Rate Of Decrease In Intensity Research Articles

Multi-Sip Time⁻Intensity Evaluation of Retronasal Aroma after Swallowing Oolong Tea Beverage.

In most cases, a meal cannot be finished with a single bite and sip. During eating and drinking, consumers receive dynamic food perceptions from sensory attributes in foods. Thus, we performed multi-sip time–intensity (TI) evaluation of sensory attribute. In each of ten trials, the participant evaluated continuously the intensity of retronasal aroma for 60 s after swallowing oolong tea. We compared the TI parameters (Imax: maximum intensity, Tmax: time point at which intensity reached the maximum value, AUC: area under the TI curve, Dplateau: duration between the first and last time points with values exceeding 90% of the maximum intensity, Rinc: rate of intensity increase between the first time points with values exceeding 5% and 90% of the maximum intensity, and Rdec: rate of intensity decrease between the last time points with values exceeding 5% and 90% of the maximum intensity) and TI curves among the ten trials, and approximated each TI curve with an exponential model. Some TI parameters (Imax, Tmax, AUC, and Rinc) differed significantly between the first and subsequent trials. The TI curve was significantly lower in the first trial than in the subsequent trials, and TI curve during the time from starting the evaluation to reaching maximum intensity was significantly lower in the second trial than in the subsequent trials. The time constant of the fitted exponential function revealed that the decay of retronasal aroma intensity was slightly faster in the second through fourth trials than in the first and the fifth through tenth trials. These results indicate that olfaction might be more perceptive while consumers sip a cup of the beverage.

Influence of texture on the temporal perception of sweetness of gelled systems

Abstract The aim of this work was to study how the texture of two hydrocolloid gelled systems with different mechanical properties – κ-carrageenan and gellan gum – sweetened with two sweeteners with different sweetening power – sucrose and aspartame – influence the temporal perception of sweetness using a time–intensity test. The results show that the different aspects of temporal perception of sweetness of hydrocolloid gels were related to their mechanical properties in different ways. Maximum sweetness intensity was closely related to the amount of deformation required to break the network and with its resistance to deformation. Meanwhile resistance to rupture was also an important factor influencing the variation in the rate of intensity decrease. The time needed to reach maximum sweetness intensity was only dependent on sweetener concentration.

Modulation loops, time lag and relationship between cosmic ray intensity and tilt of the heliospheric current sheet

Aims. We study certain aspects of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic ray intensity during different solar activity cycles and in different polarity states of the heliosphere.Methods. We plotted modulation loops between the cosmic ray intensity and the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet during three solar activity cycles 21, 22 and 23 and obtained the area of modulation loops. The time lag between the tilt angle and the cosmic ray intensity in odd, even solar activity cycles and during 0, 0 polarity states of the heliosphere are determined using correlation analysis. Rate of intensity decrease with tilt angle during different solar and magnetic cycles are estimated from best fit method.Results. Marked differences during the two odd and the one even solar cycles, as well as during different polarity states of the solar magnetic field ( 0 and 0) are found. We observe variations in finer features of modulation loops obtained using one, three, six and twelve rotation averaged data. We find that the time lag in even cycle (22) is much different from that in odd cycles (21, 23). Moreover, considerable difference in time lags are also observed during 0 and 0 polarity states of the heliosphere. We also find that the cosmic ray intensity decreases at much faster rate (and with better correlation) with increase in tilt angle during 0 than 0, indicating stronger response to the tilt angle changes during 0. These results are discussed in the light of 3D modulation models including the gradient and curvature drifts and the tilt of the heliospheric current sheet.

Cathodoluminescence of Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth GaN: Dependencies on Excitation Conditions

ABSTRACTWe have found that near-band-edge cathodoluminescence (CL) emission decreases with time for some nominally undoped GaN samples. The rate of intensity decrease depends on the incident beam current. It also depends on the size of the area being scanned, which is determined by the magnification used, although the electron beam voltage and current are held constant and similar regions of GaN are being examined. Faster decrease with time occurs with higher beam currents and higher magnifications. The reduced luminescence efficiency persists over at least 24 hour beam-off periods. The dependence of CL intensity on beam current and on scanned area may be a result of different levels of local charging, and structural modifications caused by this charging, for different beam current and magnification settings.

New advances for paleomagnetic studies of sediment cores using U‐Channels

Accurate and detailed paleomagnetic data can be obtained from continuous measurements of U‐channels extracted from sedimentary cores using a small‐diameter pass‐through magnetometer and high resolution signal‐response pick‐up coils. The spatial resolution is not significantly lower than that obtained by measuring standard paleomagnetic samples and features on the order of 3–5 cm can be confidently resolved. We propose a method to analyze the demagnetization data based on the angular dispersion of the directions between successive demagnetization steps and the downcore changes in the rate of intensity decrease. This technique allows us to distinguish very rapidly between intervals with well‐identified characteristic magnetic components and zones characterized by a more complex behavior during demagnetization. It is also possible to directly measure the magnetic susceptibility, and to induce and measure most rock magnetic properties along the U‐channels. Thus all parameters necessary for a complete paleomagnetic study of sediment cores can be confidently obtained directly from U‐channels without extracting individual samples. Finally this equipment makes possible the measurement and complete demagnetization of up to 10 single samples at a time in less than one hour by using techniques similar to those developed for the U‐channels.

Band Spectrum of Helium

IN the course of some investigations on the electrical properties of helium at fairly high pressures (about 25 mm. mercury), it was found that, if the gas was excited in such a way as to produce the line spectrum and the band spectrum of helium in comparable intensity, the rate of decrease in intensity of the band spectrum was much smaller than that of the line spectrum after the excitation was removed.

Experimental Work Bearing upon the Standardization of the Absorptive Powers of the X-Rays by Salts of the Various Metals

During the process of certain experimental work now under way, it was noted that little information concerning the density of the shadows produced by the various metallic salts was available in the literature. Various workers in the study of the visualization of certain of the tracts of the human body, such as the alimentary and urinary tracts, have brought forward different selected substances, but little is mentioned of the manner in which these substances were chosen, and no evidence of an effort at standardization can be found. While it is true that certain very important and fundamental principles concerning absorbability based upon atomic number formulae have been determined recently by Hull (1) and by Richt-myer (2), nevertheless it occurred to the writer that definite efforts directed towards the tabulation and formation of a shadow scale for as many of the metallic salts as possible, would form a practical working basis for problems of investigation wherein this important factor is brought into consideration. In experimentation in vivo, two other important factors must be considered, namely, the solubility and the toxicity of the different substances. In conjunction, therefore, with the tests of absorption capacity or shadowing of these various metallic salts, the data appertaining to the solubility and toxicity of the different substances have been gathered as far as was practicable from the literature. It may be well to describe, first, the manner in which the absorption can be calculated, as shown by Hull, on the law governing absorption: “That if the cube of the atomic number of the absorbing substances be multiplied by the cube of the wave length and this product by the number .00658, then to this product is added the number .14 and this sum multiplied by the density of the absorbing substance in grams per cubic centimeter, the final product will be the coefficient of absorption; that is, a number which will define the rate of decrease in intensity of X-rays per unit thickness of material traversed, the unit in this case being one centimeter.” We know that every substance absorbs a certain quantity of X-rays passing through it, thereby casting a shadow. Some substances are more absorbent than others, and will cast a much darker shadow. This absorption or shadowing is about in proportion to the cube of the atomic number of the substance multiplied by its density. As it is appreciated that in certain phases of experimentation in radiology, a tabulation of the approximate absorbability of the elements will be of value, it seems justifiable to set forth in table form the comparisons as estimated by the method of cubing the atomic number, multiplied by the density. The absorbability of many of these elements in compound has been verified by actual experimentation, as demonstrated in the figures later to be explained.