Enzymes In Rats Research Articles

Effecting of Radon Gas on Some Antioxidant and Liver Enzymes of Female Rats

Effecting of Radon Gas on Some Antioxidant and Liver Enzymes of Female Rats

Tiliroside protects against diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), affecting half of diabetic patients and contributing significantly to end-stage kidney disease, poses a substantial medical challenge requiring dialysis or transplantation. The nuanced onset and clinical progression of kidney disease in diabetes involve consistent renal function decline and persistent albuminuria. To investigate Tiliroside's (Til) protective effect against diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rats under diabetic conditions. Five groups of six rats each were included in this study: Rats treated with DMSO by intraperitoneal injection as controls, those treated with STZ by intraperitoneal injection, those treated with STZ + Til (25 mg/kg body weight [bwt]) or Til (50 mg/kg bwt), and those treated with anti-diabetic medication glibenclamide (600 μg/kg bwt). Biochemical markers, fasting blood glucose, food intake, kidney weight, antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory and fibrotic markers, and renal injury were monitored in different groups. Molecular docking analysis was performed to identify the interactions between Til and its targeted biomarkers. Til significantly reduced biochemical markers, fasting blood glucose, food intake, and kidney weight and elevated antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats. It also mitigated inflammatory and fibrotic markers, lessened renal injury, and displayed inhibitory potential against crucial markers associated with DN as demonstrated by molecular docking analysis. These findings suggest Til's potential as a therapeutic agent for DN treatment, highlighting its promise for future drug development.

Effects of Ficus exasperata on neurotransmission and expression of BDNF, tau, ACHE and BACE in diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder, has significant global health implications, particularly due to its neurological complications, such as diabetic neuropathy. This condition increases the risk of neurodegenerative diseases by affecting peripheral nerves and cognition. Ficus exasperata, known for its neuroprotective properties, shows promise as a therapeutic option for addressing these complications. This study evaluates the effects of methanol extract of Ficus exasperata (MEFE) on neurotransmission and the expression of Tau, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), and Beta-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme (BACE) in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The controlled experimental design involved 20 Wistar rats divided into four groups (n = 5): control, diabetic untreated, diabetes + MEFE (200 mg/kg), and diabetes + insulin (0.3 IU). The methanol extract was prepared using cold maceration, and an aliquot was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Constituents of MEFE were docked with neurologic receptors. Blood glucose levels were measured using the glucose oxidase method, and neurotransmitter levels, antioxidants, oxidative stress markers, and the expression of Tau, BDNF, ACHE, and BACE were assessed using standard procedures and qRT-PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at P < 0.05. Results indicated that MEFE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels compared to untreated diabetic rats. In silico docking identified kaur-16-ene, a constituent of MEFE, as having the highest binding affinity for NMDA, TrkB, mAchR and nAchR receptors, indicating its neuroprotective potential. MEFE also enhanced antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, GPx, catalase) while reducing oxidative stress markers (MDA, 8-OHdG). Gene expression analysis revealed that MEFE modulates the expression of Tau, BDNF, ACHE, and BACE, suggesting its potential to influence neurodegenerative pathways associated with diabetic neuropathy. Ficus exasperata demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in managing diabetic neuropathy and related cognitive impairments by modulating neurotransmission, protein expression, and antioxidant defenses.

Two Regions with Different Expression of Lipogenic Enzymes in Rats' Posterior Subcutaneous Fat Depot.

Lipid metabolism in various adipose tissue depots can differ vastly. This also applies to lipogenesis, the process of synthesizing fatty acids from acetyl-CoA. This study compared the expression of some lipogenic enzymes: fatty acid synthase (FASN), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), and malic enzyme 1 (ME1) in different regions of the posterior subcutaneous adipose tissue in rats. Methods and Results: Posterior subcutaneous adipose tissue collected from twelve-month-old Wistar rats was divided into six parts (A-F). The expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes was assessed by measuring their activity and mRNA levels using real-time PCR. In the gluteal region of the fat pad, there were much higher levels of activity and mRNA for these lipogenic enzymes compared to the dorsolumbar region. The mRNA level of FASN increased by more than twentyfold, whereas the level of ME1 and ACLY increased eight- and fivefold respectively. This phenomenon was observed in both old and young animals. Furthermore, the lack of uncoupling protein one (Ucp1) expression suggests that neither the presence of brown adipocytes in the gluteal part nor the transformation of white adipocytes into beige contributed to the observed differences. Conclusion: These results indicate that the gluteal white adipose tissue appears to be a unique and separate subcutaneous fat depot.

Flavonoid-rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia Benth seeds improves antioxidant status in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced Diabetes mellitus

BackgroundOxidative stress is a disruption in the balance between free radicals and the body's natural defenses. This study investigated the modulatory effect of a flavonoid-rich fraction of Monodora tenuifolia seed (FRFMTS) on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in diabetic Wistar rats. The plant seeds were collected, and identified then, hydro-ethanolic extract was obtained with 80 % (v/v) ethanol and partitioned with solvents to obtain the FRFMTS. Diabetes mellitus was induced with a single dose of 40 mg/kg bwt streptozotocin and the rats were treated according to their grouping; group 1: non-diabetic control, groups 2 and 3: non-diabetic treated with 25 mg/kg FRFMTS and 50 mg/kg FRFMTS, respectively. Group 4: diabetic control group, groups 5 and 6: diabetic groups treated with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg FRFMTS, respectively, while group 7: diabetic treated with 6.67 mg/kg metformin. Antioxidant status, oxidative stress biomarkers and activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined in plasma, heart, and kidney tissues using established procedures. ResultsPlasma total antioxidant status (TAS) was increased significantly (p < 0.05) in diabetic rats upon treatment with 25 mg/kg FRFMTS (70.4 %), while 50 mg/kg FRFMTS increased TAS by 70 %. The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the plasma, heart, and kidney of diabetic rats significantly decreased (61.3 %, 58.8 % and 31.4 % respectively) while lipid peroxidation (LPO) was elevated when compared with normal control groups. Flavonoid-rich fraction of M. tenuifolia at 25 mg/kg bwt and 50 mg/kg bwt significantly increased the activity GPx enzyme by 32.3 % and 72 % in plasma, while there was no significant differences in both kidney and heart of diabetic rats when compared with diabetic control groups. The treatment of diabetic rats with 25 mg/kg FRFMTS and 50 mg/kg FRFMTS improved SOD activity in the plasma (51.5 % and 69.8 %), heart (32.3 % and 27.6 %) and kidney (31.4 % and 27.1 %) respectively, and CAT activity in plasma (44.2 % and 57 %), heart (28.6 % and 60 %) and kidney (69.6 % and 76.7 %) respectively. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in lipid peroxidation assay in the heart and kidney of diabetic rats treated with 25 mg/kg FRFMTS and 50 mg/kg FRFMTS reduced significantly by (62.5 % and 71.1 % in heart), while 50 mg/kg FRFMTS significantly reduced MDA in kidney by 43.8 %. ConclusionsThe results showed that FRFMTS reduces oxidative stress and enhances the activities of antioxidant enzymes in STZ-diabetic Wistar rats. As such, FRFMTS could be useful in the management of oxidative stress-mediated diabetic complications.

Estimation of some antioxidants and liver enzymes parameters in rats infected with Entamoeba histolytica and the extent of the therapeutic effect of gold nanoparticles

This study was conducted on patients visiting Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Tikrit city and visiting some private laboratories in Al-Alam district for the period from the beginning of January 2023 to the end of December 2023. 548 stools were collected and the percentage of infection with the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica was 29.92% for 164 samples positive for microscopic examination. The study included the biochemical aspects that studied the effect of infection with the amoeba parasite on some antioxidants of infected rats treated with different concentrations of gold nanoparticles. It was noted that a significant increase occurred in infected rats treated with different concentrations of gold nanoparticles when compared with the control group at a probability level of 0.01 in Glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA). The aspects that studied the effect of infection with the amoeba parasite on some liver enzymes of infected rats treated with different concentrations of gold nanoparticles, it was noted that there was a significant increase in infected rats treated with different concentrations of gold nanoparticles when compared with the control group at a probability level of 0.05 in (AST) Aspartate amino transfrase, Alanine ameno transfrase (ALT).

Synergistic Effects of L-Arginine and Metformin on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Glucometabolic Enzymes in Diabetic Rats

Synergistic Effects of L-Arginine and Metformin on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Glucometabolic Enzymes in Diabetic Rats

Differential genotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori in rat and human: insights from Ames test and S9 metabolic activation system

The Ames test is used worldwide to initially screen the mutagenic potential of new chemicals. In the standard Ames test, S. typhimurium strains (TA100, TA98, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) are treated with substances with/without cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-induced rat S9 fractions for identifying mutagens and pro-mutagens. However, many substances show completely different toxicity patterns depending on whether the liver S9 fraction belongs to rats or humans. The natural product Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) can also show bacterial reverse mutation, followed by the rat or human liver S9 fraction. While PMR elicits reverse mutations in the TA1537 strain in rat liver S9 but not in human liver S9, this mechanism has not been verified yet. To explain this, the differences in metabolic enzymes compositions commonly observed between rats and humans have been implicated. This study aimed to explore the key factors that cause differences in the genotoxicity of PMR between rat and human liver S9 metabolic enzymes. The results of next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis showed that both rat and human metabolic enzymes caused similar mutations in TA1537. However, when the metabolic enzymes in each S9 fraction were analyzed using ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry (IM-MS), rat- and human-specific enzymes were identified among the cytochrome (CYP) family, especially aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-related CYPs. These findings suggest that CYP1A1 isoforms contribute to the mechanism of PMR in the Ames test. Therefore, an in vitro Ames test might be more reliable in predicting genotoxicity for both rodents and humans. This will also help overcome the limitations of laboratory animal-based toxicity evaluations, which provide unreliable results due to interspecies differences between humans and rodents.

The Effects of Olive Oil (Olea Europaea L.) on Cathallase Enzyme Levels in White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Wistar Strain of Obese Male

Obesity is a condition of the body resulting from excessive fat accumulation which leads to health problems. The increase in fat metabolism affects increased production of free radicals in the circulation and in adipocyte cells. Free radicals that increase in the body are not in line with antioxidant enzymes, causing a condition called oxidative stress. The body's defense mechanism against free radicals is the synthesis of antioxidants. When there is a decrease in the activity of endogenous antioxidants such as the catalase enzyme, it provides a strong indication of oxidative stress. The presence of polyphenols and monounsaturated fatty acids in olive oil is useful for preventing chronic damage that causes oxidative stress. The catalase enzyme can be used as a parameter for an uncontrolled increase in ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) or disruption of the function of the antioxidant defense system. To determine changes in levels of the catalase enzyme in an obese male Wistar strain white rat (Rattus norvegicus) animal model that was given olive oil. This research used a true experimental laboratory with a pre- post test design. The results of the study were significant changes in catalase enzyme levels in the olive oil intervention group (p-value 0.003&lt;0.05) on day 14 and day 28 with (p-value 0.002&lt;0.05 and 0.005&lt;0.05). In the group given olive oil, the effect on the level of catalase enzyme was most significant on day 28 (p-value 0.002&lt;0.05).

Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) restores testicular mitochondrial dysfunctions by modulating the activities of dysregulated testicular mitochondrial enzymes in male albino rats exposed to bisphenol A.

Bisphenol A, a traditional endocrine disruptor, has been implicated in male infertility. This study investigated the effect of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced biochemical toxicity in the testicular mitochondria of male albino rats. The rats were assigned randomly to six experimental groups (n = 6), A, B, C, D, E, and F. Group A received 1 mL of olive oil. Groups B and C received 100 mL/kg body weight (BW) of BPA and 7.5 mL/kg BW CMSO, respectively. Rats in groups D, E, and F received preadministered doses of 100 mL/kg BW of BPA, 5 mL/kg BW of BPA, and 2.5 mL/kg BW of CMSO, respectively, followed by 6 weeks of exposure to those doses. Some mitochondrial enzymes, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondria testicular protein, and body weight of rats were determined using standard methods. BPA significantly reduced succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, and monoamine oxidase activity. Also, BPA prominently decreased the MMP, mitochondrial testicular protein, and body weight of rats. Interestingly, coadministration of BPA and CMSO restored the dysregulated activities of the enzymes and levels of other biomarkers. We postulated that CMSO may be a promising drug for treating systemic toxicity caused by environmental toxicants such as BPA.

Impaired energy metabolism and altered brain histoarchitecture characterized by inhibition of glycolysis and mitochondrial electron transport-linked enzymes in rats exposed to diisononyl phthalate

The brain is an energy demanding organ, constituting about 20 % of the body's resting metabolic rate. An efficient energy metabolism is critical to neuronal functions. Glucose serves as the primary essential energy source for the adult brain and plays a critical role in supporting neural growth and development. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates has been shown to have a negative impact on neurological functions. The impact of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) on neural energy transduction using cellular energy metabolizing enzymes as indicators was examined. Over the course of 14 days, eighteen (18) albino rats divided into three groups (1,2 and 3) of six albino rats were given Tween-80/saline, 20 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively. In the brain, we assessed histological changes as well as activities of selected enzymes of energy metabolism such as the glycolytic pathway, citric acid cycle and mitochondrial electron transport-linked complexes. Activities of the glycolytic and TCA cycle enzymes assayed were significantly decreased except citrate synthase activity with no statistically significant change following the administration of DiNP. Also, respiratory chain complexes (Complex I-IV) activities were significantly reduced when compared to control. DiNP exposure altered the histological integrity of various brain sections. These include degenerated Purkinje neurons, distortion of the granular layer and Purkinje cell layer. Data from this study indicated impaired brain energy metabolism via down-regulation of enzymes of cellular respiration of the glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation pathways and altered brain histoarchitecture orchestrated by DiNP exposure.

The effect of hypochlorous acid inhalation on the activity of antioxidant system enzymes in rats of different ages

Hypochlorous acid HOCl is an effective disinfectant with a broad spectrum and high rate of microbicidal action. Its use for air treatment can be an effective tool for the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases. In this work, the in vivo study was conducted on 110 Wistar Han rats (12 and 72 weeks old) on the effect of a single inhalation of air containing gaseous HOCl on the activity of antioxidant system enzymes. For this, a special installation was designed to uniformly maintain the concentration of HOCl in the air and regulate it over a wide range. Inhalation exposure was carried out for 4 h at total chlorine concentrations in the air of approximately 2.0 mg/m3 and 5.0 mg/m3, after which the animals were observed for 14 days. The effect of inhalation on the antioxidant system activity varied significantly in animals of different ages. Catalase activity in young rats increased approximately 2-fold on days 1-2 after inhalation, regardless of the HOCl concentration, while in old animals a sharp dose-dependent decrease was initially observed. The glutathione peroxidase activity in animals of both ages increased upon inhalation of air with 5.0 mg/m3 HOCl, and in old animals this was more pronounced; when the HOCl concentration decreased to 2.0 mg/m3, this indicator increased slightly in old rats and remained virtually unchanged in young ones. The glutathione reductase activity when exposed to 2.0 mg/m3 HOCl did not change for both age groups, and with increasing HOCl concentration it increased by 1.5-2.0 times in all animals.

Hesperetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorate hyperglycemia by regulating key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in a diabetic rat model.

The study aimed to investigate the potential of hesperetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (HSPCNPs) in alleviating hyperglycemia by modulating key enzymes in diabetic rats. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with hesperetin were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized with Electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential, particle size analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Encapsulation efficiency and Loading efficiency. To induce diabetes, rats were fed a high-fat beef tallow diet for 28 days, then given a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg b.w in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.0). Rats were treated with HSPCNPs at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg b.w. The analyzed parameters included body weight, food and water intake, plasma glucose and insulin, liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels, and carbohydrate metabolism. SEM imaging revealed dimensions between 124.2and 251.6 nm and a mean particle size of 145.0 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the chitosan nanoparticles, and the zeta potential was 35.5 mV. HSPCNP 40 mg/kg b.w significantly (p < 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin, improving body weight, food intake, and reducing water intake. In diabetic rats, enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism like fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose 6-phosphatase are evaluated in the liver, while glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase activity were significantly lower. Additionally, plasma insulin levels increased, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity. The results show that HSPCNPs at 40 mg/kg b.w. ameliorate hyperglycemiato provide robust protection against diabetic complications and significantly improve metabolic health.

Pengaruh Pemberian Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton's Jelly Terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Katalase pada Tikus Wistar Model Hiperglikemia

Objective: To determine the effect of Wharton's Jelly (MSC-WJ) mesenchymal stem cells on the activity of the catalase enzyme in hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Methods: This study used 21 male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months with a body weight of 200-300 grams according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Mice were divided into 3 groups: negative control (K-), positive control (K+), and treatment (P). Group K- was only given food and drink without being given treatment. The K+ group was injected intraperitoneally with alloxan at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW so that the rats became hyperglycemic. Group P was given an alloxan injection and left for a week, then given MSC-WJ 3x106 cells through the tail vein and left for four weeks. After four weeks, all groups had their blood taken to examine the catalase enzyme. Result: Mean of catalase activity enzyme in the K-, K+, and P groups were 4.22 ± 0.27 units/mg, 2.39 ± 0.19 units/mg, and 3.93 ± 0.45 units /mg, respectively. Conclusion: This shows that the administration of mesenchymal stem cells Wharton's Jelly (MSC-WJ) has an effect on increasing the serum catalase enzyme activity of Wistar rats with hyperglycemia models.

Exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells and PRP restore spermatogenesis in the rat model of non-obstructive azoospermia.

Since available therapeutic approaches for chemotherapy-induced non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients are not enough efficient, an urgent need for treatment alternatives is felt. This study shows that adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosome (AD-Exo) treatment is more effective in ameliorating busulfan-induced NOA rat models compared to platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) are unable to have their children. Therefore, there is an urgent need for additional treatment alternatives for these patients. Recently, novel treatments based on the exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as the agents responsible for exerting the paracrine effects and consequently biological functions of MSCs are proposed. Besides, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a significant blood byproduct has been therapeutically applied in several male infertility studies. In this study, we compared the effects of PRP and exosome treatment on spermatogenesis restoration in NOA rat models. Exosomes and PRP were isolated from the adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) collected from conditioned medium and peripheral blood of human volunteers, respectively. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) induction was done through two doses of busulfan at a 21-day interval. Thirty-five days after NOA induction, intratesticular injection of AD-MSCs-derived exosome (AD-Exo), PRP, and PBS was performed. The control group did not receive any treatment. Two months later, the rats were euthanized for further analysis. Our results revealed that both AD-Exo and PRP treatments improved the size and weight of testis, modulated the expression level of Dazl, Ddx4, Stra8, Pwil1, and Ccna1, and ameliorated the serum level of LDH, SOD, and GR enzymes in NOA rats. Moreover, the AD-Exo group showed improved testosterone, GPx, MAD, and CAT serum levels, sperm motility, and protein levels of DAZL and DDX4. This investigation verified the more efficient effects of AD-Exo treatment in comparison to PRP in ameliorating busulfan-induced NOA rat models.

The Protective Role of Nigela Sativa Volatile Oil on Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Enzymes

Hepatotoxicity is the outcome of a paracetamol overdose.In this study, 40 adult male rats, weighing 180–260 gm and aged between 9 and 13 weeks, were given doses of Nigela sativa oil and their liver enzymes were examined to see how paracetamol affected them. The rats were kept in an environment at a temperature of 25 Co in an animal house. ,There were four groups of rats, and food was provided for them. (G). (G1) The only injections given to the control group are food and regular saline (0.9% of the time). (G2) 200 mg/kg of N. sativa and (G3) 400 mg/kg of paracetamol Addition of 400 mg/kg body weight of paracetamol. supplying 300 mg/kg B.W. of N. sativa to (G4)400 milligrams/kg B.W. of aspirin. Rat G2, GPT 87.80 IUL, and GOT hepatic enzyme concentration (129.32 IUL) all exhibit significant increases in comparison to the control. Furthermore, the levels of the liver GSH enzyme in rats (G2 )1.24 IUL shown a substantial increase, whereas G3 ( GOT ) 91.9 IUL, (GPT )76.70 IUL, and group (G4) GOT 109.88 IUL and enzyme (GPT ) 55.66 IUL exhibited significant declines as compared with control. While MDA enzyme in rats G2 (0.259 IUL) shows a major increase in comparison to the control, rats G3 (0.139 IUL) and G4 (0.112) show a noticeable decrease in comparison to G2. While body weight indicates that G2's outcomes are significantly lower than those of the other three groups. Groups G3 (2.55 gm) and G4 (2.7 gm) demonstrated a significant rise in liver weight compared to controls and G2, whereas groups G2 (24.23 gm) demonstrated a significant increase in liver weight compared to controls and group G2. Male rats in groups G2 (1.7 gm) demonstrated a significant drop in liver weight compared to controls.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce energy perturbation by stimulating glycolytic metabolic profile in rats

The safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) remains uncertain due to a scarcity of data regarding its absorption, distribution, elimination, and potential adverse effects following oral exposure. As emerging evidence suggests perturbations in energy metabolism play a pivotal role in the toxicity induced by various toxicants, this investigation aimed to assess the effect of TiO2-NPs on the activities of specific glycolytic enzymes in rats. In this study, seventy-two (72) male Wistar rats (200 ± 20g) were divided into 12 groups, each consisting of 6 animals. The rats were orally exposed to TiO2-NPs (8-12nm) at doses of 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg body weight (BW) for durations of 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The control groups received distilled water. The results showed that, except for the 150 mg/kg BW dose of 12 weeks, TiO2-NPs exposure led to an up-regulation in hexokinase activity in lymphocytes, plasma, erythrocytes, and the liver. Hepatic and lymphocyte aldolase activities were also up-regulated, except at 8 and 12 weeks for the 50 and 150 mg/kg BW doses, where slight decreases were observed. Plasma aldolase increased, except at 12 weeks for 150 mg/kg BW dose, while erythrocyte aldolase increased only during the 4 and 8-week exposure but decreased throughout the 12-week exposure. Notably, compared to erythrocyte lactate dehydrogenase activity, which decreased, a consistent pattern observed in lymphocytes, plasma, and hepatic enzymes was a down-regulation at 8 and 12 weeks for the 50 and 150 mg/kg BW doses of TiO2-NPs. In other instances, and time intervals, lactate dehydrogenase was up-regulated. The data from this study underscores that exposure to TiO2-NPs can disrupt the glycolytic pathway of energy metabolism, particularly during the initial 4 weeks of exposure. These perturbations are characterized by increased glycolytic enzymes activity in the lymphocytes, plasma, and the liver.

Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Egyptian Sidr Honey.

Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue characterized by hyperglycemia which leads over time to severe damage to numerous tissues. The present study aimed to estimate the effect of Egyptian Sidr honey against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Diabetic rats were treated with Sidr honey daily for 4 consecutive weeks. The biochemical profile of blood samples was measured. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide (NO), and malonaldehyde (MDA) were examined in hepatic and pancreatic tissues. Moreover, the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and Bcl2 proteins were measured. Results revealed that the capability of Sidr honey to decline the elevated blood glucose and fructosamine levels. Also, the honey decreased the levels of NO and MDA. Furthermore, it regulated the antioxidant enzymes activity. Moreover, it reduced the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax while increased the Bcl2 level. In conclusion, Sidr honey can regulate hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and antioxidant enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Ferulic acid attenuates streptozotocin induced alternation in glycoprotein moiety via regulation of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in rats

Ferulic acid attenuates streptozotocin induced alternation in glycoprotein moiety via regulation of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in rats

Gastroprotective effect of SKM-Gelcocid suspension on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in female Wistar rats

Background: Peptic ulcer causes painful ulcers or lesions in the stomach or duodenum. It is also known as a gastric ulcer, which is damage to the gastric wall or lower portion of the esophagus. In the allopathic system, many medications such as H2 receptor antagonists, and anti-H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors, and others with rapid therapeutic activities were utilized to treat peptic ulcers.Purpose: The main aim of this work is to report an in-vivo gastro protective investigation of Saminathapuram Karuppana Gounder Maeilanandhan- Gelcocid suspension (SKM-GS), an Ayurveda formulation, using indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer rats.Study Design and Methods: In the present study we have reported the gastroprotective effect of SKM-GS, an Ayurveda formulation. Indicators such as gastric ulcer area, ulcer index, gastric wall mucus, non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH), and anti-oxidant enzymes secreted by treatment with SKM-GS on Indomethacin-induced ulcers in female Wistar rats.Result: The results showed a significant (p>0.001) reduction in gastric ulcer area, ulcer index, and an increase in ulcer preventive index. It further revealed an increase in gastric wall mucus and NP-SH secretion. Treatment with SKM-GS showed decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes in the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer rats. Female Wistar rats when treated with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of SKM-GS identical to Lansoprazole (Lanso) showed an increase in gastroprotective activity in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: The SKM-GS's gastro-protective properties were similar to the well-known anti-ulcer, Lansoprazole. These effects may be due to antioxidant activity.