Rare Trees Research Articles

Pengembangan Potensi Kawasan Hutan dengan Tujuan Khusus (KHDTK) Gunung Bromo UNS Menjadi Destinasi Wisata Edukasi di Kabupaten Karanganyar

KHDTK Mount Bromo is a forest area that has a variety of rare trees and some kinds of animals, so it is often visited by tourists.The condition exists as an area of education, research and dedication to society manifestations of the development of science and technology, as well as providing well-being and income to the surrounding communities. Several activities are being carried out, including conservation efforts through reforestation and organizations: Kelompok Tani Hutan (KTH), Masayarakat Peduli Api (MPA) as well as cooperation with other units and agencies. The educational tourism education policy implementation programme has been developed effectively in increasing the number of visitors. The research method used is qualitative descriptive. Tourism activities are carried out through the development strategy of nature tourism for educational tourism. Educational tourism activities through outbond that have an impact such as introduction of flora and fauna, honey harvesting for SD and SMP children. The highrope available is one of the promoters of educational tourism that aims to train balance, concentration, and strength. The area also provides MICE facilities for cultural tourism performances and also special interests such as special offroad trails. The strategic area is close to the city and its easy accessibility can be developed integrated educational tourism.

Rare trees: The fascinating stories of the world's most threatened species. By SaraOldfield, MalinRivers (Eds.), Oregon: Timber Press. 2023, In association with BGCI, Global Trees Campaign, and Fauna & Flora International. pp. 400. Col. illus. throughout. £35 (hardback). ISBN: 9781604699524.

Rare trees: The fascinating stories of the world's most threatened species. By SaraOldfield, MalinRivers (Eds.), Oregon: Timber Press. 2023, In association with <scp>BGCI</scp>, Global Trees Campaign, and Fauna &amp; Flora International. pp. 400. Col. illus. throughout. £35 (hardback). <scp>ISBN</scp>: 9781604699524.

PENGELOLAAN EKOWISATA DAN PENTINGNYA PENERAPAN CHSE

Godong Ijo is an educational tourist attraction that carries the concept of "forest in the middle of the city" has facilities such as restaurants, fishing ponds, educational gardens, children's playgrounds, and mini zoos. This makes Godong Ijo often used as a tourist visit destination both from school children to the general public. Lush rare trees and animals such as squirrels, lizards, toads can still be found at the location and become learning materials for school children. Carrying the theme of ecotourism, Godong Ijo is present as an Education Garden consisting of food plant zones, medicinal plants, herb plants, industrial plants, fruit plants zones and unique and rare plant zones as tourist attractions. Based on observations and interviews, it is known that managers need an understanding of ecotourism management and CHSE guidelines issued by the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, especially for tourist attractions. In an effort to support these needs, the team strives to provide assistance in the form of counseling on understanding ecotourism and its management as well as CHSE (clean, health, safety, environment sustainable) protocols to staff at Godong Ijo with the aim of human resources working in Godong Ijo gaining understanding and understanding of ecotourism management and CHSE Health protocols.

Historical Reindeer Corrals as Portraits of Human-Nature Relationships in Northern Finland

Reindeer herding has been practised in northern boreal and subarctic regions of Fennoscandia for several centuries. The gathering and separation of reindeer for slaughter and calf marking are significant and cyclical activities of reindeer herding that are commonly carried out in reindeer corrals composed of circular-shaped fences of wood or stone construction leading into the corral. Using archaeological databases, we mapped historical reindeer corrals in northern Finland dating from the late 1800s to the 1960s for the entire reindeer herding area and characterized the legacies of their past use on present-day vegetation in Peräpohjola. In total, 94 corrals were located. Reindeer separations created a niche for novel plant communities with increasing graminoids in relation to dwarf shrubs and formation of a dense birch grove. Corrals have also preserved old rare trees left standing inside the corral to provide shelter for reindeer. The positioning of the corrals in the landscape was usually planned in a way that utilized man-made constructions and natural barriers, such as peatlands, and the typical behaviour of the reindeer in combination with both. When the wooden constructions had collapsed and decomposed, only the different vegetation indicates their past existence.

Изучение редких и исчезающих видов рода Astragalus L. в природной флоре Азербайджана

In the study, analysis of 29 rare and endangered plant categories of 156 species of Astragalus L. naturally distributed in the flora of Azerbaijan, was conducted. The study found that the area of most species is much smaller than in previous years, and the gene pool of some is endangered. The article provides information on the habitats, biological characteristics, reserves, reasons for changes in natural resources and conservation measures. In the research work, 15 species of Astragalus L. genus were included in the book “Rare Trees and shrubs of Azerbaijan” (2016). As a result of our research, it was determined that 30 new species of the Astragalus L. genus have a small area because of the exposure to anthropogenic factors, and very rare in nature due to lack of special protection. In carrying out the necessary protection measures in the studied species, it was found that 7 new species are endemic, and 23 species are recommended to be included in the Red Book of Azerbaijan as endangered shrubs and plants.

Advances in understanding Norway spruce natural resistance to needle bladder rust infection: transcriptional and secondary metabolites profiling

BackgroundNeedle rust caused by the fungus Chrysomyxa rhododendri causes significant growth decline and increased mortality of young Norway spruce trees in subalpine forests. Extremely rare trees with enhanced resistance represent promising candidates for practice-oriented reproduction approaches. They also enable the investigation of tree molecular defence and resistance mechanisms against this fungal disease. Here, we combined RNA-Seq, RT-qPCR and secondary metabolite analyses during a period of 38 days following natural infection to investigate differences in constitutive and infection-induced defence between the resistant genotype PRA-R and three susceptible genotypes.ResultsGene expression and secondary metabolites significantly differed among genotypes from day 7 on and revealed already known, but also novel candidate genes involved in spruce molecular defence against this pathogen. Several key genes related to (here and previously identified) spruce defence pathways to needle rust were differentially expressed in PRA-R compared to susceptible genotypes, both constitutively (in non-symptomatic needles) and infection-induced (in symptomatic needles). These genes encoded both new and well-known antifungal proteins such as endochitinases and chitinases. Specific genetic characteristics concurred with varying phenolic, terpene, and hormone needle contents in the resistant genotype, among them higher accumulation of several flavonoids (mainly kaempferol and taxifolin), stilbenes, geranyl acetone, α-ionone, abscisic acid and salicylic acid.ConclusionsCombined transcriptional and metabolic profiling of the Norway spruce defence response to infection by C. rhododendri in adult trees under subalpine conditions confirmed the results previously gained on artificially infected young clones in the greenhouse, both regarding timing and development of infection, and providing new insights into genes and metabolic pathways involved. The comparison of genotypes with different degrees of susceptibility proved that several of the identified key genes are differently regulated in PRA-R, and that the resistant genotype combines a strong constitutive defence with an induced response in infected symptomatic needles following fungal invasion. Genetic and metabolic differences between the resistant and susceptible genotypes indicated a more effective hypersensitive response (HR) in needles of PRA-R that prevents penetration and spread of the rust fungus and leads to a lower proportion of symptomatic needles as well as reduced symptom development on the few affected needles.

Characterization of hemicellulose during xylogenesis in rare tree species Castanopsis hystrix

Hemicellulose is an important component of the plant cell wall which vary in structure and composition between plant species. The research of hemicellulose structures is primarily focused on fast-growing plants during xylogenesis, with slow-growing and rare trees receiving the least attention. Here, hemicellulose structure of the rare species Castanopsis hystrix during xylogenesis was analyzed. Acetyl methyl glucuronide xylan was the most common type of hemicellulose in C. hystrix, with a unique tetrasaccharide structure at the reducing end. Hemicellulose type, structure, molecular weight, thermal stability, biosynthesis and acetyl substitution content and pattern remained stable during the xylogenesis in C. hystrix, which could be attributed to its slow growth. The stable polymer type, low side chain modification and high acetyl substitution of hemicellulose throughout the stems are among the reasons for the hardness and corrosion resistance properties of C. hystrix wood. Genetic modification can be used to improve these properties.

Design and Implementation of Remote Monitoring System for Rare Trees Based on LoRa Communication

In recent years, rare plants on the earth have gradually disappeared, so it is urgent to inspect and protect their health. A rare tree monitoring system compatible with NB-IOT (Narrow Band Internet of Things) is designed based on the low-power data transmission technology of LoRa (Long Range Radio). The system takes stm32f103c8t6 as the core of the controller, collects information through temperature and humidity sensor, attitude sensor, infrared pyroelectric sensor and sound sensor, builds a server to store the information and data back to the server, uses the terminal to access the server, and reminds the operator when the amount of information exceeds a certain threshold, Finally, the real-time monitoring of rare trees in the field is realized.

The pollen record from Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy): New insight for the Late Pleistocene Mediterranean vegetation and plant use

Pollen analyses have been carried out on the infilling deposits of Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy), a reference site for the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Italy. The analysis focused on Terre rosse, a fine unit till now ascribed to an interstadial phase following the Würm acme, and on the uppermost unit (Terre brune), recently dated to the latest Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene. Despite the diffuse barrenness and low pollen concentration of many levels, pollen data from Grotta Romanelli gives insights into the palaeoenvironmental setting of the deposits and their chronological attribution. The presence of Olea in all levels of Terre rosse strongly suggests their attribution to the Last Interglacial (Eemian), during which this plant was diffused in the Mediterranean area. The Terre brune deposition occurred when the environment was open, with rare trees and shrubs and prevailing steppe elements. This association reflects the climatic conditions of the Lateglacial, with evidence of both the warm interstadial Bølling/Allerød and the cold stadial Younger Dryas. Mediterranean, mesophilous and riparian arboreal elements are present, especially in the Early Holocene levels. Comparison with modern pollen material allowed some fossil grains, found in high amounts and in clusters, to be tentatively ascribed to the species Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae), Muscari comosum and to Asparagus maritimus/Ornithogalum (Asparagaceae). The significant occurrence of such entomophilous plants reveals differential transportation inside the cave and, since most of them are edible and/or have medicinal properties, suggests an intentional introduction and possible use during time, by both Neanderthals and modern humans.

Forest Management with Reduced-Impact Logging in Amazonia: Estimated Aboveground Volume and Carbon in Commercial Tree Species in Managed Forest in Brazil’s State of Acre

Tropical forest management has both positive and negative effects on climate change, and quantifying these effects is important both to avoid or minimize negative impacts and to reward net positive effects. This study contributes to this effort by estimating the aboveground volume and carbon present in commercial tree species in a managed forest in the forest harvest stage in Brazil’s state of Acre. A total of 12,794 trees of commercial species were measured. Trees were categorized and quantified as: “harvested trees” (“harvest or cut”), which were felled in the harvest stage, and “remaining trees” (“future cutting,” “trees in permanent protection areas or APPs,” “seed trees,” “rare trees” and “trees protected by law”) that remained standing in the forest post-harvest. Aboveground volume and carbon stocks of the 81 commercial species (diameter at breast height [DBH] ≥ 10 cm) totaled 79.19 m³ ha−1 and 21.54 MgC ha−1, respectively. The category “harvested trees” represents 44.48% and “remaining trees” 55.49% of the aboveground volume stocks. In the managed area, the category “harvested trees” is felled; this is composed of the commercial bole that is removed (19.25 m³ ha−1 and 5.32 MgC ha−1) and the stump and crown that remain in the forest as decomposing organic material (15.97 m³ ha−1 and 4.41 MgC ha−1). We can infer that the 21.54 MgC ha−1 carbon stock of standing commercial trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) represents 13.20% of the total aboveground carbon in the managed area. The commercial boles removed directly from the forest represent 3.26% of the total aboveground carbon, and the stumps and crowns of the harvested trees represent the loss of an additional 2.70%. For sustainability of the management system in terms of carbon balance, growth in the 35-year management cycle must be sufficient to replace not only these amounts (0.27 MgC ha−1 year−1) but also losses to collateral damage and to additional logging-related effects from increased vulnerability to forest fires. Financial viability of future management cycles will depend on replenishment of commercial trees of harvestable size (DBH ≥ 50 cm).

WOODWORKING IN THE NORTHERN BUKOVYNA DURING 12th — EARLY 13th CENTURIES

The article deals with the development of woodworking industry in the medieval settlements of Northern Bukovyna which for a long time remained poor studied. During the Middle Ages this territory was covered with significant forest areas, in which there were 22 local breeds of both industrial and rare trees. Accordingly, the woodworking industry here, as well as throughout the territory of Old Rus, had many branches. Being well acquainted with the technical properties of wood the local masters widely used this knowledge depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the breed. Constructing fortifications they used mainly oak and beech, for residential and commercial buildings they used pine and fir. Hardwood (maple, ash) was spread in manufacturing of dishes, while spoons were made from the yarrow, juniper. The remains of precise or carved wooden dishes were discovered in the settlements of Northern Bukovyna. Beech and oak were used in the craft. Containers were made from lime to store loose materials. Local carpenters were aware of various ways of connecting individual wooden elements to each other in a particular product or construction. When erecting dwellings or household structures in corners, the main method was to connect the locks, and when connected horizontally, direct, overhead, spit joints were widely used. At the archaeological sites of Northern Bukovyna, as the open settlements were almost not explored, considerable woodworking toolkit was discovered. It is represented as forms and fragments of blades, ax, bits, drill bits, knives, nail, etc. Their typology has wide analogies among archeological materials from other territories of the Old Rus state and is fully integrated into the generally accepted typology. Thus, materials that characterize the woodworking industry of Northern Bukovyna completely allow trace the evolution of the woodworking business, which developed in terms of economic development of Old Rus.

DETERMINATION OF LAND COVER AS LANDSLIDE FACTOR BASED ON MULTITEMPORAL RASTER DATA IN MALANG REGENCY

Malang Regency is one of the regency administration areas in East Java Province. The complexphysical condition of Malang Regency, especially its land reliefs accompanied by high rainfall, causes MalangRegency obtain floods and landslides frequently. Based on the BPBD data in 2017, it is stated that around 80%of Malang Regency is disaster-prone area of floods and landslides, especially in the southern part of MalangRegency. This is caused by several natural factors, one of which is slope, and human factors called changes inland cover. This study aims to examine the land cover factors that influence the extent of landslides that occurin the Southern Malang Regency. The independent variable used is builtup area, dense tree vegetation,vegetation of rare trees, shrubs, grass, open space, slope, and distance. Based on the results of multiple linearregression analysis, it can be concluded that the builtup area cover with coefficient value 0.062 and open spacewith coefficient value 0.020 are variables that are directly proportional to the area of the landslide that has ahigher percentage of the area of land cover being built and open, the area of landslides will increase, while thevariable cover of vegetated land has properties inversely proportional to the extent of landslides which meansthat it can reduce the extent of landslides if the percentage of vegetated land cover increases.

Perception of students of elementary and junior high schools on urban forest in industrial estate of Gunung Putri, Bogor, West Java

Abstract. Gunawan H, Sugiarti, Rianti A, Sudarso I. 2019. Perception of students of elementary and junior high schools on urban forest in industrial estate of Gunung Putri, Bogor, West Java. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 179-189. Education activities in an industrial estate facing some problems generated from industrial activities impacts. The presence of urban forest in an indutrial estate is subjected to improve the environment quality for human being through environmental services. Urban forest is also functioned as an area for environmental education to encourage the students understanding the importance of environment conservation. This study aims to identify and measure the knowledge and perceptions of elementary and junior high school students on urban forest and its benefits and student responses to several go green actions. Some questions with close and open answers in questionaire form were distributed to 50 student respondents of junior high school and 77 student respondents of elementary school. The results showed that most of elementary student respondents are distracted by their concentration in learning due, feel disturbed by their comfort in learning and become more easily emotional. Most students point to the source of interference as noise of transportation, smoke and dust pollution, odor pollution and industrial engine noise.Most of the student respondents know that urban forests have functions and benefits as rainwater catchments, clean the air, absorb pollution, create beauty, add freshness, preserve rare trees, become animal habitats and reduce noise.Students visiting the urban forest of PT. AGM Gunung Putri generally gets knowledge of rare tree species. Most student respondents also support and are willing to take part in the go green actions.

Community composition and diversity of Neotropical root‐associated fungi in common and rare trees

AbstractInteractions between plants and root‐associated fungi can affect the assembly, diversity, and relative abundances of tropical plant species. Host–symbiont compatibility and some degree of host specificity are prerequisites for these processes to occur, and these prerequisites may vary with host abundance. However, direct assessments of whether specificity of root‐associated fungi varies with host abundance are lacking. Here, in a diverse tropical forest in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, we couple DNA metabarcoding with a sampling design that controls for host phylogeny, host age, and habitat variation, to characterize fungal communities associated with the roots of three confamilial pairs of host species that exhibit contrasting (high and low) relative abundances. We uncovered a functionally and phylogenetically diverse fungal community composed of 1,038 OTUs (operational taxonomic units with 97% genetic similarity), only 14 of which exhibited host specificity. Host species was a significant predictor of fungal community composition only for the subset of OTUs composed of putatively pathogenic fungi. We found no significant difference in the number of specialists associating with common versus rare trees, but we found that host abundance was negatively correlated with the diversity of root fungal communities. This latter result was significant for symbiotrophs (mostly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and, to a lesser extent, for pathotrophs (mostly plant pathogens). Thus, root fungal communities differ between common and rare trees, which may impact the strength of conspecific negative density dependence. Further studies from other tropical sites and host lineages are warranted, given the role of root‐associated fungi in biodiversity maintenance.

STUDYING OF THE CHANGE OF VEGETABLE COVER OF THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF GREATER CAUCASUS ON THE BASIS OF SPACE IMAGES

The article is devoted to the study of the vegetation cover of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus (within Azerbaijan territory). A study conducted in the region on the basis of satellite imagery space systems between 1976 and 2014. To clarify the influence of anthropogenic factors were noted about 10 sample areas in the territories of Ismayilli, Gusar and Guba regions. Since that time (almost 40 years), carried out regular monitoring by different forwarding grants. It has been set the dynamics of the reduction number of valuable species of trees and shrubs by carried monitoring results. However the range of the nature of the reduction in the number of tree species is different according to different areas. In this region there is Shahdag National Park, which is rich in biodiversity. However, this area stands out for its uniqueness by its naturally endemic Eldarica pine trees. Due to various environmental factors, some valuable species year in year out reduces their ranges and some are in danger zone of extinction. The investigated region has the most valuable forest ecosystems; there are numerous of rare trees and shrubs, conifers and broadleaf plants – Betula pendula Roth, Faqus orieantalis Lipsky, Tilia cordata Mill., Quercus robus L., from shrubs – Rubus seaius L., Crataegus pentaguna W. et L., Rosa cinnamomeae L., and other participants take extensive part – Caprinus caucasica, Acer lactum, Acer campetre, Ulmus suberosa, which are included in the number of rare trees. Here there are wild fruit species such as walnut, hazel, hawthorn, plum, sea buckthorn, forest pear, dogwood and many other useful plants. In connection with the above, it requires the creation of new government customers and expanded national parks in order to safe and protect the most valuable species that contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in the regions and will reduce the anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment. Статья посвящена изучению растительного покрова южного склона Большого Кавказа (в пределах Азербайджанской Республики). Исследование данного региона проводили на основе космических снимков в период с 1976 по 2014 г. Для уточнения влияния антропогенных факторов было отмечено около 10 модельных участков на территориях Исмаиллинского, Кусарского и Кубинского районов. За истекшее время (почти 40 лет) велись регулярные наблюдения различными космическими системами. В результате проведенного мониторинга установлена динамика сокращения количества ценных пород деревьев и кустарников. Однако характер уменьшения числа древесных пород в различных природных регионах разный. В данном регионе функционирует Шахдагский национальный парк, который характеризуется не только биоразнообразием, но и своей уникальностью, так как является естественным эндемом эльдарской сосны. В связи различными экологическими факторами некоторые ценные породы из года в год сокращают свои ареалы, а некоторые находятся на грани исчезновения. Исследованный регион отличается ценнейшими лесными экосистемами. Здесь произрастают многочисленные редкие древесно-кустарниковые породы, хвойные и широколиственные растения (Betula pendula Roth, Faqus orieantalis Lipsky, Tilia cordata Mill., Quercus robus L.), кустарники (Rubus seaius L., Crataegus pentaguna W. et L., Rosa cinnamomeae L. и др.), обширные участники занимают Caprinus caucasica, Acer lactum, Acer campetre, Ulmus suberosa, относящиеся к редким древесным породам. Встречаются лесные фруктовые виды, такие как орех, лещина, боярышник, алыча, облепиха, лесная груша, кизил и многие другие полезные виды. В связи с вышеизложенным требуется создание новых государственных заказников и расширение национальных парков с целью охраны и защиты ценнейших пород, способствующих сохранению биоразнообразия в данном регионе и уменьшению антропогенного воздействия на естественную природу.

Use of rare trees and shrubs in horticulture: a strategy for increasing diversity while preserving indigenous flora

A small number of perennial plant taxa dominate many horticultural landscapes. This low genetic diversity can lead to greater susceptibility to pests or pathogens, reduce the heritage of local germplasm, and can seem aesthetically mundane. Research is needed to identify new plant taxa that can build diversity but can also be marketed in horticultural commerce as new nursery crops. This paper focuses on the genus Dirca, which comprises a small number of North American species and the only representatives of the family Thymelaeaceae found in the United States and Canada. Wild populations of Dirca spp. are rare, widely scattered, and confined to ecological niches characterized by a narrow set of environmental conditions. Common-garden trials have been established to examine whether two narrowly endemic species of Dirca could survive and flourish under a range of landscape environments. The results suggest that the two species differ markedly in their tolerance to drought, low winter temperatures, and/or poor soil water drainage.

Conservation genetics of rare trees restricted to subtropical montane cloud forests in southern China: a case study from Quercus arbutifolia (Fagaceae)

Montane cloud forests (MCFs), with their isolated nature, offer excellent opportunities to study the long-term effects of habitat fragmentation and the impacts of climate change. Quercus arbutifolia is a rare oak in MCFs of southern China and Vietnam. Its isolated populations, small population size and unique ecological niche make this species vulnerable to climate change and habitat loss. In this study, we used chloroplast (cpDNA) and nuclear (ITS) DNA sequences to investigate genetic divergence patterns and demographic history of five of the six known populations of Q. arbutifolia. Considering its small population size and fragmentation, Q. arbutifolia has unexpectedly high genetic diversity. The time since the most recent common ancestor of all cpDNA haplotypes was c. 10.25 Ma, and the rapid diversification of haplotypes occurred during the Quaternary. The maximum clade credibility chronogram of cpDNA haplotypes suggests that the DM population (Daming Mountain, Guangxi province) diverged early and rapidly became isolated from other populations. The Pearl River drainage system may have been the main geographic barrier between DM and other populations since the late Miocene. ITS data suggests that population expansion occurred during the last interglacial of the Quaternary. The combined effects of pre-Quaternary and Quaternary climatic and geological changes were the main drivers to the current genetic diversity and distribution pattern of Q. arbutifolia. Because of the high between-population genetic differentiation and high within-population genetic diversity of Q. arbutifolia, conservation efforts should be implemented for all populations, but if conservation resources are limited, populations DM, YZ (Mang Mountain, Hunan province) and ZZ (Daqin Mountain, Fujian province) should have priority.

公路建设对名木古树的影响及其保护措施—以南岳高速衡山县城连接线为例

公路建设的生态环境影响是多方面的，项目永久占地会造成土地上原有植物的消失，常见的人工植被可在砍伐后采取异地恢复等措施来进行生态补偿，但名木古树等具有特殊的价值和意义，需进行特殊保护。本文分析了公路建设对古树的影响，对常见的保护措施进行了总结，以衡山县城连接线项目为例，选取了最为合适的方式对项目涉及的古树进行了有效保护，对同类项目具有参考价值。 Highway construction affects the ecological environment in various ways. Permanent occupation of land causes the disappearance of the original plant; some common artificial vegetation can be recovered in other places after they are felled, which compensates the ecological damage. However, the ancient and rare trees have specific value and significance, so they need special protection. This paper analyzes the influence of highway construction on ancient and rare trees, and summarizes some frequent protective measures. Moreover, it takes Hengshan-Nanyue highway connecting line project as an example, and selects the most suitable way to effectively protect the ancient and rare trees involved in the project. Conclusions have reference value to similar projects.

Evidence of ameliorated Middle Weichselian climate and sub‐arctic environment in the western Baltic region: coring lake sediments at Klintholm, Møn, Denmark

Coring through glaciotectonically stacked Quaternary sediments situated below sea level on the island of Møn, Denmark, recovered a succession of interstadial sediments of Middle Weichselian age. Plant and animal remains including insects found in laminated sand and mud indicate deposition in a lake surrounded by dwarf shrubs, herbs, mosses and rare trees. The insect fauna indicates a mean July temperature of 8–12 °C, suggesting an arctic to sub‐arctic environment, while winter temperatures around −8 to −22 °C suggest periglacial conditions with permafrost. Luminescence dating of sediment samples gave ages from 48–29 ka, and radiocarbon dating indicates deposition of plant fragments between 45 and 36 ka BP. The fossil assemblage from Møn shows close resemblance to those from other sites with similar ages found in the vicinity of the western Baltic Basin.

The Morphology of Sprouts of Some Rare Trees and Shrups of Azerbaijan

The Morphology of Sprouts of Some Rare Trees and Shrups of Azerbaijan