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient, and it was connected to the average leptin levels. Average leptin levels in GCF elevated from baseline (T0, 285.315 picograms/micro litre) to 1 h after force application (T1, 384.683 pg/μL), then raised to a maximum at after 24 h (T2, 927.64 pg/μL), and decreased to the least amount after 15 days (T3, 29.26 pg/μL) and another time increase after two months (242.31 pg/μL). The degree of OTM was significantly correlated with the levels of leptin. While OTM was occurring, a biphasic fluctuation in the leptin level was noted. The amount of tooth movement was significantly correlated with the GCF leptin level.

Use of electrical stimulation for accelerated orthodontics in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The main objective of this systematic review is to comprehensively evaluate all the relevant studies to evaluate the effectiveness of electrical stimulation to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement in human patients. Using a suitable search strategy, various databases like PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus and Google Scholar were surveyed for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs); after which a hand search of related orthodontic journals was completed. The risk of bias of studies was checked using Cochrane's ROB-2 tool. The quality of evidence of the included studies was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Rate of orthodontic tooth movement was compared and thus efficiency of electrical stimulation to accelerate tooth movement was assessed. Meta-analysis was done on 2 studies out of the 4; rate of orthodontic tooth movement was compared at two time periods after start of treatment (3rd month and 5th month) with standardized mean difference (SMD) as summary estimate, with p < 0.05 denoting statistical significance. Publication bias was checked using a funnel plot. Via exploration of the online databases and hand searching,1080 studies were found after removing duplicates. After full text assessment, 13 studies in total were selected that used electrical stimulation, out of which 4 studies were included in the qualitative analysis as they met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis was done for 3rd month and 5th month with SMD as 0.69(-1.26-0.12) and 1.64(-3.44-0.16), respectively. The strength of evidence in the meta-analysis is moderate. There was no publication bias as shown by funnel plot. The studies included showed increased risk of selection and performance bias. Also due to the limited number of studies available, there was difficulty in reaching definitive conclusions. The meta-analysis showed a significant difference among the control and experimental group for the 3rd month. Even though a positive correlation is found between electrical stimulation and acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement, it is advised to conduct further studies, particularly with human participants, to establish a more conclusive outcome. This review has received no funding. The protocol for the study was registered in the Prospective Registration of Systematic Review (PROSPERO)(CRD42023495077).

The Correlation between the Bone Morphotype and Density and Root Apical Resorption of the Anterior Teeth Due to Orthodontic Forces

The potential side effects of modern orthodontic treatment and its unfavorable impact on dentition and hard tissues have been extensively discussed in professional literature for decades. The presence of uncontrolled forces can result in pulp necrosis, radicular reabsorption, and/or loss of alveolar bone. Dehiscence and fenestration are more commonly found in anterior than posterior teeth, where only the periodontal ligament and the mucosa protect the dental root.&#x0D; Most studies investigating the effect of periodontal phenotype over gingival recession in orthodontic patients have primarily focused on examining the soft tissues. However, due to the vulnerability of thin alveolar bone, the previous evaluation of orthodontic candidate patients may also include the analysis of hard tissues. Bone density plays an important role in facilitating orthodontic tooth movement, such that reductions in bone density can significantly increase movement velocity. These types of localized density changes can affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and may also influence the risk of unwanted outcomes, such as the occurrence of dental external apical root resorption.&#x0D; According to the literature, the links of root resorption with the bone morphotype and the density are relevant in clinical dentistry but have not been studied in detail. However, the existing data is not yet conclusive.

Prostaglandin in Enhancing Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Scoping Review

The review aims to find and summarise scientific evidence suggesting that the use of prostaglandins improves orthodontic tooth movement. Four electronic databases were chosen: PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, USA), Scopus, EBSCO, and ProQuest. The databases were chosen to be comprehensive and to span a wide range of fields. There is no year limit. The languages of English and Bahasa Indonesia were considered, and the subject or type was entered into the database search. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the study's quality. The 661 initial data were identified from 4 electronic databases, of which 5 made up the final data. Healthy human and animal patients underwent active orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic equipment. Local or systemic biologic drugs (prostaglandins) are employed to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.\. The results revealed that prostaglandins can enhance the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. There are two methods to enhance orthodontic tooth movement using prostaglandin. First, using PGE2 injection with the dosage of 0.1g - 1.0g showed effectiveness. Second, using peroral with an optimum dose of 10-25g/kg/day.

Evaluation of Micro-Osteoperforations in Expediting Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adult Patients.

Orthodontic tooth movement, the process of aligning teeth, can often be time-consuming, particularly in adult patients. Micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) have emerged as a potential technique to accelerate this process. A sample of 30 adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment was selected. The patients were divided into two groups: an experimental group (EG) receiving MOPs and a control group (CG) without MOPs. Standard orthodontic treatment was administered to both groups. The rate of tooth movement was measured using digital models and recorded in millimeters per month. Pain levels reported by patients were also noted. The data were analyzed using basic statistical methods. The EG demonstrated a significantly higher rate of orthodontic tooth movement compared to the CG. The average rate of tooth movement in the EG was 1.5 millimeters per month, while the CG exhibited an average rate of 0.8 millimeters per month. Additionally, pain levels reported by patients in the EG were slightly elevated immediately after MOPs but subsided within a few days. The findings of this study suggest that MOPs can effectively expedite orthodontic tooth movement in adult patients.

Comparing the Efficacy of Different Archwire Materials in Accelerating Orthodontic Tooth Movement.

Orthodontic treatment is commonly used to correct misaligned teeth and improve dental aesthetics and function. Archwires play a crucial role in this treatment by exerting forces on teeth, prompting them to shift into desired positions. For this experimental study, 60 participants requiring orthodontic treatment were selected and divided into three groups: Group A, treated with stainless steel archwires; Group B, treated with nickel-titanium archwires; and Group C, treated with beta-titanium archwires. Standardized orthodontic procedures were followed for all participants. The rate of tooth movement was measured over a period of 6 months using digital models and a calibrated measurement technique. The study revealed notable differences in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement among the three groups. Group B (nickel-titanium archwires) demonstrated the highest mean rate of tooth movement, with an average of 1.5 mm per month. Group A (stainless steel archwires) exhibited a mean rate of 1.2 mm per month, while Group C (beta-titanium archwires) showed the lowest mean rate at 0.9 mm per month. In conclusion, this study highlights the varying efficacy of different archwire materials in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. Nickel-titanium archwires exhibited the highest rate of tooth movement compared to stainless steel and beta-titanium archwires.

Role of 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement- A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D3 is known to play an important role in mineralization. Vitamin D3 is also known to have immune-supporting properties by regulating various cytokines and cell signalling pathways. AIM: To review the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) on the rate of Orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: This study applied a systematic review to analyse the current literature to define and summarise the role of I,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the rate of Orthodontic tooth movement. A comprehensive search was done using electronic databases such as PubMed Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar, EMBASE and direct web search. The title scan was done to identify relevant articles which are further evaluated for inclusion by reading the abstract. RESULTS: The electronic database search identified 28 articles. 3 articles were selected based on the selection criteria to meet the research question. There was about 60% faster rate of orthodontic tooth movement when a dosage of 40-50 pg/dl of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol was supplemented. Administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol showed no deleterious effects to the tooth roots or the surrounding tissues as evidenced from the periapical radiographs and CBCT. CONCLUSION: Based on the collected data, the local administration of an active form of Vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol can act as an effective supplement to accelerate Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM).