Rate Of Interchange Research Articles

Co-evolutionary hybrid intelligence is a key concept for the world intellectualization

PurposeThis study aims to show the inconsistency of the approach to the development of artificial intelligence as an independent tool (just one more tool that humans have developed); to describe the logic and concept of intelligence development regardless of its substrate: a human or a machine and to prove that the co-evolutionary hybridization of the machine and human intelligence will make it possible to reach a solution for the problems inaccessible to humanity so far (global climate monitoring and control, pandemics, etc.).Design/methodology/approachThe global trend for artificial intelligence development (has been) was set during the Dartmouth seminar in 1956. The main goal was to define characteristics and research directions for artificial intelligence comparable to or even outperforming human intelligence. It should be able to acquire and create new knowledge in a highly uncertain dynamic environment (the real-world environment is an example) and apply that knowledge to solving practical problems. Nowadays artificial intelligence overperforms human abilities (playing games, speech recognition, search, art generation, extracting patterns from data etc.), but all these examples show that developers have come to a dead end. Narrow artificial intelligence has no connection to real human intelligence and even cannot be successfully used in many cases due to lack of transparency, explainability, computational ineffectiveness and many other limits. A strong artificial intelligence development model can be discussed unrelated to the substrate development of intelligence and its general properties that are inherent in this development. Only then it is to be clarified which part of cognitive functions can be transferred to an artificial medium. The process of development of intelligence (as mutual development (co-development) of human and artificial intelligence) should correspond to the property of increasing cognitive interoperability. The degree of cognitive interoperability is arranged in the same way as the method of measuring the strength of intelligence. It is stronger if knowledge can be transferred between different domains on a higher level of abstraction (Chollet, 2018).FindingsThe key factors behind the development of hybrid intelligence are interoperability – the ability to create a common ontology in the context of the problem being solved, plan and carry out joint activities; co-evolution – ensuring the growth of aggregate intellectual ability without the loss of subjectness by each of the substrates (human, machine). The rate of co-evolution depends on the rate of knowledge interchange and the manufacturability of this process.Research limitations/implicationsResistance to the idea of developing co-evolutionary hybrid intelligence can be expected from agents and developers who have bet on and invested in data-driven artificial intelligence and machine learning.Practical implicationsRevision of the approach to intellectualization through the development of hybrid intelligence methods will help bridge the gap between the developers of specific solutions and those who apply them. Co-evolution of machine intelligence and human intelligence will ensure seamless integration of smart new solutions into the global division of labor and social institutions.Originality/valueThe novelty of the research is connected with a new look at the principles of the development of machine and human intelligence in the co-evolution style. Also new is the statement that the development of intelligence should take place within the framework of integration of the following four domains: global challenges and tasks, concepts (general hybrid intelligence), technologies and products (specific applications that satisfy the needs of the market).

Artifact density and population density in settlement pattern research

A common method of estimating population in archaeology is to multiply a settlement area by an occupational density. Empirical studies show that occupational density generally increases with settlement size but estimating occupational density when structural remains are not observable has remained a methodological challenge. Here, we investigate the possibility that occupational density is systematically related to the surface artifact density of archaeological sites. First, we employ settlement scaling theory, a framework tested in a variety of other settings, to derive the expected relationship between artifact density and population density, finding that the rate of per capita pottery consumption is expected to increase in relative terms with settlement population due to an increase in the rate of social interchange involving food. Then, we analyze data from the Chifeng Region of northern China to show that pottery consumption rates, reflected in measured densities of potsherds, do in fact increase with settlement areas in a way that is consistent with this expectation. We use this result to characterize long-term trends in social development in northern China over seven millennia, and to suggest a method that improves the accuracy and precision of demographic reconstructions by incorporating the nonlinear relationship between artifact density and population density in the analysis.

From the lung to the knee joint: Toxicity evaluation of carbon black nanoparticles on macrophages and chondrocytes

Carbon black (CB), a core elemental carbon component of airborne particles, has been used as a model material to study environmental safety and health impacts of airborne particles. Although potential adverse effects of CB have been reported, limited knowledge is available regarding CB-induced metabolic disorders and secondary effects distant from primary target organs, such as the effects on joints. The knee cavity is a relatively closed space along the peripheral circulation route with a slow rate of interchange of nutrition with blood. While epidemiologic studies have indicated that airborne particle exposure may affect the occurrence and severity of inflammatory knee diseases, no research has been performed to understand the potential hazardous direct/indirect interactions between particles and knee cells. Herein, we have scrutinized the toxicity of four commercial nano-sized CB samples in the lung and a distant site: knee joint. Our results indicated that CB triggered pulmonary and systemic inflammation upon inhalation exposure, and, more strikingly, CB also elicited injuries of the knee joint, as demonstrated by thickened synovial membrane, suggesting disordered cellular metabolism within the knee joint. Our data recognized the CB toxicity profiles to macrophages as characterized by pro-inflammatory reactions, and also defined an activated metabolic state of chondrocytes, as evidenced by metalloproteinase (MMP) induction. Of note, remarkable variations were also found for these changes induced by these four CB samples, due to their distinct physicochemical properties. Collectively, our results uncovered a significant toxicity of CB inhalation exposure to the knee joint, as reflected by metabolic activation of chondrocytes, and, more importantly, these findings unearthed CB-induced metabolic disorders and secondary effects owing to systemic pro-inflammatory conditions upon CB exposure, in addition to the likelihood of direct toxicity to knee cells.

Mytilus trossulus in NW Greenland is genetically more similar to North Pacific than NW Atlantic populations of the species

Changes in climate-related factors such as ice coverage, water temperature, and ocean currents have been proposed to facilitate an increased interchange of species in the High Arctic between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In Greenland, the colonization of the mussel species Mytilus edulis has been suggested to have occurred recently and exclusively from Northwest Atlantic populations. The source population for its sibling species Mytilus trossulus is however unknown, and therefore we aimed to explore its genetic origin. Using 54 SNP markers, M. trossulus was identified from three Greenland blue mussel populations collected in 2012–2014 and the relative similarities to Northwest Atlantic and North Pacific M. trossulus populations were assessed. Populations were found to fall into two clades. The North Pacific is the most likely source for the northern Greenland M. trossulus probably as a result of occasional postglacial long-distance dispersal through the Bering Strait. Our findings in M. trossulus are in agreements with the predictions that climate change will, in addition to driving a northward expansion of temperate-boreal species into the Arctic Ocean, increase the rate of trans-Arctic interchange between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans.

Transient Translational and Rotational Water Defects in Gas Hydrates

We report our observations of the transient formation of the translational and rotational defects in the host lattice of methane hydrates. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of a fully occupied methane hydrate system and find that the hydrogen bonds of a water molecule can be thermally broken, and the water molecule can then rotate more freely. We observe the formation of transient Bjerrum defects around the water molecule, and the two hydrogens of the water molecule can be interchanged when the transient defects anneal. The 95% confidence interval for the rate of the hydrogen interchange is estimated to be 1.3 × 105–2.4 × 105 s–1 per water molecule, and the 95% confidence interval for the associated free energy of activation is estimated to be 38.2–39.4 kJ/mol at 270 K. We also observe the transient formation of vacancy-interstitial water defects. The formation and annealing of these vacancy-interstitial defects can result in the interchange of two or three neighboring water molecules on the gas h...

Formation of Waste-rock Drainage Water on Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Urals (Russia)

The waste-rock stockpiles of copper pyrite mines are enriched by sulphide minerals; therefore their dissolution is the reason for the acidic waters formation. Hydrochemical processes responsible for the water quality of the formed waste-rock stockpiles are studied using several sites of the Urals as the examples. Sulphide mineralization causes the sulfate composition of water, iron, aluminum and magnesium to prevail among the cations. The comparison of mine and waste-rock drainage composition shows that waste-rock waters are more mineralized: TDC is 3-5 times higher and the aluminum, iron, copper and zinc concentrations are 4-8 times higher. The composition of rocks forming mine drainage and waste rock drainage is similar, thus it can be hypothesized that the hydrogeochemical processes of mine drainage and of the waste-rock piles waters do not have significant differences. However, the degree of rock disintegration and a temperature gradient in dumps is higher, while the rate of water interchange is lower. The set of hydrodynamic, geomechanical and temperature factors promote the formation of more acidic mineralized waters of the dump body. Computer simulation (Visual MINTEQ ver.3.0/3.1) has shown that with the rate of sulphides oxidation of 3.6·103 mol/hour, the sulphides mass in the dumps would produce acidic leach-water in several hundred years.

Spouted bed reactor for kinetic measurements of reduction of Fe2O3 in a CO2/CO atmosphere Part I: Atmospheric pressure measurements and equipment commissioning

A high pressure and high temperature spouted bed reactor, operating in fluidisation mode, has been designed and validated at low pressure for the study of gas–solid reaction kinetics. Measurements suggested the bed exhibited a fast rate of gas interchange between the bubble and particulate phases. Pressurised injection of the particles to the bottom of the bed allowed the introduction of solid reactants in a simple and controlled manner. The suitability of the reactor for the purpose of kinetic studies was demonstrated by investigation of the intrinsic kinetics of the initial stage of the reduction of Fe2O3 with CO over multiple cycles for chemical looping.Changes of pore structure over the initial cycles were found to affect the observed kinetics of the reduction. The initial intrinsic rate constant of the reduction reaction (ki) was measured by using a kinetic model which incorporated an effectiveness factor. The uncertainty arising from the measurement of particle porosity in the model was compensated for by the tortuosity factor. The average activation energy obtained for cycles three to five was 61±8kJ/mol, which is comparable with previous studies using both fluidised beds and thermogravimetry.

An updated period analysis for ER Orionis: A definitive solution

An updated period analysis for the overcontact eclipsing binary ER Orionis is presented. Featured is an improved derivation of parameters for the light time effect (LTE) due to the third star (in actuality, a pair of stars) utilising the latest set of eclipse timings. The very good fit between the eclipse timing differences (ETD) plot (otherwise known as an O–C diagram) and the theoretical ETD curve makes possible an improved determination of the rate of mass interchange between the binary pair, dm1/dt=+1.83(6)×10−7Mʘ/year. In addition, the mass of the companion system (in actuality, m3 sini) and the elements of its orbit were computed. A suggestion is made for a method of future determination of the inclination of the orbit of the companion system.

Evolutionary hypothesis for Chiari type I malformation

Chiari I malformation (CM-I) is classically defined as a cerebellar tonsillar herniation (⩾5mm) through the foramen magnum. A decreased posterior fossa volume, mainly due to basioccipital hypoplasia and sometimes platybasia, leads to posterior fossa overcrowding and consequently cerebellar herniation. Regardless of radiological findings, embryological genetic hypothesis or any other postulations, the real cause behind this malformation is yet not well-elucidated and remains largely unknown. The aim of this paper is to approach CM-I under a broader and new perspective, conjoining anthropology, genetics and neurosurgery, with special focus on the substantial changes that have occurred in the posterior cranial base through human evolution. Important evolutionary allometric changes occurred during brain expansion and genetics studies of human evolution demonstrated an unexpected high rate of gene flow interchange and possibly interbreeding during this process. Based upon this review we hypothesize that CM-I may be the result of an evolutionary anthropological imprint, caused by evolving species populations that eventually met each other and mingled in the last 1.7million years.

Automatic generation control scheme for frequency linked price signal followed in India

Indian electricity market has adopted a concept of frequency linked commercial tariff system, commonly referred to as availability-based tariff (ABT), where variation in system frequency is used as market signal to encourage utilities to change generation in real time operation. As frequency varies with real power imbalance, proper incentive is rewarded for automatic generation control (AGC) service provided by the generating utility for making up the real power mismatch. In ABT, the rate of unscheduled interchange (RUI) for AGC service is fixed depending upon the frequency condition prevailing at that time. The conventional AGC system though tries to bring the frequency error to zero but it would be an ineffective solution for participating generating utilities under ABT since incentive/penalty varies with frequency. This paper investigates the rules and advocacy of ABT more strategically and develops a model for AGC based on conventional if-then logics for load-frequency regulation scheme that will respond to the frequency-based price signal in a profitable manner. The proposed model is tested on IEEE 14 bus system and part of northern region grid of India.

The Impact of the Creative Sector on Growth in German Regions

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of the creative sector—technological employees and bohemians—on economic growth in Germany's planning regions. It is concluded that technological employees and bohemians foster growth. We find that growth is particularly dynamic in agglomerated and urbanized regions. Among regional factors relevant to the location decisions of creative professionals, diversity is analysed in particular, as it might stimulate growth because of its potential to increase the rate of interchange of different ideas and knowledge. The analysis of both—creative professionals and diversity—is related to two current topics in regional economics, namely the knowledge-based economy and its effects on city development, and the topic of creative cities.

Movements of satellite-monitored humpback whales from New Caledonia

¯ 5 22.5 days). Tagged whales generally moved to the south or southeast, with several spending time in a previously unknown seamount habitat named Antigonia before resuming movement, generally toward Norfolk Island or New Zealand. However, 1 female with a calf traveled the entire length of the western coast of New Caledonia (,450 km) and then west in the direction of the Chesterfield Reefs, a 19th century American (‘‘Yankee’’) whaling ground. None of the New Caledonia whales traveled to or toward eastern Australia, which is broadly consistent with the low rate of interchange observed from photo-identification comparisons between these 2 areas. The connections between New Caledonia and New Zealand, together with the relatively low numbers of whales seen in these places generally, support the idea that whales from these 2 areas constitute a single population that remains small and unrecovered. DOI: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-033R.1.

The Impact of Creativity on Growth in German Regions

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of the creative professions - technological employees and bohemians - on economic growth in Germany’s planning regions. It is concluded that technological employees and bohemians foster economic growth. We find that growth is particularly dynamic in agglomerated and urbanized regions. Among regional factors relevant to the location decisions of creative professionals, diversity is analyzed in particular, as it might stimulate growth because of its potential to increase the rate of interchange of different ideas and knowledge. Diversity is therefore a “knowledge production factor. The analysis of both - creative professions and diversity - is related to two current topics in regional economics, namely the knowledge based economy and its effects on city development, and the topic of creative cities.

Tyrosyl Rotamer Interconversion Rates and the Fluorescence Decays ofN-Acetyltyrosinamide and Short Tyrosyl Peptides

It has long been recognized that the fluorescence lifetimes of amino acid residues such as tyrosine and tryptophan depend on the rotameric configuration of the aromatic side chain, but estimates of the rate of interchange of rotameric states have varied widely. We report measurements of the rotameric populations and interchange rates for tyrosine in N-acetyltyrosinamide (NATyrA), the tripeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly (YGG), and the pentapeptide Leu-enkephalin (YGGFL). The fluorescence lifetimes were analyzed to determine the rotameric interchange rates in the context of a model incorporating exchange among three rotameric states. Maximum entropy method analysis verified the presence of three fluorescence decay components for YGGFL and two for YGG and NATyrA. Rotameric exchange between the gauche(-) and trans states occurred on the nanosecond time scale, whereas exchange with the gauche(+) state occurred on a longer time scale. Good agreement was obtained with rotameric populations and exchange rates from molecular dynamics simulations. Quenching by iodide was used to vary the intrinsic fluorescence lifetimes, providing additional constraints on the determined interchange rates. The temperature dependence was measured to determine barriers to exchange of the two most populated rotamers of 3, 5, and 7 kcal/mol for NATyrA, YGG, and YGGFL, respectively.

Spatial genetic patterns generated by two admixing genetic lineages: a simulation study

Two formerly geographically separated lineages of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha had been given the opportunity to mix extensively across the newly built German Main–Danube canal. We had monitored this admixture of mussel lineages and had described spatial patterns in different genetic measures [Muller et al. 2001 (Heredity, 86: 103); 2002 (Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 269: 1139)]. Here, we present an individual-based model to assess the potential of spatial genetic patterns of detecting and quantifying admixture of mussel lineages. Genetic measures studied are (1) allele frequencies, (2) deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations of loci (deficit of heterozygotes, HWD) and (3) linkage disequilibria between unlinked loci (LD). For allele frequencies, we observed a cline over the zone of admixture in all simulations of mixing mussel lineages suggesting that these are appropriate for verification of their mixture. The point of the first contact between lineages was always detectable from their intermediate allele frequencies. LD and HWD were only spatially informative for diagnostic loci or loci with very strong differences in allele frequencies of lineages. For such loci, the probability of disequilibria was highest where lineages had met and decreased towards both sources of lineages Main and Danube. The overall probability of detecting any disequilibrium was higher for LD than for HWD and increased with an increasing rate of genetic interchange. Our simulation results are corroborated by our zebra mussel data and studies from literature. They are applicable to any case of two known linearly mixing genetic lineages.

Study of the origin of enantioselectivity in cyclopropanation reactions using the chiral iron carbene complex [(η 5-C 5H 5)(CO) 2Fe [dbnd]CH[(η 6- o-MeOC 6H 4)Cr(CO) 3]] +

During our low temperature NMR studies we observed two rotational isomers of the carbene complex [(η 5-C 5H 5)(CO) 2Fe CH[(η 6- o-MeOC 6H 4)Cr(CO) 3]]+ ( 3) with the O–Me group either anti or anti to the Fp moiety. While the Cr(CO) 3 group very effectively shields one face of the carbene complex from attack by the olefin, the presence of anti and anti isomers allows for the formation of both R and S configuration on C-1 of the cyclopropane through a backside or a frontside ring closure mechanism. The reaction of olefin with anti R-3 can result in R-configuration of the cyclopropane carbon C-1 through a frontside closure mechanism, or in S-configuration if backside closure takes place. In a similar manner, anti R-3 may produce S-configuration through frontside closure or R-configuration through backside closure. We previously have shown by crystallography that reaction the R-isomer of 3 with 2-methyl-propene induces predominantly a R-configuration at C-1 of the resulting cyclopropane ( RR-(−)-2,2 dimethyl-1- o-methoxyphenyl(tricarbonyl chromium)cyclopropane, whereas the S-carbene results in the corresponding SS isomer. These findings are consistent with cyclopropane formation from the syn isomer through a frontside closure mechanism or from anti isomer through a backside closure mechanism. In the case of [(η 5-C 5H 5)(CO) 2Fe CH[(η 6- o-MeC 6H 4)Cr(CO) 3]]+ ( 4), only anti isomer is observed and optical rotation data indicate that the methylcarbene exhibits the same asymmetric induction (i.e., R-carbene yields R-cyclopropane C-1 and S-carbene yields S-cyclopropane C-1) as the methoxy analogue, and the assumption of the anti isomer being the reactive one then implies that the reaction proceeds through a backside closure mechanism rather a frontside mechanism. It is very likely that this preference is also valid for the methoxy substituted complex 4. Our results on 4 indicate that the enantioselectivity of the cyclopropanation reaction is not determined by the relative abundance of the isomers. As the syn isomer is the more abundant one, the anti isomer has to be the more reactive one compared to the syn isomer. Interchange of syn and anti isomers occurs fast compared to the rate of reaction of the carbene with olefin. The fast rate of interchange of syn and anti isomers relative to the rate of reaction with olefin precludes the direct observation of any differential reactivity form a change in the syn to anti ratio in the NMR spectrum. However, the in general lower ee values observed for 3 compared with 4 are consistent with the fact that the reactive isomer is less abundant in this case. Our data thus show that enantioselectivity of cyclopropanation with “chiral at carbene” complexes is controlled by the higher reactivity of the anti isomer and occurs through a backside ring closure mechanism.

Does infectious disease influence the efficacy of marine protected areas? A theoretical framework

Summary Marine protected areas are increasingly being recommended as an essential component of the management of exploited marine species, but virtually no attention has been given to the influence of parasites. This may be substantial, as a primary effect of marine reserves is to increase the density of an exploited population within the reserve relative to outside the reserve, which may facilitate parasite transmission. We used a simple deterministic model of microparasitic infection in a fishery with a reserve to investigate equilibrium yield and parasite prevalence inside and outside the reserve as a function of three control variables: the proportion of habitat inside the reserve, fishing mortality and the rate of interchange between the stock and the reserve. While our model is generic, we parameterized it with values that may be appropriate to the interaction between abalone and Rickettsia. The presence of a pathogen does not necessarily decrease yield when a reserve is present, particularly if the rate of movement of adult hosts between stock and reserve is low. Synthesis and applications. Pathogens have important implications for the design of marine reserves. Our modelling identifies two key considerations. First, ‘fishing out’ a pathogen by reducing the host population density to a level below the threshold for disease maintenance is a potential management strategy that is made more difficult by establishing a reserve. Secondly, the effect of a highly transmissible pathogen without a reserve is to cause a rapid decline in equilibrium yield for efforts beyond those that produce maximum sustainable yield, making the fishery prone to collapse. Introducing a reserve decreases yield in this case, but makes the fishery much more resistant to collapse.

Potential of silica monolithic columns in peptide separations

The objective of the work described here was to evaluate the efficacy of silica monolith supports in high-speed reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) of peptides. This was done using a commercial Chromolith column with an octadecylsilane stationary phase and a tryptic digest of cytochrome c. Columns (100mm×4.6mm) were operated at mobile phase velocities ranging from 1ml/min (2.0mm/s) to 10ml/min (25mm/s). There was little noticeable change over this flow rate range in either resolution, peak elution volume, or analyte concentration in collected fractions. It was concluded that capillary columns in this silica monolith format would be particularly valuable in peptide separations for proteomics. There was, however, a small, but perceptible contamination of peaks at high mobile phase velocity with earlier eluting analytes. Based on the fact that peak shape did not change at high mobile phase velocity, it is suggested that this phenomena might be due to the presence of peptide conformers in structural equilibrium on the sorbent surface. When elution rate exceeds the rate of conformer interchange, conformers could elute as broadened or even separate peaks.

Body versus surface forces in continuum mechanics: is the Maxwell stress tensor a physically objective Cauchy stress?

The Maxwell stress tensor (MST) T(M) plays an important role in the dynamics of continua interacting with external fields, as in the commercially and scientifically important case of "ferrofluids." As a conceptual entity in quasistatic systems, the MST derives from the definition f(M)def=inverted Delta x T(M), where f(M)(x) is a physically objective volumetric external body-force density field at a point x of a continuum, derived from the solution of the pertinent governing equations. Beginning with the fact that T(M) is not uniquely defined via the preceding relationship from knowledge of f(M), we point out in this paper that the interpretation of T(M) as being a physical stress is not only conceptually incorrect, but that in commonly occuring situations this interpretation will result in incorrect predictions of the physical response of the system. In short, by elementary examples, this paper emphasizes the need to maintain the classical physical distinction between the notions of body forces f and stresses T. These examples include calculations of the torque on bodies, the work required to deform a fluid continuum, and the rate of interchange of energy between mechanical and other modes.

Mathematical elegance with biochemical realism: the covarion model of molecular evolution.

There is an apparent paradox in our understanding of molecular evolution. Current biochemically based models predict that evolutionary trees should not be recoverable for divergences beyond a few hundred million years. In practice, however, trees often appear to be recovered from much older times. Mathematical models, such as those assuming that sites evolve at different rates [including a Gamma distribution of rates across sites (RAS)] may in theory allow the recovery of some ancient divergences. However, such models require that each site maintain its characteristic rate over the whole evolutionary period. This assumption, however, contradicts the knowledge that tertiary structures diverge with time, invalidating the rate-constancy assumption of purely mathematical models. We report here that a hidden Markov version of the covarion model can meet both biochemical and statistical requirements for the analysis of sequence data. The model was proposed on biochemical grounds and can be implemented with only two additional parameters. The two hidden parts of this model are the proportion of sites free to vary (covarions) and the rate of interchange between fixed sites and these variable sites. Simulation results are consistent with this approach, providing a better framework for understanding anciently diverged sequences than the standard RAS models. However, a Gamma distribution of rates may approximate a covarion model and may possibly be justified on these grounds. The accurate reconstruction of older divergences from sequence data is still a major problem, and molecular evolution still requires mathematical models that also have a sound biochemical basis.