Rat Brain Lipid Research Articles

Effects of gestational thiamine-deprivation and/or exposure to ethanol on crucial offspring rat brain enzyme activities

Objective The fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a group of clinical conditions associated with the in utero exposure to ethanol (EtOH). We have recently examined the effects of a moderate maternal exposure to EtOH on crucial brain enzyme activities in offspring rats, and discussed the translational challenges arising when attempting to simulate any of the clinical conditions associated with FASD. Materials and methods In this current study, we: (i) address the need for a more consistent and reliable in vivo experimental platform that could simulate milder cases of FASD complicated by simultaneous thiamine-deprivation during gestation and (ii) explore the effects of such a moderate maternal exposure pattern to EtOH and a thiamine-deficient diet (TDD) on crucial enzyme activities in the offspring rat brains. Results We demonstrate a significant decrease in the newborn and 21-day-old offspring body and brain weight due to maternal dietary thiamine-deprivation, as well as evidence of crucial brain enzyme activity alterations that in some cases are present in the offspring rat brains long after birth (and the end of the maternal exposure to both EtOH and TDD). Conclusions Our findings provide a preliminary characterization of important neurochemical effects due to maternal exposure to EtOH and TDD during gestation that might affect the offspring rat neurodevelopment, and that characterization should be further explored in a brain region-specific manner level as well as through the parallel examination of changes in the offspring rat brain lipid composition.

Effect of Dietary Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid-Bound Lysophosphatidylcholine Prepared from Fishery By-Products on Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition in Rat Liver and Brain.

The possibility of improving brain function coupled with its preferential uptake in the brain has garnered attention for docosahexaenoic acid-bound lysophosphatidylcholine (DHA-LPC). However, studies focusing on the health benefits of dietary DHA-LPC are lacking. We prepared a dietary oil rich in DHA-LPC (DHA-LPC rich oil) via enzymatic modification of phospholipids (PL) extracted from squid (Todarodes pacificus) meal and purification of active carbon, ion exchange resin, and silica gel. We then examined the effects of dietary DHA-LPC rich oil on male Wistar rats by evaluating serum and liver lipid profiles, fatty acid (FA) metabolizing enzyme activity, and the FA composition of serum and brain. The rats were fed a basal diet containing either soybean oil alone (7%) or soybean oil (4.5%) with DHA-LPC rich oil (2.5%) for 28 days, and then evaluated. The rats fed the diet containing DHA-LPC rich oil showed reduced triacylglycerol concentration due, in part, to the enhancement of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 and acyl-CoA oxidase activities and suppression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the liver. Moreover, the dietary DHA-LPC rich oil moderately increased DHA in the FA composition of the rat hippocampus, which may be due to elevated DHA composition in serum LPC. These results suggest that DHA-LPC rich oil has hypolipidemic effect and moderate increase in hippocampal DHA amount in normal rats.

Calcium enhances binding of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin to sulfatide

Epsilon toxin (Etx) from Clostridium perfringens is synthesized as a very low-active prototoxin form (proEtx) that becomes active upon proteolytic activation and has the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thereby producing severe neurological effects. The identity and requirements of host receptors of Etx remain a matter of controversy. In the present study, we analysed the binding of proEtx or Etx to liposomes containing distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), cholesterol and sulfatide, or alternatively to detergent-solubilized lipids, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We also tested the influence of calcium on Etx or proEtx binding. Our findings show that the presence of sulfatide in liposomes increases both Etx and proEtx binding, and Etx binding is enhanced by calcium. These results were corroborated when SPR was conducted with immobilized toxin, since detergent-solubilized sulfatide increases its binding to Etx in the presence of calcium, but not to proEtx. Moreover, binding affinity is also affected, since the treatment of liposomes with sulfatase causes the dissociation rate constants (KD) in both proEtx and Etx to increase, especially in the case of proEtx in the presence of calcium. In addition, protein-lipid overlay assays corroborated the calcium-induced enhancement of Etx binding to sulfatide, and to lipids extracted from sulfatide-enriched rat brain lipid rafts. In conclusion, the present work highlights the role of sulfatide as an important element in the pathophysiology of Etx and reveals the influence of calcium in the interaction of Etx, but not of proEtx, with the target membrane.

The effect of electronic-cigarettes aerosol on rat brain lipid profile

The electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, e-cigs) have become the most sought-after alternative to the traditional cigarettes, partly due to the widespread perception of safety. However, the high temperature reached by e-cig solutions can generate toxic compounds, some of which are listed as known human carcinogens. To evaluate the impact of e-cig aerosol on rat brain lipid profile, twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 11 cycles/day (E-cig group), to consume 1 mL/day of e-liquid, for 5 days/week up to 8 weeks. Ten rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks (4w) and ten at the end of treatment (8w). The composition of total fatty acids, sterols and oxysterols of the lipid fraction of rat brains, was analyzed. The results of the E-cig group were compared with those of the control group (not exposed). After 8 weeks, the saturated fatty acids significantly raised up to 7.35 mg/g tissue, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased reaching 3.17 mg/g. The e-cig vaping increased both palmitic (3.43 mg/g) and stearic acids (3.82 mg/g), while a significant decrement of arachidonic (1.32 mg/g) and docosahexaenoic acids (1.00 mg/g) was found. Atherogenic (0.5) and thrombogenic (1.12) indices also increased in 8w treated animals. The e-cig aerosol significantly impacted the cholesterol homeostasis, since the latter at 8w (21.57 mg/g) was significantly lower than control (24.56 mg/g); moreover, a significant increase of 7-dehydrocholesterol (1.87 mg/g) was also denoted in e-cig group. The e-cig aerosol also reduced the oxysterol formation (19.55 μg/g) after 4 weeks of exposure, except for triol and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol (α-EC). The principal component analysis (PCA) separated all E-cig from control groups, evidencing that oxysterols (except triol and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-HC)) were inversely correlated to 7-DHC and TI. The present research revealed that e-cigs aerosol affected the lipid and cholesterol homeostasis in rat brain, which could contribute to the new occurrence of some neurodegenerative diseases.

Silver nanoparticles as matrix for MALDI FTICR MS profiling and imaging of diverse lipids in brain

Owing to the diversity of lipids, profiling and imaging multiple classes of lipids in one analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is a great challenge. In this work, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was used as the matrix for MALDI MSI for the first time to simultaneously analyze 10 classes of lipids from the brain. This analysis included fatty acids and their derivatives, sterols, CPAs, LPA and PAs, LPE and PEs, LPC and PCs, PS, Cers, SMs, and MAGs and DAGs, and other small metabolites. Owing to the abundant silver ions on the surface of PVP-capped AgNPs, compounds with poor ionization efficiency such as FAs and sterols can be detected. The PVP-capped AgNPs based MALDI MSI analysis of mouse brain showed that lipid distributions in the substructures of the mouse brain can be connected with their biological functions. The brain lipids in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were also investigated. Most unsaturated FAs, prostaglandins, CPAs, vitamin A, neuraminic acid, 5-OH-tryptophan and the K+ adducts of most phospholipids (PAs, LPE, PEs, PCs, PS) and SMs were extremely down regulated in the ischemic region and saturated FA, Cers, hexanoylcarnitine, stearaldehyde, the Na+ adduct of phospholipids (LPA, PAs, LPE, PEs, LPC, PCs) and SMs were highly expressed in the damaged section. These novel findings could be very significant for elucidating the disease mechanism. MALDI MSI using PVP-capped AgNPs as a matrix can be a powerful tool in histopathology and pathology studies.

Dietary effects of Raphanus sativus cv Sango on lipid and oxysterols accumulation in rat brain: A lipidomic study on a non-genetic obesity model

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Raphanus sativus cv Sango sprout juice (SSJ) administration (75mg/kg b.w. SSJ/day) on the brain lipidomic profile (fatty acid, sterols, cholesterol oxidation) of rats (non-genetic model) subjected to a high-fat (34% crude fat) dietary regimen. The SSJ did not affect the lipid infiltration (7.7–9.3%) and the fatty acid composition of the rat brain, which was mainly composed by unsaturated fatty acids (∼58%); however, the high-fat diet regimen significantly halved linoleic acid (LA). The high-fat diet also decreased (21.13mg/g) the level of brain cholesterol with respect to the regular diet (4.5% crude fat) (23.83mg/g); however, when the diet was shifted from high-fat to a regular regimen with or without SSJ supplementation, the levels of cholesterol significantly (p <0.05) increased up to 30.46mg/g of brain. The main oxysterols were 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-HC) and β-epoxycholesterol (β-EC). The high-fat diet led to the highest cholesterol oxidation (63.1μg/g), increasing 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) infiltration (0.24μg/g rat brain) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) compared to the regular diet (0.13μg/g rat brain). On the other hand, when the diet was switched from high-fat to a regular regimen with SSJ supplementation, a significant reduction of 27-HC in the rat brain was found. Although 24-HC did not significantly change (p=0.054), an increasing trend was observed when high-fat diet was supplied. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that SSJ was more active in counteracting cholesterol oxidation when supplied with the high-fat diet, due to inverse correlation with 24(S)-HC and 27-HC; however, further studies are needed to better understand which is the relationship between LA and cholesterol homeostasis in rat brain.

Sub-acute Effect of Glyphosate on Antioxidant Status and Lipids of Rat Brain

Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide is one of the most commonly used herbicides. Indiscriminate use of this herbicide might have impact on non-target species including humans. The objective of this study was to determine the sub-acute effect of Roundup on malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipids of rat brain. Thirty two adult male rats (Wistar strain) divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each, were used for this study. Group one served as the control and was given distilled water. The test groups T3, T4 and T6 were given graded doses: 300, 400 and 600 mg Roundup Kg-1body wt respectively, orally for 8 days. At the end of the treatment period the brain was excised. Alterations in the integrity of brain cell membrane was determined by the estimation of the MDA level, total cholesterol (CHOL), total phospholipid (TPL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) phosphtidylethanolamine (PE), PC/PE and TPL/CHOL molar ratios. Results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) reductions in MDA and cholesterol levels of all the Roundup-exposed rats relative to the control. However the MDA levels were elevated in the liver and kidney. The TPL/CHOL molar ratios were normal in the T4 and T6-treatment groups while the PC/PE molar ratios were significantly (p<0.05) increased relative to the control. The pattern observed for the T3-treatment group was opposite that observed for the T4 and T6-treatment groups. This study suggests that the rearrangement in the lipid composition of the test groups might be an adaptive mechanism for the maintenance of constant bilayer fluidity and consequently brain cell homeostasis. Key Words: Roundup, membrane fluidity; lipids, brain, rat

Mass spectrometry imaging of rat brain lipid profile changes over time following traumatic brain injury

BackgroundMild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common public health issue that may contribute to chronic degenerative disorders. Membrane lipids play a key role in tissue responses to injury, both as cell signals and as components of membrane structure and cell signaling. This study demonstrates the ability of high resolution mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to assess sequences of responses of lipid species in a rat controlled cortical impact model for concussion. New methodA matrix of implanted silver nanoparticles was implanted superficially in brain sections for matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALDI) imaging of 50μm diameter microdomains across unfixed cryostat sections of rat brain. Ion-mobility time-of-flight MS was used to analyze and map changes over time in brain lipid composition in a rats after Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI) TBI. ResultsBrain MS images showed changes in sphingolipids near the CCI site, including increased ceramides and decreased sphingomyelins, accompanied by changes in glycerophospholipids and cholesterol derivatives. The kinetics differed for each lipid class; for example ceramides increased as early as 1 day after the injury whereas other lipids changes occurred between 3 and 7 days post injury. Comparison with existing method(s)Silver nanoparticles MALDI matrix is a sensitive new tool for revealing previously undetectable cellular injury response and remodeling in neural, glial and vascular structure of the brain. ConclusionsLipid biochemical and structural changes after TBI could help highlighting molecules that can be used to determine the severity of such injuries as well as to evaluate the efficacy of potential treatments.

Visualization by mass spectrometry of 2‐dimensional changes in rat brain lipids, includingN‐acylphosphatidylethanolamines, during neonatal brain ischemia

Spatial synthesis of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) during ischemia-reperfusion in neonatal rats has been investigated and compared to the spatial degradation of other phospholipids. Ischemia was induced in anesthetized Wistar P7 rat pups by left middle cerebral artery electrocoagulation combined with a transient and concomitant occlusion of both common carotid arteries. Pups were sacrificed after 24 and 48 h. Sham-treated animals were sacrificed after 48 h. The frozen brains were sliced and subjected to desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry. There was a remarkable increase in the levels of many species of NAPEs in the whole injured area at both time points, and a clear but minor increase in selected NAEs. In the ischemic area, the sodium adducts of phosphatidylcholine and of lyso-phosphatidylcholine accumulated and the potassium adduct of phosphatidylcholine disappeared, indicating breakdown of the Na(+)/K(+) pump. Free fatty acids, e.g., arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, tended to be more abundant in the periphery than in the center of the ischemic area and showed different spatial distribution. NAPEs are synthesized in the whole ischemic area where the cells seem to be dead and other phospholipids are degraded. Free fatty acids can be found in the periphery of the ischemic area.

MALDI Imaging and Structural Analysis of Rat Brain Lipid Negative Ions with 9-Aminoacridine Matrix

Mass spectrometry imaging is of growing interest for chemical mapping of lipids at the surface of tissue sections. Many efforts have been devoted to optimize matrix choice and deposition technique for positive ion mode analyses. The identification of lipid species desorbed from tissue sections in the negative mode can be significantly improved by using 9-aminoacridine together with a robust deposition method, yielding a superior signal-to-noise ratio and thus a better contrast for the ion images in comparison to classical matrices such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, or 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone. Twenty-eight different lipid species (phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylinositol-phosphates, and sulfatides) were scrutinized on rat brain tissue sections, and systematic MS/MS studies were conducted. It was possible to identify isobaric species differing by their fatty acid chains thanks to the improved sensitivity.

Brain lipids in rats fed a diet supplemented with hen eggs of modified lipid content

The aim of this study was to research the impact of a diet supplemented with egg yolks of modified content, having in mind the type of fat added to the laying hens diet, on the brain lipids and their fatty acid composition in rats. During four weeks of the experiment, 64 Wistar rats, divided into four groups of 16 animals each (eight animals of both sexes), were fed the commercial rat feed (group C), or the feed that contained 70% of the commercial rat feed and 30% of freshly boiled yolks from the eggs originating from laying hens fed with 3% fish oil (group F), 3% palm olein (group P) or 3% lard (group L). Concentration and content of total lipids and total cholesterol, as well as the fatty-acid composition of the total brain lipids were determined in the lipid extracts of the rats brains. Under unfavourable conditions, which in our case could be high dietary intake of the total fat due to egg yolk addition, the amount of total fat in the brain tissue or the mass of the organ itself can be changed. Applied dietary treatments could also influence the level of de novo synthesis of total cholesterol in the rat brain. High dietary fat intake, as well as the fat quality regarding its fatty acid composition, appear to be able to significantly influence the fatty acid profile of the total brain lipids in adult rats, whereas the level and quality of the changes also depend on sex.

Systems wide analyses of lipids in the brainstem during inflammatory orofacial pain – Evidence of increased phospholipase A2 activity

Recent studies suggest that CNS phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2) ) isoforms play a role in nociception, but until now, direct evidence of increased brain PLA(2) activity during allodynia or hyperalgesia is lacking. The present study was carried out, using lipidomics or systems wide analyses of lipids using tandem mass spectrometry, to elucidate possible changes in rat brain lipids after inflammatory pain induced by facial carrageenan injection. The caudal medulla oblongata showed decreases in phospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol species, but increases in lysophospholipids, including lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylserine, indicating increased PLA(2) activity and release of arachidonic acid after facial carrageenan injection. These changes likely occur in the spinal trigeminal nucleus which relays nociceptive input from the orofacial region. High levels of sPLA(2) -III, sPLA(2) -XIIA, cPLA(2) and iPLA(2) mRNA expression were detected in the medulla oblongata. Increase in sPLA(2) -III mRNA expression was found in the caudal medulla of carrageenan-injected rats, although no difference in sPLA(2) -III protein expression was detected. The changes in lipids as determined by lipidomics were therefore consistent with an increase in PLA(2) enzyme activity, but no change in enzyme protein expression. Together, these findings indicate enhanced PLA(2) activity in the caudal medulla oblongata after inflammatory orofacial pain.

A scanning SAXS/WAXS study of rat brain

A simultaneous SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) and WAXS (wide-angle X-ray scattering) measurement setup was installed at BL45XU in SPring-8. The system comprises of a short (specimen-to-sample distance about 50cm) vacuum path and a mosaic CCD detector. It covers a q-range of 0.02-2.5 nm−1. Using this setup, lipids in formalin-fixed rat brain were analyzed. A brain slice was moved across the X-ray beam with a step size of 0.5 mm to map reflections from lipids in various areas of brain. White matter that contains myelin gave strong lamellar reflections in the small-angle region which are often unisotropic. Gray matter shows only a central scatter in the small-angle region. In the wide angle region, both white and gray matters gave rise to sharp rings that are due to lateral packing of hydrocarbon chains in the lipid membranes. The relative intensities of these rings were different in white and gray matters, showing that the lateral arrangements of the lipids in bilayers are different.

Promotion of Lipid and Protein Oxidative Damage in Rat Brain by Ethylmalonic Acid

High concentrations of ethylmalonic acid are found in tissues and biological fluids of patients affected by ethylmalonic encephalopathy, deficiency of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity and other illnesses characterized by developmental delay and neuromuscular symptoms. The pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the brain damage in these patients are virtually unknown. Therefore, in the present work we investigated the in vitro effect of EMA on oxidative stress parameters in rat cerebral cortex. EMA significantly increased chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid-reactive species levels (lipoperoxidation), as well as carbonyl content and oxidation of sulfhydryl groups (protein oxidative damage) and DCFH. EMA also significantly decreased the levels of reduced glutathione (non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses). In contrast, nitrate and nitrite levels were not affected by this short organic acid. It is therefore presumed that oxidative stress may represent a pathomechanism involved in the pathophysiology of the neurologic symptoms manifested by patients affected by disorders in which EMA accumulates.

The effects of selected plant methanol extracts on rat's brain lipid peroxidation and mouse 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes cell proliferation in vitro

Previous studies indicated that some functional foods which have medicinal and antioxidant activities also stimulate growth of preadipocytes, posing potential health risk to obesity‐prone individuals. The present study was conducted to screen and determine the effects of selected plant methanol extracts on in vitro lipid peroxidation and growth stimulation of preadipocyte cells. The antioxidant effect of each extract (D. asper, C. officinale, U. pumila, R. vulubilis, and A. sinensis) against lipid peroxidation was measured using TBARS analysis. Mouse 3T3‐L1 preadipocyte cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ppm of each plant extract, and cell proliferation was measured after 24 and 48h incubation periods using tetrazolium salt (WST) assay. All of the plant extracts tested demonstrated antioxidant activities against lipid peroxidation. The U. pumila showed the strongest antioxidant activity among other extracts. The U. pumila caused arrest of 3T3‐L1 cell proliferation dose dependently, but D. asper, C. officinale and A. sinensis stimulated cell proliferation. The R. vulubilis did not stimulate nor caused growth arrest of 3T3‐L1 cells. Our findings suggest that U. pumila can potentially be used as functional antioxidant and at the same time as obesity control agent.

Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 1 (FGE.05Rev1):Esters of branched‐ and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and of one secondary alcohol, and branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1, 2, and 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with

Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 1 (FGE.05Rev1):Esters of branched‐ and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and of one secondary alcohol, and branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1, 2, and 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with

Age-related Oxidative Modifications of Proteins and Lipids in Rat Brain

Oxidants have been shown to play a major role in ageing and ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ageing on oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in brain homogenate, mitochondria and synaptosomes of adult (6-month-old), old (15-month-old), and senescent (26-month-old) Wistar rats. There was a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and conjugated dienes in homogenates, which indicate increased lipid peroxidation (LPO). Oxidative modifications of homogenate proteins were demonstrated by a loss of sulfhydryl content, accumulation of dityrosines and formation of protein conjugates with LPO-end products. Increase in protein conjugates with LPO-end products and a decrease in SH groups were observed also in mitochondria and synaptosomes, but dityrosine content was elevated only in synaptosomes. Protein surface hydrophobicity, measured by fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS), was increased only in homogenate. These results suggest that besides mitochondria and synaptosomes other cellular compartments are oxidatively modified during brain ageing.

Chemical nature, stability and bioefficacies of anthocyanins from fruit peel of syzygium cumini Skeels

In the present study, anthocyanin pigments from Syzygium cumini fruit peels were characterized and evaluated for their antioxidant efficacy, and stability as extract and in formulation. Total anthocyanin content was 216 mg/100 ml of extract which is equivalent to 230 mg/100 g fruit on a dry weight basis. Three anthocyanins were identified as glucoglucosides of delphinidin (1), petunidin (2) and malvidin (3) by HPLC–ESI–MS. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was tested using models, such as DPPH -scavenging, reducing power assay, lipid peroxidation in rat brain, liver, liver mitochondria, testes and human erythrocyte ghosts. The extract showed 78.2% DPPH -scavenging at 2.5 ppm, while BHA exhibited only 41.6% activity at the same concentration, thus proving it to be a more efficient free radical-scavenger than the widely used BHA. One ppm of the extract was equivalent to 3.5 μM ascorbic acid, as estimated by reducing power assay. Inhibition of rat brain lipid peroxidation was 94.4% at 5.0 ppm concentration. It was almost equally active in all the biological models, except human erythrocyte ghost cells, where it showed only 48% inhibition at 5.0 ppm. The extract was quite stable at 0 °C with 11% loss in 4 weeks, while the pigment loss in the antitussive formulation was only 13% at 30 °C at the end of 8 weeks. The high antioxidant activity and relatively high stability of the pigments make S. cumini a potential source of natural colourant as well as antioxidants.

N‐Acetyldopamine Inhibits Rat Brain Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

The effects of N-acetyldopamine, a sepiapterin reductase inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide-induced lipid peroxidation were examined in rat brain homogenates in vitro. Lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA) was evaluated by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances. N-Acetyldopamine inhibited the formation of MDA in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect was similar to that of N-acetylserotonin, but stronger than that of the endogenous antioxidant agent, melatonin. Possible clinical applications of N-acetyldopamine and its derivatives are discussed.

N-Acetyldopamine Inhibits Rat Brain Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide

N-Acetyldopamine Inhibits Rat Brain Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide