Rate Of Increase In Body Mass Index Research Articles

Time-use Profiles, Chronic Role Overload, and Women's Body Weight Trajectories from Middle to Later Life in the Philippines.

Although chronic life strain is often found to be associated with adverse health outcomes, empirical research is lacking on the health implications of persistent role overload that many women around the world are subject to, the so-called double burden of work and family responsibilities. Using data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (1994-2012), we examined the linkage between time-use profiles and body mass index (BMI) trajectories for Filipino women over an 18-year span. Out of the four classes of women with differential levels of a combination of work and family duties, the group with the heaviest double burden has the highest average BMI. In addition, those who have remained in this class for three or more waves of data not only have higher BMI on average but also have experienced the steepest rate of increase in BMI upon transition from midlife to old age.

Longitudinal Associations Between BMI, Physical Activity, and Healthy Diet

An excessive body mass index (BMI) is a growing public health concern resulting from unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Particularly, a vast body of literature supports significant roles of physical activity (PA) and healthy dietary behaviors (HDB) in reducing BMI. However, a majority of evidence has been accumulated from a cross-sectional data viewpoint which limits our ability to draw causal inferences, and thus, requiring more research efforts to elucidate underlying casual associations based on a longitudinal study design. PURPOSE: This study examined the 7-year longitudinal associations between changes in BMI, PA, and HDB among adults using a parallel latent growth curve model (LGM). METHODS: Prospective, open cohort data collected from 22,885 adults enrolled in workplace wellness programs across over 100 organizations during 2004 through 2013 were used. A healthy cohort between 2004 and 2007 (n=2,579) who provided valid data on BMI, PA, and HDB measures for at least 5 out of 7 follow-up years from the entry was analyzed. Principal component scores (higher indicates better) of PA and HDB were calculated using three questionnaire items, respectively, for each analytic year. Changes in BMI, PA, and HDB across 7 follow-up years were fitted in the conditional parallel LGM after controlling for time invariant covariates using Mplus v7.3. RESULTS: On average, significant increases in BMI and PA were observed across years (SlopeBMI = 0.129, P<.001; SlopePA = 0.008, P=.010), while no significant change in HDB was observed (SlopeHDB = 0.005, P=.124). After controlling for covariates, increases in PA and HDB across years significantly slower the rate of increase in BMI (SlopePA -> SlopeBMI = -1.273, P<.001; SlopeH.Diet -> SlopeBMI = -1.734, P<.001). CONCLUSION: The findings from this study confirm significant roles of PA and HDB to reduce the risk of excessive BMI in later years. Considering that BMI is generally increased as age increases, more systematic efforts to promote PA and HDB among young adults should be made to slow the growth rate of BMI. Further study is also warranted to identify a high risk population who maintains unhealthy lifestyle behaviors across years for developing future intervention strategies.

High Risk of Obesity and Weight Gain for HIV-Infected Uninsured Minorities

Obesity and HIV disproportionately affect minorities and have significant health risks, but few studies have examined disparities in weight change in HIV-seropositive (HIV+) cohorts. To determine racial and health insurance disparities in significant weight gain in a predominately Hispanic HIV+ cohort. Our observational cohort study of 1214 nonunderweight HIV+ adults from 2007 to 2010 had significant weight gain [≥3% annual body mass index (BMI) increase] as the primary outcome. The secondary outcome was continuous BMI over time. A 4-level race-ethnicity/insurance predictor reflected the interaction between race-ethnicity and insurance: insured white (non-Hispanic), uninsured white, insured minority (Hispanic or black), or uninsured minority. Logistic and mixed-effects models adjusted for baseline BMI, age, gender, household income, HIV transmission category, antiretroviral therapy type, CD4 count, plasma HIV-1 RNA, observation months, and visit frequency. The cohort was 63% Hispanic and 14% black; 13.3% were insured white, 10.0% uninsured white, 40.9% insured minority, and 35.7% uninsured minority. At baseline, 37.5% were overweight, 22.1% obese. Median observation was 3.25 years. Twenty-four percent of the cohort had significant weight gain, which was more likely for uninsured minority patients than insured whites [adjusted odds ratio = 2.85, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.66 to 4.90]. The rate of BMI increase in mixed-effects models was greatest for uninsured minorities. Of 455 overweight at baseline, 29% were projected to become obese in 4 years. In this majority Hispanic HIV+ cohort, 60% were overweight or obese at baseline, and uninsured minority patients gained weight more rapidly. These data should prompt greater attention by HIV providers for prevention of obesity.

Longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and body mass index in a 20-year follow-up

Longitudinal studies have rarely investigated changes in depressive symptoms and indicators of obesity simultaneously, although it is often proposed that the positive relationship between depression and obesity is bidirectional. The present study examined the reciprocal nature of the relationship between depressive symptoms and body mass index (BMI) in a 20-year follow-up survey. Participants of a Finnish cohort study in 1989 at 22 years (N=1656) were followed up at ages 32 (N=1262) and 42 (N=1155) with postal questionnaires. BMI was calculated on the basis of self-reported weight and height, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory. Latent growth models (LGM) and cross-lagged autoregressive models were used to determine prospective associations between depressive symptoms and BMI. LGM analyses indicated that men with higher initial levels of depressive symptoms experienced a faster rate of increase in BMI (β=0.20, P<0.01). Among women, change in BMI or depressive symptoms was not predicted by the other construct, but initial levels of BMI and depressive symptoms as well as their rate of change correlated positively with each other (r=0.15 and 0.37, respectively). In cross-lagged models, depressive symptoms at age 32 predicted greater BMI at 42 (β=0.10, P<0.001) among men, whereas women with higher BMI at age 32 were more likely to have more depressive symptoms at 42 (β=0.08, P<0.05). Elevated depressive symptoms predicted weight gain in men, while changes in depressive symptoms and body weight occurred concurrently in women. Tentative evidence showed that women with excess body weight were more likely to have increased symptoms of depression 10 years later. More emphasis should be placed on depressive symptoms in weight control programs as well as on reducing weight-based stigmatization and discrimination in society.

A Longitudinal Study of Childhood Obesity, Weight Status Change, and Subsequent Academic Performance in Taiwanese Children

This study examined the association among childhood obesity, weight status change, and subsequent academic performance at 6-year follow-up. First-grade students from one elementary school district in Taichung City, Taiwan were followed for 6 years (N = 409). Academic performance was extracted from the school records at the end of each grade. Weight and height were measured at the beginning of each grade. A weight change variable was created based on each child's weight status difference at grades 1 and 6. A multivariate linear regression model for predicting academic performance at grade 6 was developed with adjustment for individual characteristics and family factors. A latent growth curve (LGC) showed the association between changes in body mass index (BMI) and in academic performance across a 6-year period. BMI in children increased significantly across 6 years. The rate of increase in BMI over 6 years was higher for children with higher baseline BMIs than it was for children with lower baseline BMIs. However, BMI changes were not significantly associated with changes of academic performance. There was no significant relationship between initial obesity or change in weight status and subsequent academic performance. It appears that either being or becoming overweight/obese did not impact academic achievement for these Taiwanese children.

Physical activity/fitness peaks during perimenopause and BMI change patterns are not associated with baseline activity/fitness in women: a longitudinal study with a median 7-year follow-up

ObjectiveTo assess the age-associated longitudinal trends in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), leisure-time physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI) across the lifespan in a cohort of adult women.MethodsThe sample included...

Longitudinal Evolution of Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

To produce evidence on the longitudinal evolution of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Based on data for 115 patients from the Montreal General Hospital Lupus Clinic (1971-2003) and for 4367 control subjects from the Framingham Offspring Study (1971-1994), we investigated the temporal evolution of total serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, and estimated risk for CHD (reflecting the balance of changes in different risk factors). In analyses limited to patients with SLE, we assessed the effect of SLE duration on each risk factor, adjusting for age, calendar time, sex, baseline level of the risk factor, and medication use. Next, we assessed how the adjusted difference in the values of the risk factors between SLE and controls changes over time. Among patients with SLE, longer disease duration was independently associated with higher SBP and blood glucose levels. Compared with controls, these patients appeared to have accelerated rates of increase in total cholesterol, blood glucose, and overall estimated CHD risk. The rate of increase in BMI was lower in patients with SLE than in controls. Elevated CHD risk in patients with SLE appears to be at least partially mediated by accelerated increases in some CHD risk factors, longitudinal trajectories of which increasingly diverge over time from those of population controls.

Trajectories of change in obesity and symptoms of depression: the CARDIA study.

We investigated whether, over time, baseline obesity is associated with change in depressive symptoms or if baseline symptoms of depression are associated with change in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. We used latent growth curve modeling to examine data from years 5, 10, 15, and 20 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (n = 4643). We assessed depressive symptomatology with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Respondents who started out with higher levels of depressive symptoms experienced a faster rate of increase in BMI (for Whites only) and waist circumference (for Blacks and Whites) over time than did those who reported fewer symptoms of depression in year 5. Initial BMI and waist circumference did not influence the rate of change in symptoms of depression over time. Depressive symptomatology likely plays a role in the development of physical health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, through its association with increases in relative weight and abdominal obesity over time.

Systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of weight management schemes for the under fives: a short report

To search for, review and synthesise studies of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of weight management schemes for the under fives. MEDLINE [Ovid], MEDLINE In-Process [Ovid], EMBASE [Ovid], CAB [Ovid], Health Management Information Consortium [Ovid], The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Science Citation Index Expanded [Web of Science], Conference Proceedings Citation Index [The Web of Science], Database of Abstract Reviews [CRD; Centre for Reviews and Dissemination], HTA [CRD], PsycINFO [Ebsco], NHS CRD. These databases were searched from 1990 to February 2009. Supplementary internet searches were additionally conducted. Relevant clinical effectiveness studies were identified in two stages. Titles and abstracts returned by the search strategy were examined independently by three researchers and screened for possible inclusion. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Full texts of the identified studies were obtained. Three researchers examined these independently for inclusion or exclusion, and disagreements were again resolved by discussion. One of the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was from the UK. It measured the effects of a physical activity intervention for children in nurseries combined with home-based health education for their parents; this was compared to usual care. The main outcome measure was body mass index (BMI); secondary measures were weight and physical activity. At the 12-month follow-up, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups on any measure. However, a trend, favouring the intervention, was found for BMI and weight. The other two RCTs were from the USA. The larger trial investigated the effects of a combined preschool and home intervention in African American and Latino communities. Nutrition education and physical activity programmes were aimed at under fives in preschool. The home component consisted of related health education and homework for the parents, who received a small financial reward on completion. The 1- and 2-year results for the African American sites showed a significantly slower rate of increase in BMI than for results at baseline, for the intervention group than for the control group. However, in the Latino communities no such differences were found. The second US trial was a much smaller home-based parental education programme in Native American communities in the USA and Canada. The intervention consisted of a parental skills course for parents to improve their children's diet and physical activity. This was compared with a course providing skills to improve child behaviour. Follow-up was at 16 weeks and showed no significant differences between groups in BMI. No controlled trials addressing the issue of treating obesity or evidence of cost-effectiveness studies in the under fives' population were found. From the three prevention studies, apart from the larger US trial, the interventions showed no statistically significant differences in BMI and weight between the intervention and control groups (although there was some evidence of positive trends for BMI and weight). It should also be noted that these conclusions are based on only three dissimilar studies, thereby making the drawing of firm conclusions difficult. Research is urgently needed in further well-designed UK-based RCTs of weight management schemes aimed at the prevention of obesity, that combine with cost-effectiveness studies targeted at preschool children with long-term follow-up.

Obesity in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Lymphoma

We evaluated the long-term effects of treatment on the body mass index (BMI) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma who received one of three CNS-directed therapies: intrathecal methotrexate with intravenous high-dose methotrexate (1 g/m2), intrathecal methotrexate with 18 Gy cranial radiation, or intrathecal methotrexate with 24 Gy cranial radiation. Between 1979 and 1984, 456 children with newly diagnosed ALL and lymphoma were enrolled onto a single protocol at St Jude Children's Research Hospital (Memphis, TN). The heights and weights of 422 of the children were measured at diagnosis, during treatment, at the end of therapy, and approximately every 6 to 12 months thereafter. Patients who had attained their adult height at the time of analysis (n = 248) were placed in weight categories based on their BMI, BMI percentile, or weight-for-length percentile depending on age. The overall percentage of survivors who were overweight or obese approximated rates prevalent in the general population of the United States. Young age (< 6 years) and overweight/obesity at diagnosis were the best predictors of obesity at adult height. The rate of BMI increase did not differ significantly between children who received radiation and those who did not, nor between patients who received 18 or 24 Gy of cranial radiation. BMI weight category at diagnosis, rather than type of CNS treatment received, predicted adult weight in long-term survivors of childhood hematologic malignancies.

Body‐mass index as a predictor of incident asthma in a prospective cohort of children

An epidemic rise in asthma has occurred concurrently with a rise in overweight among United States children, but it is unclear whether body weight affects the risk of incident childhood asthma. We studied the prospective relation of body-mass index (BMI) to incident asthma in a longitudinal study of 9,828 children aged 6-14 years, examined annually over a median follow-up time of 5 years in six US cities. An increased risk of a new asthma diagnosis in girls was associated with higher BMI at entry into the study (P=0.009) and greater increase in BMI during follow-up (P=0.0003). Compared with girls in the leanest quintile of BMI at entry (age taken into account), girls in the top quintile of adiposity had 2.2 times greater risk of incident asthma with any wheeze in subsequent years. Girls with the largest annual rate of increase in BMI (top compared to bottom quintile, age taken into account) had 1.5 times the risk of asthma with any wheeze, and 2.2 times the risk of asthma with persistent wheeze. Boys with the largest and smallest annual changes in BMI also had an increased risk of asthma. For girls, overweight contributes to development of asthma. For boys and girls, extremes of annual BMI growth rates increase the risk of asthma.

Inconsistent effects of the proline12 → alanine variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 gene on body mass index in children and adolescent girls

Objective: To ascertain whether variation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), a nuclear ligand-dependent transcription factor affecting both adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity, influences body mass index (BMI).Design: Association study.Setting: Academic research environment.Patient(s): Children with premature pubic hair and adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism.Intervention(s): Assay for P12A and P115Q variants and measure BMI.Main Outcome Measure(s): BMI and PPAR-γ genotypes.Result(s): Fourteen subjects were heterozygous for P12A; two were homozygous. None carried the P115Q allele. No significant differences in BMI or basal androstenedione concentrations between P12 carriers and noncarriers were found. Thirty-nine subjects had BMI values at two time points; mean BMI was significantly greater in the P12A carriers at time point 2. Those P12A carriers obese at time point 1 became more obese; lean mutation carriers tended to remain lean. Annual rate of increase in BMI was significantly greater in the P12A carriers than the noncarriers.Conclusion(s): Our findings suggest that P12A may be a genetic marker indicating risk for obesity persisting into adolescence. Future studies are needed to determine whether the divergent effects of P12A persist into adulthood, to elucidate the mechanism of this effect, and to replicate our findings in other populations.

The influence of childhood weight and socioeconomic status on change in adult body mass index in a British national birth cohort.

To investigate the effect of childhood weight and childhood socioeconomic status on the pattern of change in body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 43 years. A British birth cohort study where the survey members have been followed up regularly since their birth in 1946, with the most recent of 19 follow-ups when the cohort were aged 43 years. BMI was available at 20, 26, 36 and 43 years of age and thus multilevel models for repeated outcome measures were used to model the patterns of change in BMI. The rate of increase in BMI with age was non-linear, with the rate of increase in mean BMI accelerating with increasing age at different rates for men and women. The mean BMI for men was higher than that for women at all ages. Childhood manual social class, defined in terms of father's occupation, and high relative weight at 14 years of age were associated with higher mean BMI across adult life, and these effects increased with age. The effects of childhood relative weight and social class were independent of educational attainment and adult social class. The study provides evidence of a long-term effect of childhood social and biological circumstances on BMI. The pathways underlying these relationships may be social or biological, but are not yet fully understood.

Controlled trial of zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa

Zinc supplementation of anorexia nervosa (AN) patients has been reported to increase the weight gain of AN patients in open trials. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial 100 mg of zinc gluconate, or placebo, was given daily to 35 female AN inpatients until they achieved a 10% increase in body mass index (BMI). The rate of increase in BMI of the zinc supplemented group (n = 16) was twice that of the placebo group (n = 19), and this difference was statistically significant (p = .03). The use of zinc supplementation should be considered in the treatment of AN patients.