Mobility Rate Research Articles

Isolation and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria for Enhancing Oil Recovery

Biosurfactants produced by bacteria possess remarkable emulsification properties for crude oil, significantly enhancing oil mobility and recovery rates. This study aimed to isolate and screen biosurfactant-producing bacteria for oil enhancing recovery. A total of 93 bacterial strains were isolated from marine sediments, with three high-yield biosurfactant-producing strains identified: Pseudomonas aeruginosa N33, Bacillus paralicheniformis Nian2, and Stenotrophomonas nematodicola T10. The fermentation conditions, such as pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, and C/N ratio, were optimized to maximize the yield and activity of biosurfactants. Further evaluations were performed to assess the stability of the bio-surfactant activity and its emulsification properties. The results indicated that all three strains produced biosurfactants that retained their oil displacement activity in the presence of Na+ and Mg2+, but showed a significant reduction in their activities in the presence of Ca2+. The biosurfactants maintained their original activity after treatment at 120 °C for 3 h. Additionally, the biosurfactants produced by all three strains demonstrated excellent oil emulsification capabilities. Static oil-washing and dynamic displacement experiments revealed static oil recovery rates of 28.1%, 23.4%, and 7.1%, respectively, for N33, Nian2, and T10, and dynamic oil displacement recovery rates of 95.0%, 74.1%, and 69.0%, respectively. This research provides valuable microbial resources for enhancing oil recovery via microorganisms and lays a foundation for practical application.

Use of mobile phones to collect data on COVID-19: phone access and participation rates, in Rakai, Uganda

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, we deployed a rapid, mobile phone-based survey to assess access and participation rates when using mobile phones to collect data on COVID-19 in Rakai, south-central Uganda. We sampled prior Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS) participants based on HIV status using mobile phone contacts. We administered a 30-minute phone-based interview to consenting participants to assess their knowledge about different aspects of COVID-19 and their access to care. Our analysis compares the mobile phone survey participation rates with historic participation rates in regular RCCS face-to-face interviews. We supplemented phone survey data with demographic, behavioral, and HIV status data from prior face-to-face RCCS surveys. Phone access in Round 19 of the RCCS was found to be 90.2%, with lower access among older people, and people living with HIV. When including only individuals who participated in the previous RCCS survey round, participation in the face-to-face survey (81.9%) was higher than participation in our phone survey (74.8%, p < .001). Survey participation was higher among people living with HIV compared to HIV-negative individuals (84.0% vs 81.4%, p < .001) in the face-to-face survey, but in the phone survey the reverse was found, with participation rates being higher among HIV-negative individuals compared to people living with HIV (78.0% vs 71.6%, p < .001). It was possible to collect data from an existing population cohort during the lockdown using phones. Phone access was high. Overall participation rates were somewhat lower in the phone survey, notably in people living with HIV, compared to the face-to-face survey.

Quantifying the stability of refugee populations: a case study in Austria

AbstractThe global surge in displacement, with nearly 110 million people uprooted due to violence, underscores the pressing need to comprehend the challenges faced by refugees. Population growth, environmental crises, and political instability contribute to this crisis, projecting an escalating trend in the decades ahead. While hosting countries strive to address concerns related to labour markets, state provisions, and cultural integration, understanding the well-being of refugees upon entry needs to be more adequately explored. This study focuses on refugee stability and integration, employing Austria as a case study. Stability is assessed through residential movement, where more frequent moves indicate instability. Utilising comprehensive administrative data spanning November 2022 to November 2023, we examine residence movements as a proxy for stability. Our findings reveal a stark contrast in the stability of refugees compared to other migrant groups. Analysing movement profiles, we establish that refugees exhibit significantly higher rates of residential mobility than their counterparts, especially among male refugees. This imbalance persists even when comparing refugees to migrants from top refugee-sending countries without official refugee status. This study contributes valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of refugee stability, shedding light on the enduring challenges faced by this population. By examining movement patterns as a key indicator, we provide a nuanced understanding of the residential experiences of refugees, that can inform targeted policies and interventions for enhanced refugee well-being and integration.

Can participatory democracy become “inclusive”? Class, mobilization and voice in participatory institutions

Abstract This article discusses reproductionist perspectives that assume there is little local participatory institutions can do to address the underrepresentation and the domination of some social groups. While there is also empirical basis to be skeptical, the evidence suggests that, occasionally, the reproduction of class inequalities can be counteracted. This encourages us to consider the conditions that favor greater participation of working-class, economically and culturally disadvantaged people. Comparing evidence from various studies in a range of countries, the article argues that certain contextual factors and inclusion tools produce higher rates of mobilization and more egalitarian deliberations. Specifically, the article focuses on the effects of three conditions: a) special mobilization efforts; b) design choices and inclusion tools; and c) the broadening of the political subject through cultural mobilization. As well as reflecting on the shortcomings of these factors, a new research agenda for social equality in participation is also proposed.

Social disorganization theory and the college campus periphery

AbstractObjectiveThis study tests the idea that neighborhoods on the periphery of large U.S. university campuses are socially disorganized and thus higher in crime relative to those that do not border university campuses. Social disorganization theory predicts that crime in these neighborhoods is elevated due to their high rate of residential mobility, relatively low socioeconomic status, and high levels of ethnic heterogeneity.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study 2000 were analyzed. The data set contains a representative sample of U.S. neighborhoods with variables measured at the tract level. A series of t‐tests note the difference in crime rate means for campus and non‐campus areas, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses further test the hypothesis.ResultsWe find support for the main prediction using basic social disorganization models containing composite measures plus tract and city‐level controls.ConclusionThe theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed along with the study's limitations and the potential for future research.

Safety and Feasibility of Internal Fixation Using Bioabsorbable Versus Titanium Materials for Short-Level Lamina Reimplantation: A Comparative Clinical Study.

Lamina-implantation is gradually becoming the main surgical method for the treatment of intraspinal tumors. Traditional titanium (Ti) internal fixation not only produces artifacts, which affects the observation of tumors and dural sac closure, but also faces the problem of secondary surgical removal. In this study, absorbable material were used in lamina replantation for the first time and was evaluated for its efficacy and safety. We retrospectively enrolled patients who underwent short-segment lamina replantation for intraspinal tumors in our center from February 2020 to November 2022. After condition matching of the number of fixation segment and fixation position, the baseline information, complications, neurological function, quality of life, spinal mobility and bone healing rate of the absorbable group and the Ti group were compared. Fisher exact, Chi-square, or rank sum test were used for categorical variables, and t-test was used for continuous variables to distinguish differences between groups. Cerebrospinal fluid leak was the most common complication, with no difference between the two groups (12.9% vs. 19.4%, p = 0.366). The bone healing rates of the two groups at 3 months after surgery were 77.4% and 87.1%, respectively, and there was no significant difference (p = 0.508). At 1 year after surgery, the resorbable group showedlower levels of anxiety/depression (1.20 ± 0.41 vs. 1.61 ± 0.61, p = 0.050), however, it did not affect the overall quality of life of the patients at 1 year. Both titanium and absorbable internal fixation have shown good clinical results in the treatment of intraspinal tumors by laminareplantation. Regardless of cost, absorbable screws and plates are also suitable optionsfor patients undergoing lamina replantation, because it has no stress shielding effect and does not require secondary removal. In addition, there are no artifacts in the image, which is more conducive to observing the recurrence of the tumor and the closure of the dural sac.

ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) Protocol in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Narrative Review

Introduction: Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a specialty that involves the diagnosis and treatment of pathologies related to the oral cavity, mandible, jaws and facial structures. In recent years, the ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) Protocol has been implemented in various surgical areas with the aim of optimizing postoperative recovery. Objective: To understand the impact of this approach on the patient experience and clinical outcomes. Methodology: This narrative review was conducted through a systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The aim was to identify studies investigating the implementation of the ERAS Protocol in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Results: The studies reviewed showed that the implementation of the ERAS Protocol in oral and maxillofacial surgery resulted in a significant reduction in the length of hospital stay, with patients being discharged in 1 to 2 days. In addition, pain control was improved, with a reduction in the use of opioids by up to 50%. The reduction in post-operative complications, such as infections and respiratory problems, was another benefit observed, with a reduction of up to 40% in these complications. Discussion: The adoption of the ERAS Protocol has shown promising results in the recovery of patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery. The benefits include better pain management, early mobilization and lower complication rates. Conclusion: The ERAS Protocol in oral and maxillofacial surgery has the potential to transform surgical practice, promoting faster and more effective recovery. More studies are needed to standardize its implementation and evaluate its long-term effects.

Jaguar at the Edge: movement patterns in human-altered landscapes

Human-caused habitat loss and fragmentation have significantly impacted the natural environments of large carnivores, altering their movement patterns and increasing risks such as hunting and road collisions. This study aims to understand the movement of jaguars (Panthera onca) through forests, agriculture of varying patch sizes, their distances to these structures, and roads and drainages. By analyzing movement speed, revisits, time spent inside these structures, and the timing of the last visit, data from 54 GPS-tagged jaguars in South America reveal a pronounced tendency to revisit the edges of these landscape variables. Additionally, jaguars showed a stronger affinity for natural areas, spending more time in large forest patches and reducing their speed in natural drainages. Areas with extensive agriculture had fewer revisits, and jaguars moved faster near roads. These results demonstrate the level of tolerance and the dangers this species faces in a landscape with anthropogenic aspects. This comprehensive assessment of movement patterns and landscape use provides valuable insights into how landscape structure influences habitat preference and mobility rates, which is crucial for future jaguar conservation and management strategies.

Quality by Design Approach Driven Development and Validation of Reverse Phase‐High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Methodology for Dual Quantification of Aspirin and Rivaroxaban

ABSTRACTClinical trials have shown that combining a modest dose of Rivaroxaban (RIV) with Aspirin (ASP) is more effective than ASP alone in reducing cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke. A high‐performance liquid chromatography method developed using Quality by Design (QbD) effectively estimates ASP and RIV for routine pharmaceutical analysis. The Plackett‐Burman design assessed key factors including organic phase volume, mobile phase pH, flow rate, temperature, and injection volume using an Ishikawa fish‐bone diagram for risk assessment. These parameters were then optimized via Box‐Behnken design in 15 trials. The method meets the International Council For Harmonization standards with a mobile phase ratio of 45:55 (v/v) acetonitrile: buffer (pH 3, adjusted with orthophosphoric acid), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, a column temperature of 30°C, and an injection volume of 20 µL. A Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size) with detection at 251 nm ultra‐violet wavelength. The retention times of 4.54 min for ASP and 5.81 min for RIV were obtained. Validation confirmed linear ranges: 40–200 µg/mL for ASP and 2–10 µg/mL for RIV, with excellent recovery rates (ASP: 99.30%–101.9%; RIV: 98.52%–101.84%). Developed using QbD principles, the method proved specific, accurate, precise, sensitive, and robust for routine quality control of both compounds in pharmaceutical formulations.

From Experience to Loyalty: Understanding the Dynamics of Customer Trust in Indonesia’s Mobile Banking Industry

Objective: In the rapidly evolving financial services industry, Mobile Banking has emerged as a critical platform for customer engagement and service delivery. With the increasing adoption of mobile technologies, understanding the factors that drive customer loyalty in Mobile Banking has become a strategic priority for service providers. Key elements such as customer experience, satisfaction, trust, and loyalty intention play pivotal roles in shaping customer perceptions and behaviors. This study investigates the relationships between customer experience, customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty intention among Mobile Banking customers in Indonesia. Method: The study utilizes an explanatory research methodology, following a quantitative approach within the positivist paradigm. This methodology is designed to clarify the causal relationships between variables, examining both direct and indirect effects. Using data from 477 respondents, analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that enhancing customer experience significantly boosts trust, while customer satisfaction strongly influences both trust and loyalty intention. Although customer experience does not directly impact loyalty intention, customer satisfaction plays a crucial role in fostering customer loyalty. Trust also serves as an important mediator between customer satisfaction and loyalty intention, highlighting its role in strengthening customer relationships. Research Implications: The study's focus on Indonesian customers may limit the generalizability of the findings to other geographical contexts. Cultural differences, variations in mobile banking adoption rates, and differing regulatory environments across countries could influence customer behavior and perceptions, suggesting that the results may not be universally applicable. Originality/Value: The study’s emphasis on trust as a mediator between satisfaction and loyalty provides novel insights, particularly relevant for practitioners aiming to navigate the competitive landscape of Mobile Banking.

Residential mobility and social capital: Regional analysis in Finland

AbstractMultiple factors can influence the rates of residential mobility flows between different regions of a country. Studies have often focused on demographic and economic factors, but social conditions may be relevant as well. We examined whether different indicators of social capital (i.e., social support, loneliness, social trust, community participation, cultural activities, and meeting other people) were associated with population migration rates across 299 municipalities of Finland. Data for the social characteristics were derived from the Regional Health and Wellbeing study (n = 100,750 respondents) aggregated to the level of municipalities using multilevel regression with post‐stratification (median number of participants was 115 individuals per municipality, range from 5 to 10,616). Residential mobility rates were derived from census data. Municipalities with higher levels of social support, higher social trust, more cultural activities, and more frequent social contacts had higher net migration rates, that is, more people moving in than out of the municipality. Social support, cultural activities, and community participation were associated with higher in‐migration. Social trust and frequency of meeting people were associated with lower out‐migration. The findings provide empirical support for the hypothesis that regions with stronger social capital are more attractive destinations for within‐country residential mobility.

Scientifc Validation and Chromatographic Method Development for the Estimation of Piperine in Herbal Formulation Babbularishta: A Quality Control Strategy for Critical Quality Attributes

Background: Babbularishta is an Ayurvedic medicine in liquid form used for the treatment of phthisis, skin diseases, urinary disorders,, and breathing problems. It is also beneficial in cases of blood disorders, acne, dermatitis, hemoptysis, lung injury, asthma, persistent cough, whooping cough, etc. Objective: The functional role of this study is to develop a simple, novel, precise, accurate, reliable, and selective RP-HPLC method for the estimation of piperine content in herbal drug formulations (Babbularista). Methods: A traditional approach to method development could fail to meet the desired separation. Consideration of the current regulatory requirement for analytical method development and RP-HPLC method for routine analysis of piperine in the herbal formulation has been optimized using an analytical Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Three laboratory formulations and three marketed preparations of Babularishta were investigated for organoleptic parameters, physicochemical parameters, and validation. The mobile phase composition (methanol and water % as A), pH (B), and flow rate (mL/min as C) were selected as independent variable,. In contrast, retention time (min. as Y2), area (AU as Y1) is selected as dependent variables. Results: The fingerprinting method was developed and optimized by using the AQbD approach. Piperine content was found to be in Piper nigrum (Marica) 3.01±0.01527 % w/w and in Piper longum (Pipali) 2.74±0.01154% w/w in Babbularista. Conclusion: An attempt has been made to develop quality control parameters of Babbularista by developing a suitable and sensitive HPLC methods for the quantitation of piperine in herbal drug formulations (Babbularista). The developed method was found to be simple, accurate, precise,, and economical for the estimation of piperine in herbal formulations.

Modelling E. coli runoff concentrations from sheep and cow grazed pastures in New Zealand: challenges and future research needs

ABSTRACT A model of Escherichia coli concentrations in the runoff from grazed pastures was developed to increase our knowledge and ability to predict the relative impact of both cow and sheep grazing on water quality. Input parameters to the initial model were derived from published data and model outputs were compared with measured E. coli runoff concentration data from both sheep and cow grazed pasture. The model was designed to represent the complexities of year-round rotational grazing farm system. For cow grazing, the model estimated runoff E. coli concentrations in the same order of magnitude as the measured data. However, for sheep grazing, the model underestimated the measured runoff E. coli concentrations by 1.5 orders of magnitude. To understand this negative result, Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the input parameters. This analysis identified that runoff concentrations were highly sensitive to inputs of the E. coli concentrations in the dung and the mobilisation rates of E. coli from the dung. This modelling study demonstrates that significant gaps and uncertainties remain in our understanding and prediction of the mobilisation and transport of E. coli from grazed pasture systems. HIGHLIGHTS Faecal microbial losses from agriculture are poorly understood. A runoff concentration model was developed based on the area of faecal pats. The area-based model appears to work for cow grazed pastures. The area-based model does not work for sheep grazed pastures.

Fabrication of heterostructure multilayer devices through the optimization of Bi-metal sulfides for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells.

In this work, a titanium dioxide and lead sulfide (TiO2/PbS) nano-size heterostructure with tin sulfide was fabricated and coated via a two-step direct deposition process. Its microstructure, morphology, elemental composition, optical absorption, and photochemical activity were investigated. Linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry curves substantiated its catalytic activity, indicating quantum dot effects of a well-developed space charge domain on the surface of the hybrid structure. These give rise to electron-hole recombination suppression and a high charge mobility rate. Moreover, direct stabilization was identified in current density, corresponding to the hybrid structures limiting the diffusion current process. Higher J SC values observed were substantiated by the role of quantum dot-size effects and enhanced crystalline structures, leading to a reduction in series resistance and an improved conversion efficiency of 10.05%. Overall, theoretical analyses and empirical findings indicated that the seamless migration of photoexcited electrons across the interfaces of SnS and PbS is linked to quantum dot effect synergy. This is facilitated by the space charge region, which serves as a conduit for efficient electron transfer between the respective materials.

The effect of corporate governance attributes on human capital disclosure in South Africa

The disclosure of human capital (HC) information in corporate reports continues to be at the centre of discussions in the executive boardroom. Currently, standard setters grapple with implementing uniform disclosure requirements for human capital disclosure (HCD) and as a result this information is scant, erratic, and inconsistently reported. Hence the ISO 30414 was introduced to breach this gap. The aim of the study is to critically examine how corporate governance attributes affect HCD. A quantitative based cross-sectional design was followed using a sample of top 100 companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The ISO 30414 HR reporting framework containing 48 metrics was utilised to construct an assessment instrument with a 7-point scale to assess the extent of HCD. Overall, board meeting attendance yielded positive statistically significant association with HC information disclosed on recruitment, retention rate, turnover rate, internal mobility rate, competency rate, employee value-added, absenteeism rate. The board of directors play a critical role in improving the disclosure of HC information in the integrated reports. The study provides first empirical evidence on the impact corporate governance attributes have on HCD using the ISO 30414 HR reporting framework.

Rank-and-File Employee Stock Options and Workplace Safety

We provide robust evidence that rank-and-file employee stock options (R&amp;F options) lead to lower work-related injury rates. This finding is consistent with the view that R&amp;F options improve workplace safety by facilitating employee retention and cooperation. To establish causality, we employ difference-in-differences analysis around the passage of FAS 123R option expensing regulation and instrumental variable estimation. In cross-sectional analysis, we find that the documented effect is amplified among firms with higher labor mobility rates and among firms with greater scope for employee free riding. The results of supplemental analysis suggest that work-related injuries adversely impact firm performance and rule out reduced employee whistleblowing about workplace safety issues as an alternative mechanism driving our findings. This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02072 .

Quantification of Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids Enantiomers: The development of reliable and practical liquid chromatography mass Spectrometry assay

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are increasingly recognized as key metabolites in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway. EETs are epoxy derivatives of AA with two chiral centers formed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. EETs have reported biological activities as racemates; however, knowledge on specific optical isomers of EET is lacking. A main reason is the absence of practical assay to quantify EETs isomers associated with specific pathological conditions and enzymes. The reported underivatized chiral LC-MS/MS assays utilize different mobile phases and flow rates or required long run times to achieve separation of EET stereoisomers. Others incorporated a derivatization step before the separation of EETs in their assays. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a stereoselective assay for the simultaneous quantitation of underivatized EET enantiomers using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with an optimum baseline separation using binary mobile phase and gradient elution. Herein, we report the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay, and its application to quantify the formation of EET enantiomers mediated by human liver microsomes. Assay linearity extends over 10–600 ng/mL with r2 > 0.99 for all EETs enantiomers. The inter-run accuracy was within ± 15 %, and precision was ≤ 15 %, and < 20 % for the LLOQ. The matrix effect for the current assay was within ≤ ±20 %, and the mean recovery for quantitative methods was 70–125 %. The assay proved to be reliable and practical for chiral analysis.

New-Tenant Rent Passthrough and the Future of Rent Inflation

New-tenant rent inflation rose sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic, subsequently falling. Concomitantly, consumer price index (CPI) tenant rent, which measures rent increases for both new and continuing renters, rose more gradually and, after falling somewhat, has remained elevated. To illustrate why CPI rent inflation has remained elevated, we combine a measure of new-tenant rents and annual renter mobility rates to create a simulated CPI tenant rent inflation measure. We use this simulation to define a "rent gap" that represents the difference between actual CPI tenant rent inflation and rent inflation we would observe if every tenant experienced new-tenant rent inflation. This gap has declined since hitting its peak at the end of 2022 but remains high, implying that existing rents for continuing renters may still be notably below new-tenant rent levels and that rent inflation may remain elevated. However, the future path remains uncertain because it depends on future mobility rates, future passthrough rates, and future new-tenant rent inflation.

Evaluating physical outcomes in elderly sport and dance rollator users

The present single-arm pilot study investigates the effects of a video-based dance intervention on physical outcomes in elderly individuals utilizing sports and dance rollators. In addition, the dance videos used in the current study are intended to integrate into the future Intercommunication Technology (ICT)-Rollator for the elderly. The aim is to evaluate the physical outcomes (such as gait, balance, mobility, and hand grip strength) during guided movement training (dance) using a video projected in a laboratory setting. The pilot study involved six elderly rollator users (aged 85 and above). In the initial assessment, subjects were screened for mobility and coordination limitations prior to pre-testing using a four-square-step test and the SF-36 questionnaire. Both pre-testing and post-testing included assessments of mobility, balance, and spatiotemporal gait parameters using the Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Optogait system, respectively. Hand grip strength was measured using a hand dynamometer and reaction time was measured using a pipe-drop test. Blood pressure was monitored every 15 minutes during the training sessions to prevent adverse events, maintaining an upper range of 140-150/90-96. Adherence rates were measured based on the total duration of activity, calories burned per session, and dropout rates. Post-session questionnaires were administered to verify the respondents' qualitative evaluations of their degrees of exhaustion, enjoyment, impediments, facilitators, and suggested changes. The intervention included heart rate monitoring, which revealed gradual and slight increases in heart rate intensity and gradual decreases in heart rate ranges (HRR) during the dance sessions. The results indicate improvements in balance, mobility, gait, and adherence rates. Future longitudinal research will further examine the effectiveness of the dance intervention using the ICT-Rollator, comparing it to a control group using a conventional rollator. The ICT-Rollator could be a unique rehabilitation aid for the elderly, offering promising improvements.

Does Local Area Social Mobility Affect Political Alienation?

While existing research has considered how individual-level social mobility experiences affect a person’s political outlook, less attention has been paid to how historic levels of social mobility in local areas influence political attitudes and political behaviour. We link individual-level data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study to small area estimates of social class mobility derived from the decennial census. We find that living in a low absolute social mobility area was associated with a higher probability of voting ‘Leave’ in the 2016 UK European Union membership referendum. However, we find no evidence that historical social mobility rates in the local area predict abstention in general elections or attitudinal indicators of political alienation. Given declining rates of upwards mobility, and increasing levels of downwards mobility, our results have important implications for understanding geographies of political discontent.