Death Rate Research Articles

Breast cancer statistics 2024.

This is the American Cancer Society's biennial update of statistics on breast cancer among women based on high-quality incidence and mortality data from the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breast cancer incidence continued an upward trend, rising by 1% annually during 2012-2021, largely confined to localized-stage and hormone receptor-positive disease. A steeper increase in women younger than 50 years (1.4% annually) versus 50 years and older (0.7%) overall was only significant among White women. Asian American/Pacific Islander women had the fastest increase in both age groups (2.7% and 2.5% per year, respectively); consequently, young Asian American/Pacific Islander women had the second lowest rate in 2000 (57.4 per 100,000) but the highest rate in 2021 (86.3 per 100,000) alongside White women (86.4 per 100,000), surpassing Black women (81.5 per 100,000). In contrast, the overall breast cancer death rate continuously declined during 1989-2022 by 44% overall, translating to 517,900 fewer breast cancer deaths during thistime. However, not all women have experienced this progress; mortality remained unchanged since 1990 in American Indian/Alaska Native women, and Black women have 38% higher mortality than White women despite 5% lower incidence. Although the Black-White disparity partly reflects more triple-negative cancers, Black women have the lowest survival for every breast cancer subtype and stage except localized disease, with which they are 10% less likely to be diagnosed than White women (58% vs. 68%), highlighting disadvantages in social determinants of health. Progress against breast cancer could be accelerated by mitigating racial, ethnic, and social disparities through improved clinical trial representation and access to high-quality screening and treatment.

Maternal Mortality in the United States: Are the High and Rising Rates Due to Changes in Obstetrical Factors, Maternal Medical Conditions, or Maternal Mortality Surveillance?

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024;230:440.e1–440.e13) High reported maternal death rates in the United States have garnered attention and skepticism, especially with reports indicating a near doubling of maternal mortality between 2018 and 2021. Some attribute this increase to changes in reporting criteria for maternal mortality developed in 2003 by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).

Analysis of the global burden of CKD-T2DM in young and middle-aged adults in 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2019: A systematic study of the global burden of disease in 2019

BackgroundDiabetes stands as a principal risk factor for severe complications including renal and cardiovascular diseases. The gradual rise in type 2 diabetes cases globally, coupled with a trend towards younger demographics, has led to an escalating prevalence of chronic kidney disease. However, its etiology is multifaceted, necessitating individualized treatment and refinement, particularly crucial in screening and managing the burden of CKD-T2DM. A comprehensive analysis of CKD-T2DM burden at global, regional, and national levels from 2000 to 2019, based on the latest data, can inform screening, early diagnostics, and treatment strategies, thereby optimizing healthcare resource allocation. MethodsUtilizing data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, we delineated the incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates of CKD-T2DM from 2000 to 2019 across global, regional, and national scales. We summarized the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of CKD-T2DM globally, regionally, and nationally, presenting them visually. Moreover, we calculated and visually depicted the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of various CKD-T2DM indicators at these levels. Additionally, CKD-T2DM patients were stratified by age to compare the age distribution of patient deaths and the age burden between 2000 and 2019. FindingsThe disease burden of CKD-T2DM among young and middle-aged individuals globally has shown a sustained increase from 2000 to 2019. Incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates have exhibited an overall upward trend, with males showing higher rates compared to females. Significant disparities exist among different countries and regions, with India, China, and Mexico emerging as the countries with the highest number of new cases. Nicaragua, Mexico, and the United Arab Emirates have the highest age-standardized incidence rates, whereas Uganda, Ethiopia, and Burundi have the lowest. At the age level, the burden of CKD-T2DM exhibits varying trends among different age groups but generally shows an upward trajectory, particularly in the 45–49 age bracket. High systolic blood pressure and high BMI stand as the primary contributing factors to mortality and DALYs, with variations in their influence observed across different regions and levels of development. Interpretationver the past 20 years, the burden of CKD-T2DM among young and middle-aged individuals globally has continued to increase, with disparities existing among different countries, regions, and age groups, but overall showing an upward trend. The reasons for this trend are multifaceted, including global lifestyle changes such as dietary shifts, sedentary lifestyles, obesity, as well as population aging and inadequate preventive measures in certain regions. Addressing these challenges necessitates optimizing screening methods, adjusting lifestyles, enhancing management strategies, improving medical care and awareness levels, particularly intensifying awareness and screening efforts among males, reinforcing prevention and control measures for the 45–49 age group, enhancing infrastructure and healthcare resources in developing countries, fostering international collaboration, and implementing context-specific measures.

Cytotoxic Effect of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolated from Prostate and Bladder Cancer Patients in Iraq.

This study investigated the cytotoxic effects of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia on normal human cells. Seven isolates of S. maltophilia were obtained from 120 urine samples collected from prostate and bladder cancer patients, with diagnoses confirmed via Vitek. The cytotoxicity of these bacterial isolates was assessed on normal human fibrocyte cells (NHF) using various concentrations of bacterial filtrate (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml). The bacterial filtrate exhibited significant toxicity to NHF cells, with the highest cell death rate of 68% and the lowest optical density (OD) of 0.25 at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The IC50 value, indicating the concentration at which 50% inhibition of cell viability occurred, was determined to be 49.35 μg/ml. Further research is necessary to explore the potential role of these bacterial isolates in promoting cancer through inflammation. The clinical isolates of S. maltophilia demonstrated substantial cytotoxic activity against normal human fibrocyte cells, leading to a notable reduction in both cell number and optical density, with the highest percentage of cell death observed. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the specific toxins or enzymes involved, which could pave the way for future studies.

CLASSIFICATION OF HEART DISEASE USING THE K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR ALGORITHM AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION

Heart disease is a major cause of death in the world, including in Indonesia, with increasing rates and death rates that carry a huge burden on health and society. Lack of awareness of early signs contributes significantly to this challenge. This study aims to prevent heart disease through early diagnosis using K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) and Logistic Regression algorithms. The database, obtained from Kaggle.com, includes 15 clinical units for cardiac diagnosis. The test shows that the K-NN method with k = 3 achieves the highest performance on the experimental data (30%), with 90% precision, 93% precision, 87% recall, and 90% f1 - score. In comparison, Logistic Regression and sigmoid achieved 86% precision, 83% precision, 90% recall, and 86% f1-score on the same experimental data. These results show that K-Nearest Neighbor is better than Logistic Regression as a classification algorithm for heart disease database. Applying these findings to the web-based Streamlit system is expected to improve the efficiency and timeliness of heart disease screening.

Death Rate During First 300 Days of Genocide in Gaza

Death Rate During First 300 Days of Genocide in Gaza

Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Iraqi Kurdistan region.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first appeared in Iraq, including the Iraqi Kurdistan region governorates, in March 2020. 48,494 samples were collected from public hospitals in the Kurdish governates from February 2021 to May 2022. Viral RNA was extracted, and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the COVID-19 variants. Statistical analysis of patients' clinical data was performed. The RT-PCR results identified the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants in the Kurdistan governorates. Young adults (20-39 years) had significantly higher rate of infection than children (1-11 months) and older adults (80-89 years). The Delta wave was more contiguous, spread more easily, and more fatal than the Alpha and Omicron waves. The highest number of COVID-19 cases was reported in Sulaymaniyah and Duhok; and the highest death rate was reported in Sulaymaniyah. The death rate in males was higher than in females, especially among older people. Fatigue, cough, and fever were common symptoms among the three variants. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the L-type of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was a descendant of the S-type at an early stage of evolution. The L-type could spread faster in Kurdistan. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) confirmed that all L-type variants in different countries were 100% similar in sequence, and all were mutated in the regions 8782: ORF1ab and 28144: ORF8 703. This study described the COVID-19 waves, pathogenesis, and evolution of the virus in the Iraqi Kurdistan region.

THE RESULTS OF THE COURSE ON MASTERING THE ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN THE FORMATION OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE ((WHOQOL-BREF) KAZ)

It is stated that the relevance of the problem studied in this article depends on the result of the course designed to master the analysis of the indicators of future specialists in the formation of QOL ((WHOQOL-BREF) KAZ). According to the WHO, the countries of the world that followed a healthy lifestyle reached 86.9 years of life, 81.5 years for men, and 84.3 years on average. On the contrary, the death rate in the Republic of Kazakhstan in recent years was 29%, 6.77 per 1000 inhabitants. Mortality from diseases of the circulatory system was -32.7%, from cancer -7.9%, from injuries -5.3%.Due to these conditions, as a result of recent measures taken in the country, by 2025, the share of citizens living a healthy lifestyle will increase to 40%, life expectancy will increase to 75 years, non-infectious diseases will decrease to 7%, and medical rehabilitation services will increase to 75%. coverage is expected.It can be noted that the average life expectancy of people in our country is behind that of many countries in the world, and this situation needs to be studied fundamentally and applied in the economic, social and humanitarian direction in the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is necessary to find a solution to the problems of understanding the tasks of protecting the health, strengthening the body, and increasing the responsibility for improving and strengthening the health of the population. During the analysis of the results of the training program of the course, its goals and objectives are to improve the introduction and use of the KAZZ scale (WHOQOL-BREF) in the field of sports for students of higher educational institutions of the country and to form a model of the education system and the formation of a healthy lifestyle. to increase the competitiveness of teachers; to provide teachers with the necessary knowledge and methodological skills for effective formation of a healthy lifestyle among students; aimed at forming a model of healthy lifestyle formation among teachers and students of higher educational institutions of the country.

Spatial-Temporal Visualization of Dengue Fever Vulnerability in Kediri Using Hierarchy Clustering Based on Mobile Devices

In Indonesia, Dengue Fever (DF) is a contagious disease that is a significant issue in public health. The Kediri Regency in East Java, as reported by the Ministry of Health in 2019, had the highest number of DF cases. If not addressed promptly, DF can lead to outbreaks, creating a health emergency. The lack of a thorough investigation into the diversity of risk within a spatial and temporal region exacerbates this issue. Therefore, spatial-temporal analysis is crucial in developing a warning system to prevent and control DF. This paper proposes a method that combines the Euclidean Distance calculation with the Hierarchical Clustering method. We collected data from the Kediri Regency health department and conducted pre-processing and classification processes, considering the number of DF victims, death rate, population, rainfall, and public facilities. The hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to categorize the 344 village analyses into low, medium, and high vulnerability categories. This method allows for a comparison of yearly single, average, complete, and centroid linkage in DF vulnerability levels. We also employed spatial-temporal visualization based on cellular applications to create a clear picture of areas vulnerable to DF. The experimental results in clustering showed a satisfactory level of matching, with variant values calculated using the hierarchical clustering method. The variants for single linkages were 0.113; for average linkages, they were 0.120; for complete linkages, they were 0.178; and for centroid linkages, they were 0.106. The grouping validation results indicated that the centroid linkage method produced the best variant level. We suggest further enhancing the methods with better process steps using other pre-processing methods to improve the validation quality.

Clinical profile of newborns admitted in Special Newborn Care Unit of a tertiary teaching hospital of Arunachal Pradesh: A Retrospective Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: The neonatal period presents the greatest daily risk of death compared to any other stage of childhood. Objective: To study the clinical profile of neonates admitted in Special Newborn Care Unit (SNCU) in a tertiary teaching hospital of a tribal area. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case record analysis of all admissions between January 2017 to December 2022 was done based on medical record data. The neonates with complete record were included in the study. Results: Total of 1476 newborns were admitted from the year 2017 to 2022 in SNCU of TRIHMS, out of which, 860 (58.3%) patients were male and 612 (41.5%) were females. 84.4% admissions were inborn and 15.6% were outborn patients. Major causes of admission were neonatal jaundice (22.4%) followed by prematurity (15.4%), neonatal sepsis (15.1%) and birth asphyxia (11.4%). The outcome rates for survival, referral, deaths and LAMA were 79.3%, 9.7%, 5.8% and 5.1% respectively. The leading causes of mortality were birth asphyxia (22.3%), prematurity (21.2%) and sepsis (11.8%). Conclusion: In our SNCU, common causes of deaths are birth asphyxia, prematurity, sepsis respiratory distress syndrome and congenital heart disease. Enhancing antennal care, improving access to healthcare facilities, ensuring timely referral of high risk cases, building capacity and providing intensive interventional management can significantly reduce neonatal mortality and its associated complications. Surveillance and training interventions for managing these causes should be established and reinforced. Keywords: Neonates, morbidity, mortality, preterm, sepsis.

Clinical and statistical analysis of the course of preterm birth based on the materials of communal enterprise «Regional Perinatal Center of the Rivne Regional Council» in 2013–2023 years

One of the priority tasks of modern medical science and practice is the preservation of reproductive health and the gene pool of the nation. It is especially difficult to perform this task during the russian war in Ukraine, which has been going on for more than ten years. According to sociologists, the outcomes of a low birth rate for the country will be catastrophic precisely because of the war.One of the reasons for the decline in the quality of health in the future is the increase in the specific weight of premature births, the frequency of which, according to the World Health Organization, has increased in Ukraine already after six months of full-scale war.The objective: to conduct an analysis of the course of premature births in the conditions of war based on the materials of the communal enterprise (CE) “Regional Perinatal Center of the Rivne Regional Council” for 2013–2023.Materials and methods. A retrospective clinical and statistical analysis of 2,742 histories of pregnancy and childbirth of women who were in labor between 22/0–36/6 weeks of gestation in obstetric departments of the communal enterprise “Regional Perinatal Center of the Rivne Regional Council” in 2013–2023 was carried out.Results. According to CE “Regional Perinatal Center of the Rivne Regional Council”, a progressive decrease in the total number of births by 41.9% was observed in the Rivne Region from 2013 to 2023. At the same time, in the general population of women giving birth, the specific rate of premature births did not have a tendency to increase.In the structure of preterm births, early and late preterm births prevailed. The specific gravity of very early preterm births, which are the most unfavorable for perinatal outcomes, did not have a sustained upward trend. At the same time, the frequency of too early premature births among residents of districts and territorial communities of the Rivne region has significantly increased (2013 – 19 (79.2%) cases, 2023 – 17 (100.0%) cases; p<0.05).Every second premature birth occurred within the first day of hospitalization of a pregnant woman, while the specific rate of such too early premature births increased by 3.4 times during the analyzed period, which significantly worsens the chances of survival of newborns and is the reason for their high perinatal morbidity.The number of premature births in pregnant women with multiple pregnancies remains stable. Every third preterm birth took place on the background of early premature rupture of the fetal membranes, while a significant increase in the frequency of this complication was found in women who gave birth at 22/0–27/6 weeks of pregnancy.Traditionally, the specific rate (55.7–57.5%) of surgical delivery by caesarean section of pregnant women and mothers with premature births remains high, which contributed to a reliable reduction of the perinatal mortality rate of premature babies by 13.7% due to the reduction of antenatal losses. Indicators of early neonatal death were formed at the expense of newborns from too early and early premature births in the same ratio.Conclusions. According to thedata of CE “Regional Perinatal Center of the Rivne Regional Council”, there was a progressive decrease in the birth rate in the Rivne Region with a simultaneous stabilization of the number of premature births. The widespread use of a holistic approach during the medical care of pregnant women and the introduction of modern methods of care for premature newborns ensured a significant decrease in the rate of perinatal death of premature infants due to the reduction of antenatal losses.

Intrauterine deaths - an unsolved problem in Polish perinatology.

The Polish criteria for "intrauterine death" include fetal demise after 22 weeks of gestation, weighing > 500 g and body length at least 25 cm, when the gestational age is unknown. The rate of fetal death in Poland in 2015 is 3:10,000. In 2020, 1,231 stillbirths were registered. An analysis using 142,662 births in the period between 2015-2020 in 11 living in Poland. The first subgroup was admitted as patients > 22 to the beginning of the 30th week of pregnancy (n = 229), and the second from the 30th week of pregnancy inclusively (n = 179). In the case of women from both subgroups, there was a risk of preterm delivery close to hospitalization. It was found that stillbirth in 41% of women in the first pregnancy. For the patient, stillbirth was also the first in his life. The average stillbirth weight was 1487 g, the average body length was 40 cm. Among fetuses up to 30 weeks, male fetuses are born more often, in subgroup II, the sex of the child was usually female. Most fetal deaths occur in mothers < 15 and > 45 years of age. According to the Polish results of the origin of full-term fetuses > 30 weeks of gestation for death in the concomitant antenatal, such as placental-umbilical and fetal hypoxia, acute intrapartum effects rarely, and moreover < 30 Hbd fetal growth restriction (FGR), occurring placental-umbilical, acute intrapartum often.

Reproductive Justice: A Framework for Improving Maternal Mental Health

The United States has the highest rate of maternal deaths compared to any high-income country, with the highest rate for Black women. Mental health conditions such as Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders (PMAD) are the most common complication during the perinatal period and the leading cause of pregnancy-related death in the U.S. Nurses following a Reproductive Justice framework can improve perinatal mental health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to review the current maternal mental health crisis through the lens of the Reproductive Justice movement. By utilizing the three Reproductive Justice principles as a framework, this article will identify action steps that nurses can take today to help create a culture of health for mothers and babies.

Molecular Study of (Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, Streptococcus Pneumoniae) in Respiratory Infections Patients in Thiqar Province

The high death and hospitalization rates caused by bacterial respiratory infections make them a major worldwide health problem. Acute otitis media, bacterial rhinosinusitis, pharyngotonsillitis, bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia are among the common respiratory tract illnesses caused by common bacterial respiratory infections, which include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila. The study aimed to detect uncultivated bacteria in respiratory infections patients (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae that caused respiratory infections and determined if it caused this infection. The study included 140 patients (67males and 73 females) who were suffering from respiratory infections, ages ranging from 10-80 years, in a period from 1 September 2023 to 1 February 2024, all of the 140 samples collected from Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital, Center for Chest Diseases and Respiratory Diseases in Nasiriyah, Souq Al-Shuyoukh General Hospital, Alhussein Teaching Hospital, Private Clinics in Shatrah. Specimens included a sputum sample and oropharyngeal swab for direct detecting by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) Diagnosis is based on the presence of the (16s rRNA) gene to detect (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae) patients had with un-cultivated bacteria where 3\140(2.14%) of patients had infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 6\140(4.28%) with Streptococcus pneumoniae. The present study was conducted that the most detected bacterial in female group 6 (75.0%), while in the male group 2 (25.0%), in addition, the most isolated bacteria in female group were both M. pneumoniae 3 (50.0%), and S. pneumoniae 3 (50%),whil in age groups in first group 3, while non-detected bacteria in both fourth and seventh age group 0, fever and headache are the most abundant symptoms patients, followed by myalgia (90.6%), chill (66%), cough (59%), and dyspnea (36.6%).

Global warming: Causes, impacts and urgent strategies for a sustainable future: A review

Global warming is defined as a rise in Earth's average temperature. As the Earth gets warmer, disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, and floods are becoming increasingly common. Most scientists, engineers, and activists express deep concern about changes in the planet's overall climate. The average air temperature above the surface of the Earth has risen by just below 1 degree Celsius, or 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit, over the past 100 years. Deforestation exacerbates the severity of global warming. The ocean, which holds about 50 times more carbon than the atmosphere, is an enormous carbon sink. However, the seas are no longer able to store carbon as effectively as they have in the past. Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal, and gasoline increases atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Climate change will increase the number of people who suffer from heatwaves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts, leading to higher rates of death, illness, and injury. The threat of global warming continues to cause severe damage to the Earth's environment. Many people still do not fully understand the implications of global warming or consider it a significant problem for the future. However, global warming is already happening, and some of its devastating consequences are already being felt. It significantly impacts biodiversity and disrupts ecological balance. Due to the dangerous effects of global warming, many strategies need to be established. The report discusses global warming, outlines its causes and risks, and proposes solutions to this urgent issue. Above all, it is crucial to seriously consider alternative energy sources (biomass, wind, hydro, geothermal, and solar). One of the key strategies to counter the ever-increasing global warming is the identification and use of renewable energy sources.

Survival status and its predictors among adult victims of road traffic accident admitted to public hospitals of Bahir Bar City, Amhara regional state, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2023: multi center retrospective follow-up study

IntroductionRoad traffic accident is the most common cause of death in adults worldwide. Road traffic accident-related deaths increased from time to time in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia; however, there is limited evidence about Survival status and its predictors among adult victims of road traffic accidents admitted to Hospitals in Ethiopia specifically in the study area. Thus, this study aimed to assess Survival status and its predictors among adult victims of road traffic accident admitted to Hospitals.MethodsAn institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted from July 01/2019 to June 30/2022. A total of 402 samples were chosen using simple random sampling. Data was collected by a prepared checklist from the victims’ chart and entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 software and then exported to STATA version 14.1 for analysis. Kaplan-Meier failure function and log-rank test were computed. The assumption was checked by Schoenfeld residual test. All variables in bivariable analysis, p-value < 0.25 were entered into multivariable cox-regression model. Adjusted Hazard Ratio with 95% Confidence Interval was reported to declare the strength of association and statistical significance p-value of < 0.05. Model fitness was checked by using Cox-Snell residual. Data was presented by text, table, and graph.ResultThe median survival time was 504 h. From all, 63(15.6%) deaths, 57% of deaths occurred between 24 and 168 h of follow-up with an overall incidence of 15.34deaths per10, 000 victims-hours observation. According to the Kaplan-Meier failure curve together with the log-rank test, the incidence density rate of death among victims who had a complication during admission was71.86per10,000victims-hour observation (95%, CI:53.66–96.25), which is different from those who did not have complication 5.17per10,000person-hour observation (95%, CI:3.26–8.21). The incidence density rate of death among victims who had low level of arterial oxygen saturation (SPO2 < 95%) during admission was 82.87per10, 000 victims-hour observation (95%, CI: 63.15-108.75), which is different from those who had arterial oxygen saturation ≥ 95% 3.16per10, 000victims -hour observation (95%, CI: 1.75–5.71) Develop complication (AHR = 3.1,95% CI:1.44–6.70), systolic blood pressure measurement value ≤ 89 mmHg (AHR = 2.4,95% CI:1.10–5.19), not admitted intensive care unit (AHR = 0.46,95% CI:0.022–0.97), Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8 (AHR = 2.9,95% CI:1.07–7.75), Glasgow Coma Scale score 9–12(AHR = 3.8,95% CI:1.61–8.97) and, level of arterial oxygen saturation ≤ 95% (AHR = 6.5,95% CI:2.38–17.64) were predictors of outcome variable.Conclusion and recommendationsThe median survival time was short. Complication, low systolic blood pressure measurement value, low Glasgow Coma Scale score, not admit to intensive care unit and low level of arterial oxygen saturation were significant predictors of the outcome variable. So that healthcare providers better give special attention and care to those victims admitted to Hospitals. A further prospective study is recommended.

Mohs Micrographic Surgery With Melanocytic Immunostains for T1a/b Invasive Melanoma Yields

The use of Mohs micrographic surgery with melanocytic immunostains (MMS-I) for cutaneous melanoma is increasing. To assess local recurrence, melanoma-specific death rates in patients with invasive melanoma treated with MMS-I. A single-center retrospective review of patients with invasive melanoma treated with MMS-I from January 2008 to December 2018. Three hundred fifty-two patients (359 melanomas) were included. The median age was 71 years; most patients were male (252%; 71.6%). Most tumors were T1a/b (341, 95%), H/N (322; 89.7%), and lentigo maligna subtype (281, 78.3%). At a median follow-up of 4.3 years, local recurrence rates were 1.4% (5) and 0.9% (3) among all-stage and T1a/b tumors, respectively. There were 3 melanoma-related deaths (0.9%). MMS-I is associated with <1% risk of local recurrence and disease-specific mortality for T1a/b melanomas.

A STUDY ON THE DIFFERENT CLINICAL PRESENTATION PATTERNS OF BLUNT THORACIC TRAUMA AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY FOLLOWING ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE

Introduction:Chest trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following road traffic accidents (RTA). Given the significant potential for complications including respiratory failure and shock, blunt chest trauma following RTA remains a priority in trauma care and so this study aims to look into the clinical pattern of presentation of patients following chest trauma with/without associated injuries to other parts of body i.e. head/abdomen/extremities along with morbidity and mortality associated with it. Aims and objectives of the study : 1. To study the various clinical patterns of presentation of RTA patients with blunt chest trauma. 2. To study the disease burden and death rate of individuals with blunt chest trauma. Methodology: The study has been conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Silchar Medical College and Hospital from March 2024 to August 2024 after taking appropriate consent from 53 patients diagnosed with chest trauma following RTA with/without associated extra- thoracic injuries. Their data was analyzed and results published. Result and Analysis: Mean age in my study was 38.90 ± 6.57 years with male preponderance. Most patients had 3 rib fractures with pulmonary contusion being most common complication. Most common associated extra-thoracic trauma is abdominal injuries (24.5%) with mean ISS of 13.25 ± 7.73. most patients were managed conservatively with adequate pain control. Surgical intervention carried out were either tube thoracostomy (92.3%) or needle thoracostomy (7.2%). Most common secondary complication following blunt chest trauma is pneumonia (18.84%) while ARDS complication arose in 9.43% of the patients. Mortality rate was 5.6% and the most common cause that let to the demise was ARDS. Conclusion: To conclude, blunt thoracic injury is a major health problem as it carries significant mortality and morbidity more so, in case of RTA and association of other extra-thoracic injuries also play a pivotal role in the process of recovery of the patient. Presence of lung contusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax are to be dealt adequately with proper analgesia. Even though most cases of chest trauma can be dealt conservatively need for emergency surgical intervention needs to be assessed promptly. One must look for number of rib fractures as they may reflect the disease burden of the patient. Pneumonia and ARDS are a major mortality factor following chest trauma and its complications.

Mathematical analysis of Ebola considering transmission at treatment centres and survivor relapse using fractal-fractional Caputo derivatives in Uganda

In this article, we seek to formulate a robust mathematical model to study the Ebola disease through fractal-fractional operators. The study thus incorporates the transmission rate in the treatment centers and the relapse rate, since the Ebola virus persists or mostly hides in the immunologically protected sites of survivors. The Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the infectious diseases that has recorded a high death rate in countries where it is endemic, and Uganda is not an exception. The world at large has suffered from this deadly disease since 1976 when it was declared epidemic by the World Health Organization. The study employed fractal-fractional operators to identify the epidemiological patterns of EVD, especially in treatment centers and relapse. Memory loss and relapse are mostly observed in EVD survivors and this justifies the use of fractional operators to capture the true dynamics of the disease. Through dynamical analysis, the model is proven to be positive and bounded in the region. The model is further explicitly shown to have a solution that is unique and stable. The reproduction number was duly computed by using the next-generation matrix approach. By taking EVD epidemic cases in Uganda, the study fitted all parameters to real data. It has been shown through sensitivity index analysis that the transmission rate outside treatment centers and relapse have a significant effect on the endemic state of the disease, as they lead to an increase in the basic reproduction ratio.

Dissonance between posts of health agencies and public comments regarding COVID-19 and vaccination on Facebook in Northern California.

Public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have prompted a need for health agencies to improve their disease preparedness strategies, informing their communities of new information and promoting preventive behaviors to help curb the spread of the virus. We ran unsupervised machine learning and emotion analysis, validated with manual coding, on posts of health agencies (N = 1588) and their associated public comments (N = 7813) during a crucial initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2020 to February 2021) among nine different counties with a higher proportion of vaccine-hesitant communities in Northern California. In addition, we explored differences in concerns and expressed emotions by two key group-level factors, county-level COVID-19 death rate and political party affiliation. We consistently find that while health agencies primarily disseminated information about COVID-19 and the vaccine, they failed to address the concerns of their communities as expressed in public comment sections. Topics among public audiences focused on concerns with the COVID-19 vaccine safety and rollout, state mandates, flu vaccination, and frustration with politicians, and they expressed more positive and more negative emotions than health agencies. Further, there were several differences in primary topics and emotions expressed among public audiences by county-level COVID-19 death rate and political party affiliation. While this research serves as a case study, findings indicate how local health agencies, and their audiences, discuss their perceptions and concerns regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and may inform health communication researchers and practitioners on how to prepare and manage for emerging health crises.